Demand Response Automation Around the US: Tech Trends and Practical Issues for Facility Operations

Transcription

1 Demand Response Automation Around the US: Tech Trends and Practical Issues for Facility Operations NSF BEST CENTER NATIONAL WORKSHOP Mary Ann Piette, Director, Demand Response Research Center Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory

2 Presentation Outline Introduction to Demand Response Automation and Hot Summer Day DR Future Any Time DR Summary

3 Demand Response for Extreme Events

4 DR Potential Estimates for Western U.S. States DR Capability (% of Peak Demand) in High DSM Case 2032 DR Capability by Program Type 7,000 6,000 5,000 4,000 3,000 2,000 1,000 Load as a Capacity Resource Critical Peak Pricing Direct Load Control Interruptible 0 California Northwest Southwest 4

5 PJM Market Emergency and Economic

6 Opt-in & Opt-out Rates: Selected Time-Based *Source: Pricing EPRI 2012(a) Pilots Name of Pilot BG&E Smart Energy Pricing Pilot (CPP, PTR) (Summer 2008) CL&P Plan It Wise Energy Pilot (CPP, PTR, TOU) (Summer 2009) ComEd Residential RTP Program (rate option since 2007) (Response to marketing campaigns) ComEd Customer Applications Program (smart-grid initiative) (June 2010-Apr 2011) Hydro One Networks, Inc. (TOU) (May-Sept 2007) PG&E SmartRate TM Tariff (CPP) (Summer 2008) Opt-in Rate Residential: 3.1% C&I: 4.5% Avg. direct mail: 0.27% $100 sign-up bonus: 1.08% Free smart meters: 0.15% Residential: 7.5% Small Commercial: 5.0% PowerCentsDC TM Power Program Residential: 6.4% (CPP, PTR) (Jul 2008-Oct 2009) Low Income: 7.6% PSE&G mypower Pricing (TOU+CPP) (Summer Summer 2007) Residential, response to direct mail offer: 4.0% Opt-out Rate 18.0% NA NA NA NA 2% 13.0% NA NA NA NA

7 Linking Energy Efficiency and DR

8 Grid Integration and Load Shaping Objectives 1. Energy Efficiency - reduce overall electricity use. 2. Price Response - move consumption from times of high to times of low prices) expand to address transmission distribution congestion management. 3. Peak Shaving requires response during peak hours and focuses on high-system load days expanded to address transmission distribution congestion management. 4. Reliability Response (contingency response) requires fastest, shortest duration response. Only required during power system events. New and developing area. 5. Regulation Response - continuously follows minute-tominute commands from grid to balance aggregate system load and generation Niew and promising for certain loads. Future - continuously energy-aware locally transactive control 1. Adapted from: Demand Response Spinning Reserve Demonstration Project, Consortium for Electric Reliability Technology, LBNL, Joseph Eto presentation October 19, /13/ Interfacing Electricity and Transportation Networks

9 Demand Response Simplified Objectives Data Model Automation Control Strategies Reliability Schedule Manual Centralized D Economics Price Automated Gateway Congestion Signaling Standards Embedded Intermittent Resources 5/13/2015 9

10 Typical EMCS Individual zones

11 Typical EMCS Individual zones Adjustment

12 GTA Conceptual Implementation #1 (Absolute) Global Temp Adjustment 79 Normal Mode DR Mode text

13 GTA Conceptual Implementation #2 (Relative) Global Temp Adjustment (Relative) Relax each zone by _2_ deg.f Normal Mode DR Mode text

14 Zone Temperature [Degree F] 0:00 Comfort: 1.5 deg. F Temperature Rise at GSA (39 zone average) (1 of 2) 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23: Actual Previous Days Average

15 Control Strategies Evaluated in Previous Demos Temperature (F) Average Lab/Office Retail Museum Office 1 Retail 1A Office 3 Government 1 Average Retail 2 School Lab/Office2 Average Government 2 Government 3 Retail 3 Government 4 Office 4 Global Temperature Adjustment Amounts for Auto-DR sites 82.0 CPP two-level GTA CPP one-level GTA DBP Normal Moderate High Customer 15 CPP Ave. temp. increase (mod): 2.75 F Ave. temp. increase (high): 1.88 F DBP Ave. temp. increase: 2.3 F

16 Global temp. adjustment Fan-coil unit off SAT reset Fan VFD limit Duct static pres. reset Fan quantity reduction Electric humidifier off CHW temp. reset CHW current limit Chiller demand limit Boiler lockout Pre-cooling Extended shed period Slow recovery Common area light dim Office area light dim Anti-sweat heater shed Fountain pump off Transfer pump off Strategies used in DR Field Tests Participation HVAC Light, Misc. Total conditioned area # of bldg Building use 300 CapMall Office 383,000 1 X X X X X X ACWD Office, lab 51,200 1 X X X X X X X X Albertsons Supermarket 50,000 1 X X X B of A Office, data center 708,000 4 X X X X X X X X Chabot Museum 86,000 2 X X X Cal EPA Office 950,000 1 X X X X CETC Research facility 18,000 1 X X X Cisco Office, tech lab 4,466, X X X X X X 2530 Arnold Office 131,000 1 X X X X 50 Douglas Office 90,000 1 X X X X Echelon Corporate Headquarter 75,000 1 X X X X X X X X GSA 450 GG Federal office 1,424,000 1 X X GSA NARA Archive storage 202,000 1 X X GSA Oakland Federal office 978,000 1 X X X Gilead 300 Office 83,000 1 X X Gilead 342 Office, Lab 32,000 1 X X X Gilead 357 Office, Lab 33,000 1 X X X Irvington Highschool N/A 1 X X X IKEA Retail 300,000 1 X X Kadent Material process - 1 X X LBNL OSF Data center, Office 70,000 1 X X X Monterey Office 170,000 1 X X Oracle Office 100,000 2 X X X OSIsoft Office 60,000 1 X X Roche Cafeteria, auditorium 192,000 3 X X X Target Retail 130,000 1 X X X UCSB Library Library 289,000 3 X X X X X USPS Postal service 390,000 1 X X X X

17 DR Strategies: Lighting START Y Central lighting control? N Y Dimmable ballast? N Y Bi-level switching? N Y Bi-level infrastructure? N Y Zone switching? N Continuous dimming Step dimming Lamp switching Fixture switching Zone switching Do not try DR at this time

18 Comfort: Online Tennant Survey (2 of 2)

19 OpenADR Fundamentals Provides non-proprietary, open standardized DR interface Allows electricity providers to communicate DR signals directly to existing customers Uses common XML language and existing communications such as the Internet Pricing Data Models Physical Communications Control Strategies Price Signal $/kwh Data Model OpenADR Comm Internet Auto-DR Client Server End-Use Controls Building Action

20 12:00 AM 1:00 AM 2:00 AM 3:00 AM 4:00 AM 5:00 AM 6:00 AM 7:00 AM 8:00 AM 9:00 AM 10:00 AM 11:00 AM 12:00 PM 1:00 PM 2:00 PM 3:00 PM 4:00 PM 5:00 PM 6:00 PM 7:00 PM 8:00 PM 9:00 PM 10:00 PM 11:00 PM 12:00 AM Whole Building Power (kw) 0:00 1:00 2:00 3:00 4:00 5:00 6:00 7:00 8:00 9:00 10:00 11:00 12:00 13:00 14:00 15:00 16:00 17:00 18:00 19:00 20:00 21:00 22:00 23:00 Power [MW] Historic focus on Seasonal Grid Stress OpenADR PG&E Demand Bid Test Day OpenADR Northwest Test on Cold Morning Test Period Seattle Municipal Tower Mckinstry Target - T1284 3/10 BL OAT Reg BL OpenADR 7/9/2008 Cumulative Shed in July CPP MA Baseline

21 Demand Response Strategies Guide for Commercial Buildings HVAC Systems G l o b a l t e m p e r a t u r e a d j u s t m e n t P a s s i ve t h e r m a l m a s s s t o r a g e D u c t s t a t i c p r essure d ecre ase F a n va r i a b l e f r e q u e n c y d r i ve l i m i t S u p p l y a i r t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e F a n q u a n t i t y r e d u c t i o n C o o l i n g valve l i m i t C h i l l e d w a t e r t e m p e r a t u r e i n c r e a s e C h i l l e r d e m a n d l i m i t C h i l l e r q u a n t i t y r e d u c t i o n R e b o u n d a vo i d a n c e s t r a t e g i e s Lighting Systems Zone sw i t c h i n g L u m i n a i r e / l a m p s w i t c h i n g S t e p p e d d i m m i n g C o n t i n u o u s d i m m i n g M i s c e l l a n e o u s E q u i p m e n t Non Component Specific Strategies D e m a n d l i m i t s t r a t e g y P r i c e l e ve l r e s p o n s e s t r a t e g y Implementation of DR Strategies 4.1. DR Strategy Development and Commissioning...47

22 Average Demand Savings (W/Sq ft) Whole Building Power kw DR Quick Assessment Tool Simple free EnergyPlus tool for retail and office buildings to provide DR estimates for common HVAC and lighting strategies Baseline Pre-cooling with exponential temp set up Pre-cooling with step temp set up Pre-cooling with linear temp set up No pre-cooling with exponential temp set up High Price Period ` :00 2:00 4:00 6:00 8:00 10:00 12:00 14:00 16:00 18:00 20:00 22:00 Actual data #1 #2 #3 #4 #5 #6 #7 #8 #9 #10 #11 Time Simulation Results Excellent performance predicting DR in southern Calif. Included modeling pre-cooling strategies

23 Research initiated by LBNL/ CEC OpenADR Interoperability Progress Pilots and field trials Developments, tests (Utilities) OpenADR 1.0 Commercialization (PG&E, SCE, and SDG&E) Official OpenADR specification (1.0) by LBNL/CEC* 1. Anytime DR Pilots - Wholesale markets - International demonstrations - Dynamic pricing, renewables 2. All end-use sectors Over 250 MW automated in California National outreach with USGBC 2002 to OpenADR Standards Development - OASIS (EI TC), UCA, IEC 2. NIST Smart Grid, PAP 09 EI 1.0 standards - OpenADR profiles Communication Standards Development: 1. Research and development 2. Pilots and field trials 3. Standards development 4. Conformance and interoperability OpenADR 2.0 specifications - Products, commercialization - International standards (IEC) Certification/Testing (v2.0)

24 SEP Functionality A B C Function Source Application Provide real-time meter data (kw, kwh) Provide price, reliability, and event signals Retrieve device IDs, settings, event overrides Meter Utility Consumer devices In-home display In-home display; Demand response Demand response; Tech support A Through the Meter Two-way Narrowband B C

25 Thermostats and Plug Load Meters Sub-metering of the attached device or appliance at 10second frequency Remote on-off control The SmartPlug supports 110 Volt and 15 Amp or less Demonstrate DR capabilities using OpenADR enabled Wi-Fi Thermostats OpenADR client and logic native to the device DR events triggered with OpenADR 1.0 Servers AutoGrid DROMS or Akuacom DRAS. Smart Plug Historical Energy Analytics Web based Monitoring/Contro l Programmable Communicating Thermostats Web based Monitoring/Contro l 25

26 Customer Information and Feedback Continuum EPRI Study on Energy Data Feedback Delivery Mechanism Spectrum Standard Billing Enhanced Billing Estimated Feedback Daily /Weekly Feedback Real-time Feedback Real-time Plus monthly, bi-monthly Info and advice, household specific Web-based audits, billing analysis, appliance disaggregation Usage measurements by mail, , selfmetered In home displays, pricing signal HANs, appliance disaggregation, control Indirect Feedback (provided after usage) Long-term - historical and comparative Direct Feedback (provided during usage) short-term - current Action Items Social Media Goals (Benchmarks) Scenario Analysis Rate Options Control Signals Price, Event Signals Online modeling, Instructional videos, Worksheets Digital Machine-to-Machine Source: EPRI

27 Load Level Start Time End Time Price Title 24 - SECTION CONTROLS FOR SPACE-CONDITIONING SYSTEMS (h) Automatic Demand Shed Controls. DDC to Zone level be programmed to allow centralized demand shed for non-critical zones: Controls have capability to - remotely setup cooling temp by 4 F or more in non-critical zones with EMCS Controls require following features: - Manual control. Manual control by authorized facility operators to allow adjustment of heating and cooling set points globally from a single point in the EMCS; and - Automatic Demand Shed Control. Upon receipt of a DR signal, space-conditioning systems conduct a centralized demand shed, as specified in Sections 120.2(h)1 and 120.2(h)2. Ramp Period PLP Event ACTIVE IDLE Nor. Mod. High

28 Occupant Controlled Smart Thermostat in Title 24 OCSTs are self-certified by manufacturer to Energy Commission to meet T24. Spec focuses on 3 interfaces: Communications, User Display and HVAC System Interface Appendix JA Price Signals Price signals allow utility or entity to send a signal or message to occupant s OCST to provide pricing info to occupant and initiate DR Control for DR Period utilizing a DR Signal. JA Demand Response Periods This event class allows utility to initiate DR Control for DR Period utilizing a DR Signal. Signal attributes shall be specified within messaging protocol. Messaging Protocols in CEC List are Apples and Oranges ZigBee Wireless Mesh BACnet MSTP ANSI OpenADR 2.0 Enocean Wireless Protocol

29 Renewables and Managing the Duck Curve Source: Sanders, H., CEC IEPR Demand Response Workshop, June 17, 2013, slide 3.

30 New Markets for Responsive Loads Product Physical Requirements Product Type General Description How fast to respond Length of response Time to respond How often called Regulation Flexibility Contingency Energy Capacity Response to random unscheduled deviations in scheduled net load Load following reserve for un-forecasted wind/solar ramps Rapid & immediate response to supply loss Shed or shift energy consumption over time Ability to serve as an alternative to generation 30 sec Energy neutral in 15 min 5 min Continuous w/in specified bid period 5 min 1 hr 20 min Continuous w/in specified bid period 1 min 30 min 10 min Once/day 5 min 1 hr 10 min 1-2 x/day & 4-8 hr notification Top 20 hrs coincident w/balancing authority peak

31 Ancillary Services Operating Reserves respond when a contingency event occurs to restore balance. respond within 10 minutes event duration typically minutes Includes Synchronous and Non-Synchronous Regulation rectifies small discrepancies between load and 5-minute real time dispatch Receives operating point instruction and responds within 4 sec Energy neutral, although not in practice

32 Using Demand-side Resources for Grid Reliability with DR and Microgrids Demand (kw) 0:05 0:45 1:25 2:05 2:45 3:25 4:05 4:45 5:25 6:05 6:45 7:25 8:05 8:45 9:25 10:05 10:45 11:25 12:05 12:45 13:25 14:05 14:45 15:25 16:05 16:45 17:25 18:05 18:45 19:25 20:05 20:45 21:25 22:05 22:45 23:25 Fast DR Evaluating how loads can act like generators Development of communication, control and telemetry requirements Understanding markets and market participation rules Research concepts supported with field tests Communication Latency Architecture Loads Time of Day Forecasted - Actual Hourly Forecasted Bids

33 Key Issues Summary Demand Response is Growing Around US Growing capabilities of buildings to provide services to the electric grid New telemetry and control systems provide low cost automation Large need to education facility managers Economics are challenges for bill savings Acknowledgements / Sponsors California Energy Commission, US DOE, Bonneville Power Administration, PG&E, SCE