Opportunities for Success and CO 2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation:

Transcription

1 Opportunities for Success and CO 2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation: Part 2: An Assessment of Test Procedures and Efficiency Metrics PUBLISHED MARCH 2011 By Paul Waide, Navigant Consulting in Partnership with CLASP, the Collaborative Labeling & Appliance Standards Program

2 This report has been produced for the Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standards Program (CLASP) Prepared by 2010 Paul Waide, PhD Navigant Consulting 5 th Floor, Woolgate Exchange 25 Basinghall Street London, EC2V 5HA Tel: Fax: [email protected] and Lloyd Harrington, Energy Efficiency Strategies, Australia with support from: Michael Scholand, Aris Karcanais, Rowan Watson Mark Ellis Navigant Consulting (Europe) Ltd. All rights reserved April This document is expressly provided to and solely for the use of the Collaborative Labeling and Appliance Standards Program (CLASP). Navigant Consulting (Europe) Ltd accepts no liability of whatsoever nature for any use of this document by any other party. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 2

3 CONTENTS Executive Summary Introduction Room air conditioners (non ducted air conditioners)... 3 Overview of the product... 3 Comparison of energy performance test procedures... 3 Comparison of energy efficiency metrics... 8 Recommended directions Central air conditioners (ducted air conditioners) Overview of the product Comparison of energy performance test procedures Comparison of energy efficiency metrics Recommended directions Chillers for commercial buildings Overview of the product Comparison of energy performance test procedures Comparison of energy efficiency metrics Recommended directions Household refrigeration appliances Overview of the product Comparison of energy performance test procedures Comparison of energy efficiency metrics Recommended directions Household clothes washing machines Overview of the product Comparison of energy performance test procedures Comparison of energy efficiency metrics Recommended directions Household clothes dryers Overview of the product Comparison of energy performance test procedures Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 3

4 Comparison of energy efficiency metrics Recommended directions Household dishwashers Overview of the product Comparison of energy performance test procedures Comparison of energy efficiency metrics Recommended directions Water heating appliances Overview of the product Comparison of energy performance test procedures Comparison of energy efficiency metrics Recommended directions Televisions Overview of the product Comparison of energy performance test procedures Comparison of energy efficiency metrics Recommended directions Digital television decoders (set top boxes) Overview of the product Comparison of energy performance test procedures Comparison of energy efficiency metrics Recommended directions External power supplies Overview of the product Comparison of energy performance test procedures Comparison of energy efficiency metrics Recommended directions Lighting GLS and CFli Recommended directions Lighting Ballasts Recommended directions Lighting Halogen and reflector lamps Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 4

5 Recommended directions Lighting Linear Fluorescent Lamps and related systems Recommended directions Lighting HID lamps Recommended directions Lighting LEDs Recommended directions Space heating devices Comparison between US & EU Test Procedures/Systems for Efficiency Recommended directions Fans and ventilators Recommended directions Office equipment, ICT and standby power Office equipment ICT Standby power Recommended directions Electric motors Recommended directions Cooking appliances Recommended directions Transformers Recommended directions Commercial refrigeration equipment Recommended directions Conclusions Appendix A: Summaries of current standards and labelling requirements and test procedures Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 5

6 ACRONYMS AND ABBREVIATIONS ANOPR Advance Notice of Proposed Rulemaking ANSI American National Standards Institute AP Acidification Potential ASHRAE American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers Btu British Thermal Unit CCT Correlated Colour Temperature CDM Clean Development Mechanism CECED European Home Appliance Manufacturers Association CEN European Committee for Standardisation CENELEC European Committee for Electrotechnical Standardization CFL Compact Fluorescent Lamp CFLi Compact Fluorescent Lamp with integrated ballast CFLn Compact Fluorescent Lamp without integrated ballast CFR Code of Federal Regulations CHP Combined Heat and Power CMH Ceramic Metal Halide CIE International Commission on Lighting CNCA Certification and Accreditation Commission of China CNIS China National Institute of Standardization CRI Colour Rendering Index CSCC China Standards Certification Centre (formerly the China Certification Centre for Energy Conservation Products, CECP) CW Constant Wattage isolated transformer (HID magnetic ballast) CWA Constant Wattage Autotransformer (HID magnetic ballast) DALI Digital Addressable Lighting Interface DG-TREN Directorate General for Energy and Transport DG-ENTI Directorate General for Enterprise and Industry DG-Environment Directorate General for Environment DOE Department of Energy (United States of America) EACI Executive Agency on Competitiveness and Innovation EC European Commission EEAP Energy Efficiency Action Plan EERE Office of Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy (DOE) EIA Energy Information Administration (DOE) EISA Energy Independence and Security Act (2007) ELC European Lamp Companies Federation EMAS Eco-Management and Audit Scheme EN European Standard (Européenne Norme) EPA Environmental Protection Agency Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 6

7 EPACT Energy Policy Act (1992 and 2005) EPCA Energy Policy and Conservation Act (1975) ETAP Environmental Technologies Action Plan EU European Union EU SDS European Union s Sustainable Development Strategy EuP Energy-Using Products FCC Federal Communications Commission (US) FR Federal Register FTC Federal Trade Commission GDP Gross Domestic Product GEF Global Environment Facility GHG Green House Gases GLS General Lighting Service GPP Green Public Procurement GWP Global Warming Potential HEP High Efficiency Plasma HID High Intensity Discharge HP Horsepower (US motors equivalent to kw) HPS High Pressure Sodium HX High Reactance Autotransformer (HID magnetic ballast) ICT Information and Communication Technology IEC International Electrotechnical Committee INPV Industry Net Present Value IP Intellectual Property IPP Integrated Product Policy IPPC BREFs Integrated Pollution Prevention and Control, Best Available Techniques IS Indian Standard ISO International Organization for Standardization JIS Japan Industrial Standard JRA Japan Refrigeration and Air Conditioning Industry Association kw Kilowatt (EU motors equivalent to HP) LCC Life Cycle Cost LED Light Emitting Diode LLD Lamp Lumen Depreciation LLF Light Loss Factor LPS Low Pressure Sodium LPW Lumens Per Watt PBP Payback Period MEEUP Methodology study for Ecodesign of Energy-Using Products MFD Multi-Function Devices (e.g., all-in-one: printer, copier, scanner, phone.) MH Metal Halide MIA Manufacturer Impact Analysis Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 7

8 MV NOPR NPV OLED PMH SAC SEPA SCP/SIP SI STB TSD UL US USC WEEE Mercury Vapour Notice of Proposed Rulemaking Net Present Value Organic Light Emitting Diode Pulse-start Metal Halide Standardization Administration of China State Environmental Protection Administration (China) Sustainable Consumption and Production / Sustainable Industrial Policy le Système International d'unités Set Top Box Technical Support Document Underwriters Laboratory United States United States Code (i.e., Congressional Statute) Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment (EU Directive) Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 8

9 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Energy performance test procedures and energy efficiency metrics underpin all the equipment regulations in place internationally such as MEPS, Top Runner regulations, and all forms of energy labelling. There are varying degrees of international harmonisation for these test procedures depending on the product type and economy in question. This report reviews the test procedures and energy efficiency metrics in use within the five major economies of China, the EU, India, Japan and the USA for the following twenty four energy using equipment types: 1. Room air conditioners (non ducted air conditioners) 2. Central air conditioners (ducted air conditioners) 3. Chillers for commercial buildings 4. Household refrigeration appliances 5. Household clothes washing machines 6. Household clothes dryers 7. Household dishwashers 8. Water heating appliances 9. Televisions 10. Digital television decoders (set top boxes) 11. External power supplies 12. Lighting GLS and CFli 13. Lighting Ballasts 14. Lighting Halogen and reflector lamps 15. Lighting Linear Fluorescent Lamps and related systems 16. Lighting HID lamps 17. Lighting LEDs 18. Space heating devices 19. Fans and ventilators 20. Office equipment, ICT and standby power 21. Electric motors 22. Cooking appliances 23. Transformers 24. Commercial refrigeration equipment It assesses the degree of commonality and divergence in the test procedures and efficiency metrics and considers the prospects both from a technical and process driven perspective for enhanced international alignment and harmonisation for each of these products. It also presents comparative tables that summarise the main characteristics of the test procedures and efficiency metrics in place for each economy as they relate to existing energy efficiency regulations, and allows a cross comparison on a product by product basis between the economies. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 9

10 Table 1 presents a summary of the status of and prospects for harmonisation for each of the products considered. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 10

11 Table 1 Summary of test procedure harmonisation prospects Product/end-use Degree of harmonisation for energy test procedures Regions with greatest difference from international standards Potential for harmonisation of energy test procedures Comments Room air conditioners (Ducted) Central air conditioners (Non-ducted) High Japan, USA Fair Treatment of split units in USA and variable capacity units everywhere are the main sources of difference. Japan and EU are moving to part-load testing approach High/Moderate USA Fair New ISO standard under consideration; US would need to re-categorise split AC systems Chillers High/Moderate Good No international test procedure; however, work on an ISO standard has been approved Household refrigeration appliances Moderate/Poor India, Japan, USA Moderate/Poor New IEC standard expected in 2011 should help improve prospects Household clothes washers Low Japan, USA Moderate/Poor New IEC standard will address all clothes washer types (horizontal and vertical) but local wash temperatures and cleaning requirements vary dramatically Household clothes dryers Low All Moderate/Poor IEC61121 is under revision and should encourage greater harmonisation Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 11

12 Household dishwashers Moderate USA Fair New IEC standard could be made more attractive if prescriptive requirements were optional Product/end-use Degree of harmonisation for energy test procedures Regions with greatest difference from international standards Potential for harmonisation of energy test procedures Comments Water heating appliances Low All Moderate New IEC standard under development could form the basis of a global standard Televisions Moderate EU is first to adopt Fair IEC62087 Edition was specifically developed as a global energy measurement standard and should be adopted Digital television decoders (set top boxes) Moderate Good IEC62087 Edition was specifically developed as a global energy measurement standard and should be adopted External power supplies High Very good The draft international test method is broadly based on the approach used by Energy Star International; delay in issuance presents risk Lighting: GLS and GLS High Japan, USA Fair Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 12

13 lookalikes Lighting: CFLi High Good New IEC standard likely to have broad support Lighting: fluorescent ballasts High/Moderate Japan, USA Moderate No technical justification for differences in test standards Lighting: directional lamps Too soon to say Good Greenfield product: opportunity for new international standards to gain broad acceptance Lighting: linear fluorescent lamps High/Moderate Japan, USA Moderate No technical justification for differences in test standards Product/end-use Degree of harmonisation for energy test procedures Regions with greatest difference from international standards Potential for harmonisation of energy test procedures Comments Lighting: HID lamps High/Moderate Japan, USA Moderate No technical justification for differences in test standards Lighting: LEDs Too soon to say None Good Greenfield product: opportunity for new international standards to gain broad acceptance Space heating devices Low All Poor except air to air heat pumps Too much regional product diversity except for air-to-air heat pumps Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 13

14 Fans and ventilation High/Moderate USA Good IEC standards are adequate and widely used Office Equipment, ICT, Standby power High None Good International Energy Star is the most common testing platform; broad support for IEC standby power standard Electric motors High None Very good New IEC standard likely to have broad support Cooking appliances Low All Moderate/Poor Cooking appliances are poor candidates for international harmonisation except microwaves and maybe ovens Transformers High None Good Little variation in test procedures implies good potential for harmonisation Comm. refrigeration equipment Moderate Uncertain Some confusion at present, but the field is relatively open Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 14

15 1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this report is to provide information that will support CLASP and its partners to assess the degree to which greater international harmonisation and alignment within the various major energy efficiency standards and labelling programmes could help bring about significant energy and CO2 savings. Efficiency standards and labelling schemes are currently in place for a variety of end-use equipment types in countries that account for about 80% of the world s population and a higher share of its GDP, energy use and CO2 emissions. While these programmes are mostly highly cost effective and have saved significant amounts of energy and CO2, there are also many limitations and lost opportunities as follows: The share of energy using products subject to energy efficiency policy requirements varies significantly such that there is no economy where all end-uses are subject to requirements, while in most there are very significant gaps 1. The stringency of these requirements varies significantly The apparent effectiveness of product labelling varies significantly Compliance with requirements is often poorly assessed and weakly enforced The test procedures and metrics to define energy use and energy efficiency respectively are sometimes inadequate or nonexistent (in the worse case) and often vary among economies making performance comparison difficult 2 The degree to which complementary policies to stimulate energy savings in products operated within energy using systems are applied varies even more greatly and may have even larger savings potential. This study, commissioned by CLASP, and conducted by Navigant Consulting (Europe) with support from Energy Efficiency Strategies (Australia) presents a review and analysis of the current situation focused on the five major global economies of China, the European Union, India, Japan and the USA. 1 As of today China and the USA/Canada have the most mandatory product energy efficiency specifications. Europe is rapidly catching up through its Eco-design programme and Japan has relatively extensive, but slightly less, product coverage via its Top Runner programme. India is somewhat behind and currently has no mandatory product efficiency requirements. 2 The EU almost exclusively applies test procedures that are aligned with international (ISO/IEC) test procedures. China also mostly uses international test procedures (ISO/IEC/IEEE/ITU) but in some cases uses those from other leading economies (USA, Japan, Canada) and has also developed some purely national test procedures. India uses many ISO/IEC test procedures but often with local adaptation and in one or two cases has aligned with other test procedures (such as the Australian/New Zealand procedure for refrigerators). North American test procedures are mostly aligned between the USA and Canada (and often Mexico) but these are usually not aligned with ISO/IEC test procedures. Sometimes international test procedures are used and in many cases common elements exist between US and international test procedures. Japan has a mix of fully ISO/IEC harmonised and national test procedures, which nonetheless often have some degree of alignment with ISO/IEC. The rest of the world uses predominantly ISO/IEC test procedures with some locally specific variations. The main exceptions are Australia/New Zealand who apply a mixture of regional and fully internationally aligned test procedures. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 1

16 It presents a thorough review of existing energy efficiency standards and labelling programmes (S&L programmes) with the exception of requirements that apply to transportation or non-energy using equipment. The section of the study reported in this document (Part 2) reviews the existing energy efficiency test procedures and energy efficiency metrics in place. It describes and compares the existing test procedures in use, considers their similarities and differences and analyses the prospects for greater harmonisation amongst them. This is done for each of the 24 energy end-uses in turn. Appendix A provides a complete listing of energy efficiency standards and labelling schemes applied in the five major economies excepting those applying to transportation end-uses, non-energy enduses and industrial processes. It constitutes a useful resource summarising key details of the existing regulations in a comparable manner. Part 1 of this study, written into a separate document: reviews and compares the S&L certification, accreditation & compliance procedures applied in the different economies provides a synthesis of issues concerned with the harmonisation/alignment process and documentation and analysis of factors to consider that influence its feasibility delivers a review and summary of the institutions and processes involved in setting test procedures, test regimes, regulations and compliance structures provides a determination and ranking of the viability of alignment/harmonisation by product type and an estimation of energy, CO2 and cost savings potentials from harmonisation or alignment of the most promising product types Part 3 of this study, written into a separate document, presents descriptions of the leading equipment energy efficiency requirements in place for each economy. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 2

17 2. ROOM AIR CONDITIONERS (NON DUCTED AIR CONDITIONERS) Overview of the product Room air conditioners are a mainstream product in developed economies and many developing economies are experiencing rapid increases in ownership. A range of technologies can be used for air conditioners. This section concentrates on systems that use the vapour compression cycle and air to air heat exchangers for cooling and/or heating of an indoor space. The systems covered have no air interchange between the outdoors and the conditioned space and they discharge conditioned air directly into the conditioned space (non-ducted configuration). The main configurations are split systems (single or multi) and unitary systems (mainly window wall, but also some small packaged systems). Typically, these have a limited capacity (usually up to around 15kW cooling output) and are usually designed to condition a limited space within a residential dwelling or office. Room air conditioners are a global commodity and there is widespread international trade. There are generally only small differences in product design at a regional level. North America treats split systems as central units, which means they have to be tested in a different fashion, but the product is otherwise the same as elsewhere. North America also has a product type called a packaged terminal air conditioner which appears to be limited to the USA this is effectively a unitary non-ducted system. There are differences in terminology in some parts of the world, particularly in North America. There is no international standard which defines air conditioner types and configurations 3. Comparison of energy performance test procedures Key parameters to consider for efficiency testing and measurement A room air conditioner is essentially a heat pump that that collects energy from one space and moves it to another space using the vapour compression cycle. The main components are a compressor, refrigerant in a distribution system (including an expansion valve), an evaporator and a condenser. The direction of heat flow depends on the mode of operation: while cooling, the heat is collected from the inside space and moved outside. In heating mode, heat is collected from outside and moved to the inside space. The amount of heat that can be moved is generally considerably greater than the energy used to drive the refrigeration system, hence the apparent efficiency is typically in the range 200% to 500% (defined as output over input). For products that can operate in heating and cooling mode, the heating efficiency generally appears more efficient as the energy used to drive the compressor can also contribute to the overall output. The key parameters used for efficiency testing and measurement are the input energy (electricity) and output (total heating or cooling capacity). These two parameters can be used to define overall efficiency of the product during operation. 3 Note: the technologies not included in this section are evaporative coolers, water sourced heat pumps, chillers (that provide cooled water), systems that use cooling towers and ducted systems. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 3

18 As set out in great detail in expert and academic literature, the efficiency of a refrigeration system (like the one used in an air conditioner) is affected by the indoor/outdoor temperatures and temperature difference (or more correctly the operating temperature of the evaporator and condenser) and the overall operating efficiency of the refrigeration system under that condition (which is a function of the compressor parameters and the heat transfer rate and surface area of the evaporator and condenser). Some energy is used by components such as fans and to some extent electronics and in some cases auxiliary heaters (e.g. for defrosting). In order to obtain accurate comparative efficiency value of the air conditioner system itself, the indoor and outdoor conditions need to be carefully controlled. Accurate determination of the output of an air conditioner also requires careful measurement (volume and temperature of air, plus dehumidification effect in the case of cooling) this parameter can be subject to large errors when some approaches are used. The most accurate approach to testing for efficiency is a calorimeter where there is an overall check on the energy balance of the indoor and outdoor sides of the system. Calorimeters also give the best result for non ducted product where conditioned air is delivered directly to the room. The air enthalpy method can be used to measure the capacity and efficiency of non-ducted products, but there can be problems in accurately measuring the energy discharge into the conditioned space as it is difficult to replicate the natural mixing and recirculation of the product under normal use conditions. The air enthalpy method does not provide an overall check of energy balance during testing. The other key parameter which affects the overall energy consumption of room air conditioners is the non-operational energy consumption. Most test procedures do not currently deal with this parameter. Overview of the international test method The international test method for room air conditioners: ISO Non-ducted air conditioners and heat pumps -- Testing and rating for performance. This standard is used very widely around the world. The standard defines the following parameters for testing purposes: Definitions Determination of capacity and energy efficiency; A range of performance tests in cooling and heating mode; Uncertainties and tolerances. For the determination of capacity, 3 possible combinations of indoor and outdoor conditions are defined. Condition T1 is used almost universally for cooling capacity determination and efficiency claims. T2 (mild conditions) and T3 (very hot conditions) are rarely specified. Condition high for heating is most commonly used, although low is sometimes specified for colder climates. Condition extra-low is not used widely for rating (climates with sub-zero temperatures tend to opt for other technologies like ground source heat pumps). Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 4

19 Table 1: Cooling and heating conditions in ISO5151 Cooling conditions T1 T2 T3 Indoor 27 C DB, 19 C WB 21 C DB, 15 C WB 29 C DB, 19 C WB Outdoor 35 C DB, 24 C WB 27 C DB, 19 C WB 46 C DB, 24 C WB Heating conditions High Low Extra Low Indoor 20 C DB, <15 C WB 20 C DB, <15 C WB 20 C DB, <15 C WB Outdoor 7 C DB, 6 C WB 2 C DB, 1 C WB -7 C DB, -8 C WB Notes: DB = dry bulb, WB = wet bulb Importantly, ISO5151 defines a range of performance tests that check whether the air conditioner is fit for purpose. For cooling these include maximum cooling, minimum cooling, enclosure sweat and condensate disposal tests and a freeze up test. For heating these include maximum heating, minimum heating and an automatic defrost test. Some of these tests are mandated within some testing regimes. Not all tests are relevant for all users. In terms of efficiency the standard defines Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) as the ratio of cooling output (W) to electrical input (W) this variable is dimensionless (W/W). It also defines the Coefficient of Performance (COP) for heating in a similar fashion. ISO5151 specifies both calorimeter and air enthalpy test setups for energy and capacity determination. ISO5151 does not address non operating power. Adequacy of the international test method There are two main limitations to ISO5151 as it is currently written regarding operating efficiency. The first limitation is that most regulatory regimes specify condition T1 for cooling performance and condition high for heating performance. While this provides good comparative data of overall system efficiency at the defined operating conditions, this may not necessarily represent the actual efficiency achieved during normal use. For many products, the relative efficiency will not change much with operating condition, which is why this limitation has largely been ignored until recently. The second limitation is a more significant problem (but of a similar nature) that has come about due to recent changes in the technology used in air conditioners. Over the past 10 years, the share of inverter driven products (or more correctly, compressor with variable output) has increased dramatically to a point where the these are used almost universally in Japan and are dominant in Australia and other regions (for example). For a standard single speed compressor (which used to predominate), the refrigeration system always runs at full load when operating. The overall output of the system is modulated by changing the compressor on time and off time (50% output for example would be achieved by operating the compressor approximately half of the time). Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 5

20 A variable output system operates on different basis. In order to achieve a reduced capacity, the speed or output of the compressor is reduced to match the load required. This means that the units run continuously across a wide range of required outputs. The key advantage of these systems is that they avoid compressor start-up losses and generally they can operate at increased efficiency at part load conditions. This increased efficiency occurs because at part load the refrigerant flow from compressor is reduced but the surface area of the evaporator and condenser remains the same, resulting in an overall improvement of heat transfer. Thus the operating efficiency during normal use is likely to be better than the value obtained at rated capacity (full load). However, there can be some so called parasitic losses to run the variable output system, so the efficiency gains vary by model and by output. To some extent these two limitations are related in that the standardized test conditions (T1 and High ) when measured at rated capacity do not necessarily reflect the operating efficiency at other conditions and outputs for some types. When the market was dominated by single speed compressors, the differences in operating efficiency at conditions that were different to T1 were relatively small and part load efficiency of single speed compressors changes little at reduced capacity (if anything this should deteriorate slightly), so the problems were ignored. However, with a large share of variable output product on the market, the test procedure as written does not provide a good representation of part load or seasonal variation in efficiency. Unless this is addressed, divergence from the test procedure that has to date been widely used globally may begin to occur. The other issue which is not covered by ISO5151 is the measurement of non-operating energy of room air conditioners. Most room air conditioners now use some power when the refrigeration system is not operating. This power can be used for a range of functions such as remote controls, timers and even remote communications (including load control). Some room air conditioners also have heating systems (commonly called crank case heaters) which are used to stop refrigerant condensing and pooling in the compressor chamber (liquid in the compressor can damage it during starting). Crank case heaters are uncommon for room air conditioners (although they can be present) but are more common on larger ducted systems. Typical power consumption for crank case heaters is 30W to 100W, but some systems can use as much as 200W. Over a year this can account for a large amount of energy. The measurement of non operating power is usually straight forward when only functions related to communications and controls are involved (as these usually remain constant under different ambient conditions). The control and operation of crank case heaters can be complex in some cases these range from simple heaters that are on when the system is not operating to more complex systems that are controlled by ambient temperature and/or by operating schedules (e.g. heaters may not operated for a specified period after the operation has stopped due to residual heat in the system). Regional differences in products and testing approaches There are surprising few significant variations in testing approaches to room air conditioners globally. There are some minor variations in web bulb requirements in some Asian countries and some small differences due to conversion from Celsius to Fahrenheit temperature scales, but these are minor variations. There are also some differences in the expression of efficiency (EER) in the some regions, where outputs are expressed in British Thermal Units (BTU) or kilo-calories, but the underlying concept of output over input is used fairly universally. The most significant variation to the fundamental test requirements is in North America where split systems have to be tested to the requirements for central air conditioners, which requires the determination of a Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER). This requires test data at 4 different test conditions which are then combined to reflect an overall annual efficiency for a specified average Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 6

21 North American climate. One of the test points is equivalent condition T1. The other points have the same indoor conditions with reduced (milder) outdoor conditions. Table 2: North American SEER test conditions for room air conditioners Condition Indoor Outdoor Condition A (equivalent to ISO T1) 27 C DB, 19 C WB 35 C DB, 24 C WB Condition B 27 C DB, 19 C WB 28 C DB, NS - WB Condition C 27 C DB, 14 C WB 28 C DB, NS WB Condition D 27 C DB, 14 C WB 28 C DB, NS WB Testing to conditions C and D are optional in that if the tests are not done, a value of 0.25 is assigned for the degradation co-efficient CD. Only four tests are required for single speed compressors. Where there is a two speed compressor, tests at condition A and B are to be done for each speed. For variable speed compressors, up to seven tests are required as follows: A and B wet coil tests at maximum compressor speed B wet coil is tested at minimum speed Low temperature wet coil test is conducted at minimum speed (indoor and outdoor 19.4/13.9oC dry/wet) Final wet coil test is conducted at an intermediate speed if a value for CD of 0.25 is not used, dry coil tests C and D at minimum speed. Comparability of regional testing approaches As most regions globally have used the standard ISO5151 T1 and High test conditions to rate and compare their products, there is generally very good alignment and comparability of test data for air conditioners. The exception is North American due to the SEER requirement for split systems. However, data for the T1 test condition should be available for all products, which would allow direct comparison of products. Subjective assessment of the level of international harmonisation for testing There is a high degree of international harmonisation regarding the use of ISO5151, with the exception of North American requirements for split systems. The historical domination of single speed compressor units has meant that the imperfections in ISO5151 are relatively minor under many usage conditions and could be ignored. However, the growing dominance of variable output units now means that there is a lot of pressure to provide better information on the relative efficiency of these units under a range of operating conditions. Unless this issue is addressed in the near future, there may be moves to diverge from ISO5151 by the addition of more test conditions. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 7

22 Prospects and key directions for international harmonisation of testing There is already good international harmonisation for room air conditioners through ISO5151. However, the test procedure needs to be made more relevant for variable output products, which can change their efficiency with changes in output and operating conditions. Work is under way in ISO to develop a basis for a seasonal rating system for air conditioners. The approach is to define a series of standard test conditions. The standard test points can then be used to estimate, via a series of equations, operating efficiency under different operating conditions and different output levels, which can be used to estimate performance under different climates. The intent is to provide a standard comparative annual performance rating for international comparative purposes, but more importantly, to provide a standard methodology to calculate the annual performance of a product under a wide range of possible climate and usage conditions using data from a limited number of standard test points. The methodology under development, if accepted, will provide a sound basis for providing more accurate performance data for a large number of climates and usage levels without the need for extensive testing and it will also address current concerns regarding the relative efficiency of variable output air conditioners. For this approach to be successful, the data for each of the standard test points needs to be separately reported. Comparison of energy efficiency metrics Common Efficiency Metrics and Regional Approaches The most widely used efficiency metric for room air conditioners is the EER for cooling and COP for heating that is derived from ISO5151. This measure is essentially output power over input power and provides a direct measure of operating efficiency. When stated with the cooling output and the heating output, EER and COP provides all of the data required for efficiency comparisons. In terms of energy labelling, there are a wide different systems for depicting the categorical efficiency of air conditioners within individual country rating systems. Categories are depicted by various symbols such as numbers, letters and stars. However, all of these rating systems use EER and COP as the underlying efficiency measure to determine the category rating. In some regions (e.g. North America) the raw EER number is quoted as the efficiency metric (noting that that this is in BTU/W rather than W/W). Similarly, EER and COP are generally used to define minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) where applicable. The exception is North America that uses SEER for split systems. SEER is specifically determined for a specified North American climate, which makes this parameter of little value to most other regions in the world (and many parts of North America). The values for each of the test points are generally not reported as separate parameters. Some countries now include non-operating power consumption in their overall efficiency requirements. This is an important measure to ensure that manufacturers minimize this as far as possible. Performance Issues The approach to performance requirements varies by country. In North America, single speed compressor split systems are subject to four performance tests: high temperature test, Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 8

23 cyclic test, frost accumulation test low temperature test. Variable speed units are subject to: high temperature test (one maximum speed, two at minimum speed), cyclic test (minimum speed), frost accumulation test (maximum and intermediate speeds). Other countries specify one or more of the performance tests in ISO5151 as a prerequisite to their energy labelling or MEPS programs. It is usually advisable to mandate certain minimum performance tests to ensure that the products are fit for purpose and will actually work under the range of expected operated conditions normally encountered. Comparability of efficiency metrics At this stage, there is very good comparability of efficiency data across different regions where this is reported at ISO5151 condition T1 for cooling and High for heating. North American data for split systems tends to report SEER only, which cannot be directly compared to results at T1. However, efficiency at T1 is one of the standard test points that makes up the SEER value so separate reporting of this value in addition to SEER would make data highly comparable across regions. Recommended directions There is already a good level of global harmonisation in the testing and reporting of room air conditioner energy efficiency. The main exception is in North America where SEER is used for split systems. SEER is not directly comparable to ISO T1 conditions. However, ISO T1 data makes up one of the test conditions used to calculate SEER, so if this value could also be separately reported, this would allow direct regional comparability. There is growing international pressure to take into account the improved performance of variable output compressors under both part load output and milder operating conditioners. Unless this issue is adequately addressed in the near future, there is likely to be a divergence of testing approaches around the globe. ISO are working on a globally applicable approach to determine a seasonal performance for air conditioners which is based on measured performance at a set of specified rating conditions which can be used to estimate efficiency under a range of operating conditions and outputs. Most importantly, a methodology is being developed to allow seasonal performance to be calculated for any selected climate zone. Once accepted, this should address many of the current concerns. It is important that a global test procedure for air conditioners define the conditions of measurement for non operating power in an accurate and relevant manner. This can then be used by different regions as required within efficiency programs without the need to generate local requirements to address this issue. The seasonal calculation approach also needs to address non operating power as this can be a significant element of total energy consumption. This work by ISO should be supported on the understanding that it will be based on a limited number of standard testing points and the methodology will allow these test point results to be converted into a seasonal rating for any selected climate. It is also critical that the methodology to calculate seasonal ratings be publicly available. The resulting standard should also mandate the separate reporting of all data for all of the standard test conditions which are specified to allow different regions to apply relevant weightings to reflect their local conditions. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 9

24 3. CENTRAL AIR CONDITIONERS (DUCTED AIR CONDITIONERS) Overview of the product Central air conditioners are a mainstream product in developed economies. This section concentrates on systems that use the vapour compression cycle and air to air heat exchangers for cooling and/or heating of an indoor space. It also covers some larger packaged systems use small cooling towers to improve their cooling efficiency and capacity (where the cooling tower is used as a heat sink). This section does not cover water sourced or ground sourced heat pumps. The systems covered have no air interchange between the outdoors and the conditioned space and they discharge conditioned into a duct system that coveys conditioned air to one or more conditioned spaces (ducted configuration). The main configurations are generally unitary systems (packaged systems) and split systems. Ducted systems can range from 5kW to as much as 70kW. They are usually designed to condition a large area within commercial buildings, although they are also used for some larger residential systems in developed countries. Many of the larger systems run multiple compressors in one or multiple refrigeration systems. Central air conditioners are a global commodity and there is widespread international trade. There are generally only small differences in product design at a regional level. North America has different test procedures for these types of units, but the product is otherwise the same as elsewhere. There are differences in terminology in some parts of the world, particularly in North America. There is no international standard which defines air conditioner types and configurations. Notes: The technologies not included in this section are evaporative coolers, water or ground sourced heat pumps (covered by ISO13256), chillers (that provide cooled water see next section), non ducted systems (see previous section). Comparison of energy performance test procedures Key parameters to consider for efficiency testing and measurement A central air conditioner is essentially a heat pump that that collects energy from one space and moves it to another space using the vapour compression cycle. The main components are a compressor, refrigerant in a distribution system (including an expansion valve), an evaporator and a condenser. The direction of heat flow depends on the mode of operation: while cooling, the heat is collected from the inside space and moved outside. In heating mode, heat is collected from outside and moved to the inside space. The amount of heat that can be moved is generally considerably greater than the energy used to drive the refrigeration system, hence the apparent efficiency is typically in the range 200% to 500% (defined as output over input). For products that can operate in heating and cooling mode, the heating efficiency generally appears more efficient as the energy used to drive the compressor can also contribute to the overall output. The key parameters used for efficiency testing and measurement are the input energy (electricity) and output (total heating or cooling capacity). These two parameters can be used to define overall efficiency of the product during operation. As discussed in the section on non-ducted air conditioners, the efficiency of a refrigeration system (like the one used in an air conditioner) is affected by indoor/outdoor temperatures and the temperature difference. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 10

25 In order to obtain accurate comparative efficiency value of the air conditioner system itself, the indoor and outdoor conditions need to be carefully controlled. Accurate determination of the output of an air conditioner also requires careful measurement (volume and temperature of air, plus dehumidification effect in the case of cooling) this parameter can be subject to large errors when some approaches are used. The air enthalpy method is generally considered to be acceptable for ducted systems as accurate measurement of air flow and temperature in the output duct is relatively straight forward (in comparison to non-duct systems which discharge directly to the conditioned space). However, a calorimeter is still preferable as the air enthalpy method does not provide an overall check of energy balance during testing. However, calorimeters have a natural capacity limit and generally it is difficult to test systems larger than 12kW to 15kW in a calorimeter, so larger ducted systems cannot be tested using this approach. The other key parameter which can affect the overall energy consumption of room air conditioners is the non-operational energy consumption. Most test procedures do not currently deal with this parameter. Overview of the international test method The international test method for central air conditioners ISO Ducted air conditioners and heat pumps -- Testing and rating for performance. This standard is used very widely around the world. The standard defines the following parameters for testing purposes: Definitions Determination of capacity and energy efficiency; A range of performance tests in cooling and heating mode; Uncertainties and tolerances. The structure and detail of the standard is very similar to ISO5151 for non-ducted systems (refer to the previous section for details). Some local regulatory approaches do not divide products purely on the basis of ducted and non-ducted, so there can be some mismatch between the international test methods and local requirements in some cases. In terms of efficiency the standard defines Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) as the ratio of cooling output (W) to electrical input (W) this variable is dimensionless (W/W). It also defines the Coefficient of Performance (COP) for heating in a similar fashion. ISO13253 specifies air enthalpy test setups for energy and capacity determination. ISO13253 does not deal with non operating power. Adequacy of the international test method The limitations to ISO13253 are the same as ISO5151 see discussion in the previous section on nonducted (room) air conditioners. Regional differences in products and testing approaches Most regions require the use of ISO13253 Condition T1 for energy efficiency and capacity testing. The most significant variation to this test requirement is in North America where central air conditioners (as well as non-ducted split systems) require the determination of a Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 11

26 (SEER). This requires test data at 4 (or more) different test conditions which are then combined to reflect an overall annual efficiency for a specified average North American climate. One of the test points is equivalent condition T1. The other points have the same indoor conditions with reduced (milder) outdoor conditions. Table 3: North American SEER test conditions for central air conditioners Condition Indoor Outdoor Condition A (equivalent to ISO T1) 27 C DB, 19 C WB 35 C DB, 24 C WB Condition B 27 C DB, 19 C WB 28 C DB, NS WB Condition C 27 C DB, 14 C WB 28 C DB, NS WB Condition D 27 C DB, 14 C WB 28 C DB, NS WB Testing to conditions C and D are optional in that if the tests are not done, a value of 0.25 is assigned for the degradation co-efficient CD. Only four tests are required for single speed compressors. Where there is a two speed compressor, tests at condition A and B are to be done for each speed. For variable speed compressors, up to seven tests are required as follows: A and B wet coil tests at maximum compressor speed B wet coil is tested at minimum speed Low temperature wet coil test is conducted at minimum speed (indoor and outdoor 19.4/13.9oC dry/wet) Final wet coil test is conducted at an intermediate speed if a value for CD of 0.25 is not used, dry coil tests C and D at minimum speed. Comparability of regional testing approaches As most regions globally have used the standard ISO13253 T1 and High test conditions to rate and compare their products, there is generally very good alignment and comparability of test data for air conditioners. The exception is North American which uses SEER for all central air conditioners. However, data for the T1 test condition should be available for all products, which would allow direct comparison of products. Subjective assessment of the level of international harmonisation for testing There is a high degree of international harmonisation regarding the use of ISO13253, with the exception of North American requirements. The historical domination of single speed compressor units has meant that the imperfections in ISO13253 are relatively minor under many usage conditions and could be ignored. However, the growing dominance of variable output units now means that there is a lot of pressure to provide better information on the relative efficiency of these units under a range of operating conditions. Unless this issue is addressed in the near future, there may be moves to diverge from ISO13253 by the addition of more test conditions to better reflect part load performance. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 12

27 Prospects and key directions for international harmonisation of testing There is already good international harmonisation for room air conditioners through ISO However, the test procedure needs to be made more relevant for variable output products, which can change their efficiency with changes in output and operating conditions. Work is under way in ISO to develop a basis for a seasonal rating system for air conditioners. The approach is to define a series of standard test conditions. The standard test points can then be used to estimate, via a series of equations, operating efficiency under different operating conditions and different output levels, which can be used to estimate performance under different climates. The intent is to provide a standard comparative annual performance rating for international comparative purposes, but more importantly, to provide a standard methodology to calculate the annual performance of a product under a wide range of possible climate and usage conditions using data from a limited number of standard test points. The methodology under development, if accepted, will provide a sound basis for providing more accurate performance data for a large number of climates and usage levels without the need for extensive testing and it will also address current concerns regarding the relative efficiency of variable output air conditioners. For this approach to be successful, the data for each of the standard test points needs to be separately reported. Comparison of energy efficiency metrics Common Efficiency Metrics and Regional Approaches The most widely used efficiency metric for room air conditioners is the EER for cooling and COP for heating that is derived from ISO This measure is essentially output power over input power and provides a direct measure of operating efficiency. When stated with the cooling output and the heating output, EER and COP provides all of the data required for efficiency comparisons. EER and COP are generally used to define minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) where applicable. The exception is North America that uses SEER for split systems. SEER is specifically determined for a specified North American climate, which makes this parameter of little value to most other regions in the world (and many parts of North America). The values for each of the test points are generally not reported as separate parameters. Some countries now include non-operating power consumption in their overall efficiency requirements. This is an important measure to ensure that manufacturers minimize this as far as possible. Performance Issues The approach to performance requirements varies by country. In North America, central air conditioners are subject to four performance tests: high temperature test, cyclic test, frost accumulation test low temperature test. Variable speed units are subject to: high temperature test (one maximum speed, two at minimum speed), cyclic test (minimum speed), frost accumulation test (maximum and intermediate speeds). Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 13

28 Other countries specify one or more of the performance tests in ISO13253 as a prerequisite to their energy labelling or MEPS programs. It is usually advisable to mandate certain minimum performance tests to ensure that the products are fit for purpose and will actually work under the range of expected operated conditions normally encountered. Comparability of efficiency metrics At this stage, there is very good comparability of efficiency data across different regions where this is reported at ISO13253 condition T1 for cooling and High for heating. North American data for split systems tends to report SEER only, which cannot be directly compared to results at T1. However, efficiency at T1 is one of the standard test points that makes up the SEER value so separate reporting of this value in addition to SEER would make data highly comparable across regions. Recommended directions There is already a good level of global harmonisation in the testing and reporting of central air conditioner energy efficiency. The main exception is in North America where SEER is used for split systems. SEER is not directly comparable to ISO T1 conditions. However, ISO T1 data makes up one of the test conditions used to calculate SEER, so if this value could also be separately reported, this would allow direct regional comparability. There is growing international pressure to take into account the improved performance of variable output compressors under both part load output and milder operating conditioners. Unless this issue is adequately addressed in the near future, there is likely to be a divergence of testing approaches around the globe. ISO are working on a globally applicable approach to determine a seasonal performance for air conditioners which is based on measured performance at a set of specified rating conditions which can be used to estimate efficiency under a range of operating conditions and outputs. Most importantly, a methodology is being developed to allow seasonal performance to be calculated for any selected climate zone. Once accepted, this should address many of the current concerns. It is important that a global test procedure for air conditioners define the conditions of measurement for non-operating power in an accurate and relevant manner. This can then be used by different regions as required within efficiency programs without the need to generate local requirements to address this issue. The seasonal calculation approach also needs to address non-operating power as this can be a significant element of total energy consumption. This work by ISO should be supported on the understanding that it will be based on a limited number of standard testing points and the methodology will allow these test point results to be converted into a seasonal rating for any selected climate. It is also critical that the methodology to calculate seasonal ratings be publicly available. The resulting standard should also mandate the separate reporting of all data for all of the standard test conditions which are specified to allow different regions to apply relevant weightings to reflect their local conditions. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 14

29 4. CHILLERS FOR COMMERCIAL BUILDINGS Overview of the product Chillers are a mainstream product in developed economies. Chillers are large cooling systems that use the vapour compression cycle to cool water which is then circulated in a loop via a pipe network around a building to provide cooling for indoor spaces via secondary air handling systems which are located as required. The secondary air handling systems are not part of the chiller design and are usually specified by building designers. The heat removed from the circulating chilled water loop is discharged to the outside via a cooling tower or an air cooled condenser. The temperature of the water loop supplied by chillers is typically between 4 C and 9 C. Chillers are commonly used in larger commercial buildings. Chillers are a global commodity and there is significant international trade. The main differences in products are to suit local requirements regarding capacity and operating conditions, but generally there are only small differences in product design at a regional level. Chillers range in size from 10kW to more than 2MW. Chillers may have one or more compressors, evaporators and/or condensers. Comparison of energy performance test procedures Key parameters to consider for efficiency testing and measurement Chillers are a heat pump that that removes heat from a circulating water loop and discharges this heat to the outside using the vapour compression cycle. The main components are a compressor, refrigerant, an evaporator, a condenser, a water loop and a pump. Some systems use cooling towers in association with the condenser. The key parameters used for efficiency testing and measurement are the input energy (electricity) and output (total heating or cooling capacity). These two parameters can be used to define overall efficiency of the product during operation. The ratio of these two parameters is defined as the system Coefficient of Performance (COP). As with any refrigeration based system, the efficiency of a refrigeration system is affected by indoor/outdoor temperatures and the temperature difference. In order to obtain accurate comparative efficiency value of the chiller, the conditions for measurement need to be carefully controlled, including outside conditions and water loop temperatures. Accurate determination of the output of a chiller requires measurement of the water flow and temperature difference in the water loop during operation. Overview of the international test method At this stage there is no international test method for chillers. ISO have approved a new work item ISO/NP called Water chilling packages using the vapor compression cycle in July 2007 under ISO TC86 SC6, although work on this standard has not yet advanced to the next stage. However, this proposed standard is based on and is likely to be technically equivalent to the US industry standard ARI 550/590 Water chilling packages using the vapor compression cycle which is prepared and published by the US Air-conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI). In terms of efficiency the standard defines the Coefficient of Performance (COP) as the ratio of cooling output (W) to electrical input (W) this variable is dimensionless (W/W). Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 15

30 The standard is likely to define the following parameters for output, energy consumption and energy efficiency (COP): Standard rating conditions: defines the water inlet temperature for water cooled condensers and air inlet temperature for air cooled condensers as well as the water temperature leaving the evaporator (Condition A). Part load rating conditions: defines the water inlet temperature for water cooled condensers and air inlet temperature for air cooled condensers at load output conditions of 75%, 50% and 25% of the rated output of the system (Conditions B, C and D respectively). The draft standard specifies test setup for energy and capacity determination. Adequacy of the international test method Although the international standard is only an early draft and has not yet been issued for public comment, it will draw on the main international approaches to testing and rating for chillers currently in force in the USA and Europe and is likely to be adequate in addressing the performance of the product across a range of conditions. The values for Conditions A, B, C and D are separately reported, which could allow a local weighting to be performed if required, although the COP at rated output (Condition A) and the IPLV under ARI550/590 is widely used internationally as a comparative performance value. Regional differences in products and testing approaches The two main regions that specify tests method for chillers are North America and Europe. North American test methods are based on ARI550/590. Europe runs a certification program called Eurovent which specifies test conditions for testing, rating and certification of chillers. The two methods are generally quite similar in their requirements but there are some minor differences in the rating conditions as noted below. Some of these differences are likely to have arisen from rounding of imperial and metric units and it is hoped that these can be resolved during the development of the relevant ISO standard. In any case, these current differences will not result in any significant differences in energy efficiency measurements in most cases. The key differences between ARI and Eurovent are set out below: Table 4: North American SEER test conditions Condition ARI550/590 Eurovent Liquid cooled condenser inlet temperature Liquid cooled condenser operation condition Air cooled condenser outdoor air temperature Water temperature leaving the evaporator Liquid cooled condenser operation condition 29.4ºC (85ºF) 30ºC L/s/kW 5K temp drop 35ºC (95ºF) 35ºC 6.7ºC (44ºF) 7ºC L/s/kW 5K temp drop Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 16

31 The ARI standard defines an Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV) which is defined as a weighted average of the 4 test points COP values at Conditions A to D as follows: IPLV = 0.01A B C D Where Condition A, B, C and D are COP at load outputs of 100%, 75%, 50% and 25% respectively. Under ARI, part load conditions are as follows: Condition A: 29.4ºC (85ºF) inlet temperature for water cooled condensers and 35ºC (95ºF) for air cooled condensers, 100% rated output. Condition B: 23.9ºC (75ºF)inlet temperature for water cooled condensers and 26.7ºC (80ºF) for air cooled condensers, 75% rated output. Condition C: 18.3ºC (65ºF) inlet temperature for water cooled condensers and 18.3ºC (65ºF) for air cooled condensers, 50% rated output. Condition D: 18.3ºC (65ºF) inlet temperature for water cooled condensers and 12.8ºC (55ºF) for air cooled condensers, 25% rated output. Comparability of regional testing approaches The two main systems that are in force, based on ARI and Eurovent, are quite comparable and will give similar results for efficiency and capacity. Results determined under one of these rating systems should be comparable with the other under most circumstances. Subjective assessment of the level of international harmonisation for testing Chillers are large specialised pieces of equipment that are generally used in commercial buildings. Rating for energy efficiency is specified in North America, Europe and Australia. The two main rating systems in force in North America and Europe are quite similar and fairly comparable, so subjectively there is a reasonable degree of international harmonisation for the testing and rating of chillers. Prospects and key directions for international harmonisation of testing The two main testing approaches for chillers are fundamentally similar but with a number of small differences. The impact of these differences in most case will be small. Some have arisen from rounding between imperial and metric temperature measurements. While these differences have a small impact, it is desirable that they be eliminated if possible in the longer term. The best prospects for a harmonised international approach to the testing and rating of chillers is through the development of the new standard ISO/NP Water chilling packages using the vapor compression cycle. This work should be supported and key stakeholder input from North America and Europe encouraged. Comparison of energy efficiency metrics Common Efficiency Metrics and Regional Approaches The most widely used efficiency metric for chillers is Coefficient of Performance (COP). This measure is essentially output power over input power and provides a direct measure of operating efficiency. This is measured under defined operating conditions. The major test methods define conditions for determination of COP at rated capacity (Condition A) under part load conditions of 75%, 50% and 25% of rated output (Condition B, C and D respectively). When stated with the cooling output and testing conditions, the COP at these points provides all of the data required for efficiency comparisons. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 17

32 COP at rated output is the primary comparative efficiency value for chillers. The Integrated Part Load Value (IPLV), which weights data for all 4 test conditions, is also widely used as a comparative efficiency value. The IPLV is a pre-defined weighting of the efficiency of 4 load conditions to give and integrated average annual efficiency. The weightings used in the standard IPLV formula may not suit all applications and regions. However, it is widely used as an international benchmark for performance. The separate reporting of COP at Conditions A to D would allow the standardised test outputs to be weighted in a way that was more relevant to local conditions (if required) without the need for any retesting. COP at rated output and the IPLV are generally used together to define minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) where applicable. Performance Issues The measurement of chiller energy efficiency is a relatively straight forward determination of output energy over input energy. There only significant performance issue during operation is the fouling of the evaporator and where applicable the condenser (where this is water cooled). The main standards have allowances to estimate the performance degradation due to fowling during operation. These range from standard fixed allowances to simulation approaches based on parameters such as capacity, surface area of the heat exchanger and operating range of the liquids. Comparability of efficiency metrics At this stage, there is good comparability of efficiency data under the current North American and European rating systems for chillers. To maintain flexibility at a regional level it is recommended that values for each of the Conditions A to D be separately reported together with the IPLV values. Recommended directions Two major rating systems for chillers are in existence. While slightly different conditions are specified in the North American and European systems, the practical differences in the measured efficiency results will be small in most cases. Fortunately, this means that there is already a good level of global harmonisation in the testing and reporting of chiller energy efficiency. Part of the issue is that there is no international test procedure at this stage. However, work on an ISO standard has been approved and it is hoped that this will draw on existing approaches in North America and Europe to form the basis of a uniform global approach to testing and rating of chillers. This should be supported as the basis for providing a basis for the global convergence of testing approaches for chillers. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 18

33 5. HOUSEHOLD REFRIGERATION APPLIANCES Overview of the product Household refrigeration appliances include refrigerators, refrigerator-freezers and separate freezers. Household refrigeration is a mainstream product in both developed and developing economies. While some alternative product types do exist, the vast bulk of products use single phase mains power and a refrigeration system (compressor, evaporator, condenser) that uses the vapour compression cycle as a means of cooling an insulated cabinet. The primary purpose of household refrigeration products is for the safe storage and preservation of food and drink for human consumption. This means that temperatures inside household refrigeration products should be maintained within a specified range this is the primary energy service delivered by these products. There are two fundamental designs on the market: these are automatic defrost products (also called frost free which usually used forced air) and manual defrost products (also called direct cooling products). There are a range of sizes (from as small as 30 litres to as large as 800 litres) and various product configurations (e.g. vertical vs chest, single door/ two door/ multi door, freezer located on top/bottom/side). While there are not really fundamental product design differences at a global level, the are strong regional variations in prevalence of particular defrost types, sizes and configurations. Household refrigeration is a global commodity and there is significant international trade. Refrigerators are one of the few appliances that remain on continuously and as such consume a significant amount of electricity during normal use. Electricity consumption of refrigerators typically range from 100 to 1000 kwh or more per annum, depending on the design, size, features, efficiency and conditions of use. Refrigerators are widely regulated for energy consumption around the world under programs such as energy labelling and/or Minimum Energy Performance Standards (MEPS). Notes: The technologies not included in this section are absorption systems, systems that use DC or extra low voltage electricity or piezoelectric systems. Comparison of energy performance test procedures Key parameters to consider for efficiency testing and measurement Household refrigeration systems essentially use a heat pump that that collects energy from inside the cabinet and moves it to the outside using the vapour compression cycle. The main components are a compressor, refrigerant in a distribution system (including an expansion valve), an evaporator, a condenser and an insulated cabinet with one or more doors or other access points for users. The heat removed from the inside can come from several sources: conduction through the insulation, penetrations or heat bridges in the cabinet shell (in total this is called the static heat load), and through usage related elements such as air exchange from door openings (both warm air and humidity) and from food and drink loads (both thermal mass of the food itself and the associated humidity from fruit, vegetables and open food/drinks) (called processing load). The key parameters used for efficiency testing and measurement are generally the input energy (electricity) over a specified period under specified conditions and the volume of cooled space inside the appliance (and the temperature at which this operates). As is self evident, the energy consumption of a household refrigeration product will be strongly affected by the ambient conditions in which it operates. The energy-temperature response is highly variable at a model level and depends on the cabinet design and the performance of the refrigeration system. So when considering the issue of energy consumption, the question of relevant ambient temperatures needs to be addressed. Ideally the static energy consumption across a range of normal Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 19

34 operating ambient temperatures should be determined as well as the processing efficiency at some of these conditions. A static test at a single ambient temperature (which is the approach used for most test procedures) gives little useful information as a product with a less efficient refrigeration system but with better insulation could give the same static energy consumption as a product with a better refrigeration system and less insulation. The relative energy consumption of these products will be quite different under different conditions. Household refrigerators are a complex thermodynamic product and there are a large number of factors that can affect the energy consumption such as: Number of evaporators and/or refrigeration system design Use of variable speed drives on the compressor Use of vacuum panels or other advanced insulation systems Time between defrost events for variable defrost systems Control and use of heaters (for internal temperature balance, anti-sweat, around icemakers) Average internal temperatures. Household refrigeration products are thermodynamically complex and so must be tested in stable conditions for a reasonable amount of time in order to obtain an accurate value for energy. Tests must also include additional energy for defrosting and recovery (where this feature is present). Testing under these static conditions can tempt some suppliers to reduce energy when the product believes it is under test (usually by turning off heaters that may be required for normal operation) so called circumvention. This is potentially a serious issue for household refrigeration. Overview of the international test method The international test method for household refrigeration is IEC Household refrigerating appliances Characteristics and test methods. This standard is used in many countries around the world but not universally. The standard defines the following parameters for testing purposes: Definitions, classification Materials, design and manufacture Storage temperatures Determination of linear dimensions, volumes and areas Air-tightness of doors, lids or drawer seals Opening force of doors or lids Durability of doors, lids and drawers Mechanical strength of shelves and similar components Storage temperatures Water vapour condensation Energy consumption Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 20

35 Temperature rise Freezing capacity Ice-making test Determination of capacity and energy efficiency; A range of performance tests in cooling and heating mode; Uncertainties and tolerances. Under IEC62552, products have to demonstrate that they can maintain suitable internal (food storage) temperatures under a range of external ambient temperatures under the Storage Temperature test as set out in the table below. For these tests, freezers are loaded with test packages to simulate a food load, while the fresh food compartment is left empty. Energy consumption is determined at a single ambient temperature, depending on the climate class of the product as set out in the table below. Table 5: Temperature classes and requirements for storage temperature tests and energy tests in IEC62552 Class Symbol Storage Ambient Energy Ambient Extended temperate SN 10 C to 32 C 25 C Temperate N 16 C to 32 C 25 C Subtropical ST 16 C to 38 C 25 C Tropical T 16 C to 43 C 32 C Notes: DB = dry bulb, WB = wet bulb As set out above, IEC62552 defines a range of performance tests that check whether the product is fit for purpose. There are also a number of design and construction requirements or recommendations. The standard only determines the energy consumption of the product in terms of equivalent energy consumption per 24 hour period. The standard also determines to gross and storage volume of the product. The standard does not provide any measures of energy efficiency or efficiency metrics for comparative purposes. Adequacy of the international test method There are a number of limitations to or problems with IEC In general terms these are: Energy testing is done at a single ambient temperature Energy tests are conducted with the freezer compartment loaded with test packages and the warmest test pack temperature is used for energy measurements (rather than the average temperature) Loaded energy tests can take many days to stabilize, so accurate tests take a long time and the stability criteria are difficult to apply and subject to abuse Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 21

36 No processing load is added during the test The test method does not deal with frost free products in a very coherent manner The test method gives an overly generous energy credit to products that have a long defrost during testing (without any consideration of the defrost period during normal use) Storage volume measurements are complex and hard to verify and discourage some designs which are useful for consumers. There are many other issues with respect to energy testing under IEC62552, but these are not elaborated in this paper. Regional differences in products and testing approaches While household refrigeration products now have a large international trade, globally their test procedures are very poorly aligned. There are about half a dozen different major test procedures in force around the world and there are many national and regional variations to these predominant test procedures. In very broad terms, the main regional variations in household refrigeration test procedures are: IEC62552 temperate Europe, South America, some parts of Asia (ambient 25 C, fresh food +5 C, freezer warmest test package <-18 C) IEC62552 tropical Many tropical parts of Asia, some parts of Middle East (ambient 32 C, fresh food +5 C, freezer warmest test package <-18 C) North American test method Canada, USA, Mexico, some parts of Central America (ambient 32 C, fresh food +3.3 C or 7.22 C, freezer compartment air -15 C, separate freezer test packages average C) Australia/New Zealand includes Pacific and India (ambient 32 C, fresh food +3 C, all freezers air average -15 C) Taiwan 4 (ambient 30 C, fresh food +3 C, freezer air -18 C) Japan (two ambients of 15 C and 30 C, fresh food +4 C, freezer air -18 C, includes door openings, making ice, added water loads and warm test packages added during the energy test). There are also some local variations to these main approaches. Each of these approaches uses different volume definitions. Comparability of regional testing approaches The measured energy consumption of household refrigeration products is highly sensitive to the ambient temperature. Apart from Japan, none of the current test methods measure energy consumption at more than one ambient temperature (IEC62552 specifies one of two possible ambient temperatures depending on the climate classification). As the energy response to temperature is highly variable at a model level, there is no practical way to compare or adjust data measured under one test procedure to another. The only exception is for Japan, where selected parts of the 30 C ambient test could be used to estimate energy under similar conditions (although the JIS test 4 This method was also used by South Korea until Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 22

37 procedure does not require such data to be reported and this would require detailed analysis by hand for each model). To illustrate, data on seventy refrigerator-freezers has been examined their steady state (static) energy increased by 60% from 20 C to 30 C, but at a model level, this varied from 10% to 170%. The other major driver for differences in energy between regions is the required internal temperature for comparative energy testing. Generally speaking, differences in fresh food temperatures are relatively small (apart from the North American requirement for 7.22 C in the fresh food compartment of a refrigerator-freezer which is clearly in the unsafe operation region) and the energy impacts of these differences is also usually small. Of much more significance is the difference in freezer temperature between different test procedures, which range from -15 C air to -18 C warmest test package (this translates roughly to an average temperature of -21 C or colder, depending on the product and the test). Given that freezer temperature is a key driver for energy consumption (as it dictates the operating temperature of the evaporator), these differences can be substantial. The energy impact of changes in freezer temperature are typically in the range 2% to 5% per degree C change (at 32 C ambient), so a difference of 6 C or more in freezer temperature could result in differences of 30% or more between test procedures. It is important to note that the energy impact for changes in internal temperatures is highly variable at a model level and this data not reported under any of the current test procedures (although it can be obtained from some). IEC62552 only records the warmest test package temperature which has only an indirect relationship to the average temperature in the freezer, which is a major energy driver of the product. The use of warmest pack temperatures (instead of average freezer temperature) in IEC62552 makes the energy data for products under this test method quite incomparable. Another factor which affects comparability of energy data is the flexibility of control and the designed temperature balance of different models. Various researchers have noted that refrigerators tend to be optimized for the test method under which they will be tested. For example, a product that is designed for IEC62552 temperate may have a single temperature control which gives +4 C in the fresh food compartment and a warmest test package at -18 C in the freezer compartment at a 25 C ambient. If this product is tested to the AS/NZS standard, which has a requirement for a +3 C fresh food, the freezer temperature could be operating at -23 C, which could be as much as 40% extra energy due to the lack of temperature control in each compartment (it only has to be at -15 C under AS/NZS). These factors are highly variable at a model level and make comparability of test data very difficult. Subjective assessment of the level of international harmonisation for testing By any measure, the level of international harmonisation regarding the testing of household refrigeration products is poor. All of the test procedures currently in use have serious drawbacks and are generally are unable to provide useful comparative energy data for consumers. Prospects and key directions for international harmonisation of testing IEC SC59M, which covers household refrigeration products, was formed in late 2008 after the responsibility for these product standards was transferred from ISO in 2006 and first met in late Technical work has been under way for several years in various working groups to address many of these issues through the development of a new global energy test method for household refrigerators. The key elements will be: Globally agreed internal temperatures for energy testing (+4 C fresh food, -18 C freezer air) Energy testing at two ambient temperatures (16 C and 32 C) Unloaded freezer compartments for energy testing Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 23

38 An optional processing load test An ice making test Strong anti-circumvention provisions. This new test procedure, which is hoped will be available for use in late 2011, will address most of the main technical problems with all of the major international test procedures. However, given the substantial degree of energy regulation for these products, it may be some time before a transition can be made to the new test procedure. It remains to see what level of acceptance is achieved once the method is finalized. Comparison of energy efficiency metrics Common Efficiency Metrics and Regional Approaches The most common approach to defining efficiency metrics for household refrigeration is to use the energy consumption at defined conditions together with the volume of cooled space. As there are often several compartments that operate at different temperatures, the concept of adjusted volume has been developed to give a total volume expressed as an equivalent fresh food volume (by looking at the difference between the internal temperature of the compartment and the external ambient temperature). The volume adjustment factors vary depending on the ambient temperature and the internal temperatures during energy tests. However, the concept of adjusted volume relies on a single ambient test temperature, which many not always be the case (especially in the future). There are a number of options on how these two main parameters (energy and volume) can be combined. The normal approach used to define efficiency of household refrigeration products is to examine energy per adjusted litre of volume. Strictly speaking, energy per adjusted litre is the inverse of efficiency (energy intensity). The surface area of the product is the main driver for heat gain in a static energy test and therefore a product with a large volume tends to look more efficient than a small product (with the same level of technology) if a straight ratio is used. The overall configuration used can also have an effect on the energy per adjusted litre, so different types of products can appear to have different characteristics in terms of energy per litre, so this type of metric should be used to compare reasonably similar product types of similar volume. Many efficiency metrics tend to use the concept of energy per adjusted litre but attempt to correct for the most obvious size bias. The most common approach is to use linear functions with a zero volume offset in energy in an attempt to reduce size bias. It is also possible to correct for size bias by using more sophisticated algorithms (such as volume to the power of 0.667) which gives a better indication of the relative surface area of the product based on the volume (surface area is the key driver for heat gain). Once a basic line to express equal levels of efficiency has been developed (usually defined as energy consumption across a range of volumes), there are several approaches to define categories of efficiency (so called families of efficiency curves within a metric). The most common approaches are: a set percentage reduction in energy for each new level of efficiency (so called geometric progression) a set reduction in energy for each new level of efficiency (so called linear progression) Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 24

39 an arbitrary definition of each new level of efficiency. Most commonly, such metrics are used to define energy labelling categories but they can also be used to define maximum permitted energy consumption under Minimum Energy Performance Standards. Performance Issues The approach to performance requirements varies by country. Many countries that use IEC62552 also require that products meeting the Storage Temperature test, which is the most important test for household refrigeration. This test demonstrates whether the product is capable of maintaining suitable internal temperature across a range of different ambient temperatures (refer to Table ). The next most important parameter is determination of volume. IEC62552 specifies total gross volume and storage volume for each compartment. Definitions of volume vary by region and many non IEC test procedures have their own approach to volume determination. There are a range of other performance requirements in IEC62552 as set out in the section describing that standard. Other performance test include processing load tests and pull down tests (time to reach specified internal conditions in a hot ambient temperature). The linking of performance and energy consumption is very variable at a regional level. Some countries specify one or more performance tests as a prerequisite to their energy labelling or MEPS programs. A uniform approach to volume determination is critical in any global testing approach. It is advisable to mandate as a minimum Storage Temperature tests (or something equivalent) as these ascertain that the product is fit for purpose and will actually work under the range of expected operated conditions normally encountered. Other performance tests may be advisable to ensure that the product has sufficient refrigeration capacity to enable processing of loads in a reasonable time (especially in warmer climates). This aspect is not well covered by IEC62552 at this stage. Comparability of efficiency metrics At this stage, there is very poor comparability of the underlying energy consumption data for household refrigeration products, due to different ambient conditions and different internal target temperatures for energy testing. Due to the high level of variability at a model level in response to these parameters, it is therefore impossible to compare efficiency metrics that use different test procedures. At this stage, no test procedures collect data to enable the energy to be determined under different operating conditions. This means that most test procedure are unable to provide any reasonable estimate of energy consumption during normal use, which, in theory at least, should be the basis for product comparisons. There is also a range of different approaches to volume determination. The procedures specified in IEC62552 for storage volume are complex (and difficult to verify) and they heavily penalize certain configurations such as baskets. Recommended directions There is very poor global harmonisation in the energy testing of household refrigeration products. There are many different test specifications and none enable energy consumption to be estimated under other test procedures or during normal use. It is impossible to compare energy data from different test procedures with any accuracy. Most test procedures ignore the two most important influences on energy consumption namely ambient temperature effects and processing load. So there are serious technical shortcomings in all regional test procedures used for household Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 25

40 refrigeration, so there is no obvious candidate which could form the basis of a globally harmonized approach. This is ironic as household refrigeration products are widely traded and are heavily regulated for energy consumption around the world. Fortunately, work has been in progress since 2006 to prepare a new energy test procedure under IEC SC59M Household Refrigeration. This new test procedure has been developed to measure the key components of energy consumption and it will address most of the major shortcomings of existing regional test procedures. It is therefore hoped that this will provide a focal point for international harmonisation once it is published (target date late 2011). However, given the very widespread use of existing regional test procedures for energy labelling and MEPS regulations in many regions around the world, the transition to a new global test procedure is likely to be slow. As development of this new standard is a large project, there may be delays if there is a lack of resources. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 26

41 6. HOUSEHOLD CLOTHES WASHING MACHINES Overview of the product Household clothes washing machines are a mainstream product in both developed and developing economies. The primary purpose of household clothes washing machines is to wash clothes, household linen and personal items. Most products also spin residual water from the washed material at the end of the cycle. There are two fundamental designs on the market: these are drum type machines (horizontal axis) and other types (generally classified as vertical axis but with a wide range of technologies for imparting mechanical action onto the clothes load). Vertical axis machines include traditional technologies such as agitators and impeller types, but also a range of new technologies such as turbo jet and so called nutator types (where an asymmetric disc attempts to flop the load around while using very load water levels). There are also two basic control types: automatic clothes washing machines (where the load is fully treated within a cycle without the need for any user intervention under normal circumstances) and manual or semi-automatic clothes washing machines (where the user must intervene at one or more points during the cycle to allow the product to complete its task). Typical sizes range from a rated capacity of 3kg to 10kg, although some products outside of this range are present on the market. The approaches to determine capacity are also variable. Some product designs incorporate a clothes drying function into the washer. These combination washer-dryers can be used and tested as a household clothes washing machine. These tend to be drum type machines although some other configurations are available in Asia. Household clothes washing machines are a global commodity and there is significant international trade. Many countries also have significant local production. Local requirements, product preferences and price can have a strong influence on the programs, options and configurations available in regional markets. The energy consumption of household clothes washing machines is highly dependent on local habits and practices (particularly wash temperature and source of water heating where external hot water is used). Household clothes washing machines are regulated for energy in a number of regions, although the approaches are generally very different and reflect local usage conditions. Comparison of energy performance test procedures Key parameters to consider for efficiency testing and measurement Household clothes washing machines use external water and (in most cases) user added detergent to remove soil and stains from clothes and household linen. Electricity is used for mechanical action to wash the load, pumps (to remove water at the end of each operation), for spinning the load (to remove water), solenoids, electronics and controls and in some cases for water heating. The energy consumption per load treated (or cycle) is highly dependent on a range of factors, the most important being the water volume and the temperature of the wash water. The two main parameters to consider for energy efficiency testing and measurement are the capacity of load treated and the energy consumed in treating that load. Other parameters that can directly affect energy measurements are inlet cold water temperature (this usually defines the base energy point from which to calculate energy consumption) and external hot water temperature. In some cases, the residual water left in the load is important as this can substantially affect the energy Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 27

42 consumption of clothes dryers, which are sometimes frequently used to dry the load for users once the load has been washed. Household clothes washing machines involve a range of complex mechanical and chemical interactions and the results from run to run can be somewhat variable. Overview of the international test method The international test method for household clothes washing machines is IEC Clothes washing machines for household use Methods for measuring the performance. The current version is Edition 4 (published October 2003), although Edition 5 was released as an FDIS and should be published in the first half of 2010 if voting is positive. This standard is used in a number of countries, but the main energy related use is in Europe. The standard defines the following parameters for testing purposes: Definitions, rated capacity, dimensions, test conditions Testing materials (reference machine, spectrophotometer, loads, stain strips, detergent, extractor, titration equipment) Washing performance Water extraction performance Rinsing performance Water and energy consumption Wool shrinkage. A number of annexes provide technical details of materials, loading, test and reference programs and so on. Three load types are specified: cotton, easy care (polyester cotton) and wool shrinkage load. Manufacturer s instructions are followed except where they conflict with the requirements of the standard. Under IEC60456, only measurement methods to determine performance are specified. No minimum levels of performance are specified for any of the performance parameters. Energy consumption and water consumption can be determined at any selected capacity up to the rated capacity. Any available program can be selected for testing. The standard only determines the energy and water consumption per washing load treated. The standard does not provide any measures of energy efficiency or efficiency metrics for comparative purposes. Adequacy of the international test method IEC60456 is a highly technical and complex testing standard and has undergone substantial technical development over the past decade. It requires a wide range of expensive testing equipment and the test materials and conditions for measurement are very tightly specified. The IEC standard is designed around a specific set of 5 stains (oil, sebum, cocoa, red wine and blood) and the reference detergent specified has a number of specific enzymes, which are designed to target these specific stains. The enzymes become activated in warm water (generally over 40ºC) and can be adversely affected if hot water is used directly on the detergent or some of the stains (especially blood). Therefore the standard is built around this washing system which is specifically designed for machines that heat water internally. While this approach may be reasonably reflective of washing practices in Europe, it is not necessarily representative of habits and practices in many parts of the world. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 28

43 Until Edition 4, it was not possible to test non-drum type machines to IEC Edition 5 (expected in 2010) has improved the overall structure and applicability of the standard to all technology types, within the existing paradigm of testing parameters that previously existed (test materials, detergents, stains etc). The broad objective of Edition 5 was to make the standard more globally applicable while continuing to meet the needs of existing users (predominately European energy labelling). Therefore, many aspects of the standard are not relevant to habits and practices outside of Europe. There are a number of limitations to or problems with IEC60456 Edition 5 regarding its global application as a test method. Some of these may be addressed by Edition 6 as noted below (expected around 2015). In general terms, issues regarding the use of Edition 5 are: Multiple test runs on a single unit for a valid result the standard mandates 5 repeat tests on a single unit for a valid result. To some extent this is justified by the natural variability of many of the performance parameters. But there is no flexibility for reducing the number of runs or increasing the number of units sampled. This is under consideration for Edition 6. Cold water temperature of 15ºC: There is no option for this inlet temperature. Most parts of the world consider this to be too cold to be representative. A flexible approach to inlet temperature may be considered for Edition 6. Ambient test room temperature of 23ºC: While this does not significantly affect washer performance or energy consumption, the clothes loads have to be normalized in a different ambient condition (20ºC and 65% RH) which presents some practical issues. Reference machine: The reference machine specified is necessary to improve reproducibility. However, it is an expensive piece of equipment and may be out of the reach of many test labs. Also, the use of the reference machine to normalize results is highly prescriptive and does not allow other approaches. Assessment of washing performance: The IEC standard specifies a very simplistic approach of adding the reflectance values of all 5 stains to obtain a total washing result. This result is normalized by ratio with the reference machine. Many argue that this approach is overly simplistic and excludes more sophisticated approaches for evaluation of different aspects of performance. This issue may be may considered in Edition 6. The use of pigs blood as a stain creates a number of technical and moral/religious issues. The detergent is a highly specialized high end detergent based on zeolite as a builder with the use of enzymes. While this is broadly representative of Europe, many other detergent formulations and approaches are used at a regional level. Regional detergents may be may considered in Edition 6. The soil stains are specifically designed for use with the IEC reference detergent, which is designed for a specified water heating profile. Therefore the IEC standard represents a high end washing system which is not relevant to normal use in many parts of the world. There are serious reproducibility problems with the current rinse performance test which is based on alkalinity. Wear and tear on the clothes load is currently not assessed in IEC60456 and a number of regional approaches are already in force for this performance measure. 3 possible options are currently being assessed in a publicly available specification IEC PAS 62473). This may be included in Edition 6. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 29

44 There are many other minor technical issues with respect to energy testing under IEC60456, but these are not elaborated in this paper. Probably the biggest issue facing IEC60456 as the basis for a global test method is the huge variation of consumer habits and practices around the world. As the standard becomes more flexible takes into account a wider range of local conditions and user habits and practices, it necessarily become less global in its nature by permitting a range of local or regional conditions. Allowable variations in the current standard such as water hardness already create regional variations. Dealing with issues such as: regional variations in reference detergents, cold water temperatures and performance requirements to account for local usage means that there is a natural tendency towards local requirements rather than a single uniform global approach. Regional differences in products and testing approaches In general terms, developed countries tend to use only automatic household clothes washing machines. Developing countries have a mixture of automatic and non-automatic products (with the latter tending to be low end and cheaper). However, all products can adequately be assessed under most regional test procedures. Drum machines predominate in Europe. This technology is gaining some market share in North America, but generally non-drum technologies dominate. Australia is in transition with about a 50% market share for drum types (although these products have been present in the market for more than 20 years). Drum machines are also gaining some share in more affluent segments of the South American and Asian markets. Household clothes washing machines have a large international trade, but globally their test procedures are very poorly aligned. The approach to energy regulation of these products is also highly variable at a regional level. In regions where internal water heating not undertaken, energy use is negligible, so many countries do not regulate these products for energy consumption. In very broad terms, the main regional variations in household clothes washing machine test procedures are: IEC60456 Europe, South America, some parts of Asia North American test method Canada, USA, Mexico, some parts of Central America - energy testing approach with little or no performance measurement Australia/New Zealand includes Pacific hybrid performance based procedure with minimum performance requirements specified. Japan - used in some parts of Asia, designed specifically for vertical axis machines. There are also some local variations to these main approaches. Most of these testing procedures allow the manufacturer to declare a rated capacity for testing purposes, except in North America where only two sizes are defined based on volume (compact and standard). Most test standards tend to determine energy (and where applicable performance) at rated capacity under one or a defined number of conditions. Consumer research tends to show that typical consumer loads are much less than rated capacity many consumers consider about 50% of the rated value as being a full load. This creates a further possible mismatch between many standard test conditions and normal usage. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 30

45 Comparability of regional testing approaches The measured energy consumption of household clothes washing machines is highly sensitive to the cold water inlet temperature and the wash temperature for the selected program. Where the program temperature is warmer than the cold water inlet temperature, water can be heated internally or supplied from an external source. As a result, energy consumption at a regional level can vary substantially. It may be possible to undertake some broad comparisons at a regional level in terms of energy consumption, but corrections would be required to adjust for factors such as cold water temperature, wash temperature, water volume and capacity tested. The performance of machines achieved under different programs and different wash temperatures can also vary markedly, making any regional results less comparable. Subjective assessment of the level of international harmonisation for testing The level of international harmonisation regarding the testing of household clothes washing machines is poor. There are many local or regional test procedures in use. Most of these procedures attempt to reflect local usage conditions and materials such as detergents. The IEC standard is highly complex and in its current form is not suitable for application in many developing countries. There are still some elements of the IEC that mitigate its widespread international adoption and these are unlikely to be addressed until Edition 6 in 2015, if at all. Even if IEC60456 Edition 6 was able to address all of its current shortcomings to make the test procedure as global as possible, there is still likely to be strong pressure at a regional level to adopt regional variations that take into account important factors regarding user habits and practices. These include factors such as water hardness, detergent composition, load sizes and performance requirements. This is not a shortcoming of the IEC standard, but a reflection that the typical use of household clothes washing machines is highly variable at a regional level and a single, rigid, global approach to testing these products is probably not feasible. Prospects and key directions for international harmonisation of testing IEC SC59D, which covers household clothes washing machines, issued a Final Draft International Standard (FDIS) for Edition 5 of IEC60456) in November 2009 (IEC 59D/358/FDIS). Unless there is adverse voting, Edition 5 should be published by mid Edition 6, in which it is hoped to address some key issues for global applicability, is not likely before It is important that many of the key shortcomings in Edition 5 be addressed in Edition 6 if the standard is to form a broad technical basis for global testing of household clothes washing machines. The IEC standard, with more work and good strategic planning, could become the basis of a global testing approach for household clothes washing machines which permits local variations to reflect local usage and conditions while maintaining tight control on equipment, test materials and methodologies. Importantly the IEC standard provides a solid technical basis for the issue of performance testing. The alternative is mandating a single set of conditions and approaches to testing these products globally, which will drive users away from the IEC standard to remain with their local and regional approaches. Comparison of energy efficiency metrics Common Efficiency Metrics and Regional Approaches The most common approach to defining efficiency metrics for household clothes washing machines is to use the energy (and water) consumption per cycle using defined test materials, test conditions, clothes load and program. The program used for energy testing tends to be defined in local Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 31

46 regulatory requirements rather than in the test procedures themselves. For example, IEC60456 permits testing on any program and any load size, so these parameters have to be externally defined to get comparative values of energy and water consumption and performance. There are a number of options on how these two main parameters (energy and capacity of wash load processed) can be combined in an algorithm or metric. The normal approach used to define efficiency of household clothes washing machines is to examine energy per kg of load treated. Strictly speaking, energy per kg of treated load is the inverse of efficiency (energy intensity). As there is a certain minimum amount of water and energy that needs to be consumed to treat any sized load, so a product with a large capacity tends to look more efficient than a small product if a straight ratio is used. However, if treating a fixed smaller load, a product with a smaller capacity will tend to appear more efficient, even if there is load sensing. Many efficiency metrics tend to use the concept of energy per kg of load treated but attempt to correct for the most obvious size bias. The most common approach is to use linear functions with a zero volume offset in energy in an attempt to reduce size bias. Once a basic line to express equal levels of efficiency has been developed (usually defined as energy consumption across a range of capacities), there are several approaches to define categories of efficiency (so called families of efficiency curves within a metric). The most common approaches are: a set percentage reduction in energy for each new level of efficiency (so called geometric progression) a set reduction in energy for each new level of efficiency (so called linear progression) an arbitrary definition of each new level of efficiency. Most commonly, such metrics are used to define energy labelling categories but they can also be used to define maximum permitted energy consumption under Minimum Energy Performance Standards. Many labelling algorithms specify a typical number of uses per year in order to provide an annual energy consumption value (and an associated average annual energy cost). Some regions (e.g. Europe) label on the basis of energy per cycle (as average usage varies considerably within the region). Where a usage profile is specified for energy labelling or MEPS (for example number of uses per year), it is important to consider the energy consumed when the product is not operating (e.g. standby power or low power modes) as in some cases this can make a significant contribution to total energy consumption. Only some machines have the capability to automatically adjust energy and water in response to changes in consumer loads. Including tests at a part load condition is the only way to directly assess this response. Part load performance tests, while not common in test procedures or regulations at this stage, are important as they better reflect normal usage by consumers and provide recognition of load sensing technologies. In some regional approaches, the spin performance (water remaining in the load after the final spin) is sometimes used in efficiency metrics as this can impact the energy used by a clothes dryer. Most regional requirements tend to define a single condition for the determination of energy consumption (e.g. in Europe this is a cotton load at rated capacity using a Cotton 60ºC program). These requirements tend to specify tests at rated capacity (which can be far from normal consumer Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 32

47 usage as noted above). The North American approach specifies tests on a wide range of temperature settings in order to get a representative average set of conditions as specified in the local energy regulations. The issue of performance makes energy consumption of household clothes washing machines very complex this issue is discussed in more detail in the following section. Performance Issues A household clothes washing machine performs a complex series of mechanical and chemical processes to treat a load in order to remove soil, stains and residual detergent. The main performance parameters are: washing performance spinning performance rinsing performance wear and tear on the load water and energy consumption, program time. A test procedure should provide definitive measures of these parameters. Due to the nature of the clothes washing process, the results measured from run to run, even for highly stable machines, may vary measurably. A machine that exhibits erratic behaviour or has poor internal control could produce quite variable results from run to run. Machine caused run to run variability is not so much a problem with the test procedure or the methodology used, but more a measure of the actual run to run variation shown by real machines during normal use (even under tightly controlled usage conditions in the laboratory). Any test method needs to recognize and take such run to run variations into account when assessing energy and performance. The issue of performance for household clothes washing machines is very complex. Generally speaking, all of the major performance parameters are interlinked to some extent. For example, it is self evident that using more water and energy within a particular clothes washing machine is likely to improve washing and rinsing performance, although this relationship is not straight forward and the performance effect varies considerably by model and technology. So declaration of energy and water consumption needs to be made within the context of performance achieved for the particular load and program. Spinning performance is generally regarding as a straight forward measurement as it involves measurement of test load mass at the start and end of the cycle. Energy, water and time are generally easy to measure, although energy embodied in imported hot water requires careful measurements. Parameters for determining washing performance are very complex and highly dependent on a wide range of parameters such as stain batch, water and detergent chemistry and water temperatures. Determination of rinsing performance is also complex and requires titration for alkalinity. There are other regional approaches to determination of this parameter. There are a number of regional approaches to determination of wear and tear, although IEC60456 Edition 5 does not cover this issue. There are three major regional approaches with respect to dealing with performance of household clothes washing machines. In broad terms these are: Do not assess performance - used in North America government regulation (although industry standards do include performance assessment). Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 33

48 Declare performance: major parameters are measured and the relative performance parameters are declared used in Europe under their energy labelling program. Set minimum performance levels: in this approach minimum permitted levels of performance are defined in the test procedure as a prerequisite to the declaration of energy and water consumption values used in Australia, New Zealand and some parts of Asia. There is no doubt that measurement of performance of household clothes washing machines is an important issue that affects energy consumption and the energy service that user ultimately receive. However, these performance measurements can be quite variable and difficult. There are also wide differences in user habits and practices, which can also affect energy and performance. The most obvious of these factors are: Variations in water hardness and temperature these can vary substantially at a regional level and can affect detergent dosing Preferences for wash temperature and other program settings (noting that even under a warm wash, more than 80% of the total energy is used to heat water) Typical user based loading research in many countries indicates that users tend to operate their household clothes washing machines at capacities that are substantially less than the rated capacity. However, most efficiency metrics tend to concentrate on rated capacity as the primary measure of efficiency rather than actual user loads (which themselves are somewhat variable) Pre-treatment some countries have significant levels of pre-treatment of the load in order to reduce or remove the most significant stains prior to putting the load into the clothes washing machine User expectations there is evidence that different regions and different cultures may have different expectations in terms of the performance of household clothes washing machines. As an adjunct, users are also likely to adjust their behaviour and usage of the product in order to achieve what they regard as a satisfactory wash result during their use of the product this could include a combination of actions such as pre-treatment, changes to program selection, program temperature, detergent dose and adjustment of loading levels. Comparability of efficiency metrics At this stage, there is very poor comparability of the underlying energy consumption data for household clothes washing machines, due to differences in testing conditions and approaches to dealing with performance. Dealing with all of these factors in a coherent and consistent manner is difficult. On the one hand, approaches to testing need to be narrowly defined in order to achieve a global testing approach and comparability of data. But this makes the test method potentially irrelevant to normal use in many local regions. The fundamental problem for this product is the substantial variation in user habits and practices around the globe. Technically it may be possible to compare energy data between regions if a good deal of underlying test data was also available at a model level, to allow corrections to the raw to be made in a way that corrects for different test approaches. However, such corrections do not take into account differences in performance or differences in local habits and practices. Also, data at this level of depth is not normally available. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 34

49 Recommended directions There is poor global harmonisation in the energy testing of household clothes washing machines. While these products are regulated for energy consumption in a number of regions, there are a number of different test procedures in use which have fundamentally different approaches to dealing with performance that make any energy measurements non-comparable. It will be difficult to resolve these in the short term. One of the underlying problems is that user habits and practices with respect to clothes washing are highly variable at a local and regional level. As the IEC standard becomes more flexible takes into account a wider range of local conditions and user habits and practices to make it more globally applicable, it necessarily become less uniform globally as applied by allowing a range of local or regional testing conditions. The IEC standard, if most of the major issues can be addressed in Edition 6, offers a suite of common elements for testing of household clothes washing machines such as equipment, materials and methodologies. This standard could provide a uniform technical basis and methodology for testing of household clothes washing machines globally. However, in order to remain relevant to local and regional consumers, it would have to permit variations to take into account local conditions, habits and practices. Support for IEC60456 Edition 6 is a critical plank in this strategy. A more difficult issue is resolving different approaches to performance that now exist in different regions. There is no doubt that assessment of performance is a key issue for household clothes washing machines and IEC60456 Edition 6 does potentially offer a common basis for quantifying these issues. Even if there is global agreement on how to measure performance of these products, there is likely to be differences in how these parameters are used within the context of energy regulation. Local differences in usage and user expectations may also confound the resolution of these issues in the medium term. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 35

50 7. HOUSEHOLD CLOTHES DRYERS Overview of the product Household clothes dryers are a product that tends to be used mainly in developed economies. The primary purpose of household clothes dryers is to dry (remove moisture from) clothes, household linen and personal items (usually) after they have been washed in a household clothes washing machine, leaving them in a state that is ready for storage and/or use. The main principle used in clothes dryers is to pump warm to hot air through a rotating drum which contains the wet clothes load in order to evaporate the remaining moisture in the clothes. Most products use a resistive heating element to generate the required heat. A few products use an electrically power heat pump to supply the required heat. Some products use gas as a heating energy source (relatively uncommon in most markets). Another unusual variant is a static cabinet, which is heated in order to dry hanging clothes. This section does not cover static dryers and gas power dryers, as electrically powered rotary dryers predominate in most markets. Some developers attempted to use microwaves to provide heat to the load to drive off the moisture but these are not commercially available. The major sub-variants within electric rotary clothes dryers are the vented type or the condensing type. The vented type exhausts the moist warm air from the drum to the room (non-ducted) or to the outside via a duct. The other major type is the condensing dryer, where the moisture evaporated from the damp load is condensed inside the dryer and drained away or collected as water. These types are more common where air exchange with the outside is not favoured due to climatic considerations (usually colder climates). Virtually all condenser dryers use ambient air to condense the moisture. There are also combination-washer-dryers that incorporate both clothes washing and clothes drying functions into a single appliance. These can be treated as separate appliances for the purposes of testing or they can be assessed for the whole washing and drying function in combination. Virtually all combination washer-dryers are of the condenser type and use their cold water supply to assist in condensing the water evaporated from the damp load. Typically the dryer capacity is less than the washer capacity, making testing more complex. There are also several control variants available: these are auto-sensing controls, timer controls and manual controls (now rare). Auto-sensing controls use various indirect means to assess the remaining moisture content in the load and terminate the program when the load is sufficiently dry. The most common approaches are to use the temperature rise in the exhaust air or the conductivity of the load. Timer based and manual controls require the user to estimate the required time to adequately dry the load. There is only moderate international trade in clothes dryers trade tends to be concentrated within regional blocks, with North America and Europe being the two major markets. The energy consumption of household clothes dryers is dependent on a number of factors including the spin performance of the associated clothes washer (which determines the moisture content of the load put into the dryer), frequency of use and availability of alternatives (such as air or outside drying), the amount of load put into the dryer and the efficiency of the dryer technology. In some regions and household types clothes dryers are used only as a supplementary appliance to dry urgently needed items or during poor weather. In other regions, dryers are used to dry most or all clothes loads that are washed. These differences in use have a large impact on typical dryer energy consumption at a regional level. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 36

51 Comparison of energy performance test procedures Key parameters to consider for efficiency testing and measurement Household clothes dryers use electricity to add heat to air that is forced through a load which is tumbled within a drum. Electricity is used for motors (mechanical rotation of the drum), electronics and controls and heating (direct or indirect). Direct heating is provided by resistive heating elements whereas indirect heating can be provided by a heat pump. As the amount of load and its moisture content can vary somewhat, the two main parameters to consider for energy efficiency testing and measurement are usually the amount of water removed from the load and the energy consumed in removing that moisture. In effect the key inputs are the initial moisture content of the load (the dampness of the load at the end of the washer spin cycle) and how much load is dried. A small wet load is generally slightly easier to dry that a larger drier load with the same total moisture content, although these effects are fairly small. The additional energy to remove moisture is usually very linear down to about 30% moisture content. Below this moisture content the process becomes more intensive as it becomes more difficult to drive off the last remaining moisture from the load. Therefore the initial total moisture in the load will affect the overall apparent efficiency of the drying process (more moisture tends to appear more efficient in terms of energy to remove each kg of moisture). Most resistive heating type dryers operate within a relatively narrow efficiency band (around 0.9 to 1.2 kwh per kg of moisture removed when tested at rated capacity). Heat pump systems tend to use about half of this energy per kg moisture removed. Overview of the international test method The international test method for household clothes washing machines is IEC Tumble dryers for household use - Methods for measuring the performance. The current version is Edition 3 (published July 2002). Edition 4 is in the early stages of preparation. This standard is used primarily in Europe. The standard defines the following parameters for testing purposes: Definitions, rated capacity, dimensions, test conditions, water supply conditions Test loads Water and energy consumption, determination of final moisture content Condensation efficiency Evenness of drying. Two load types are specified: cotton and easy care (polyester cotton) the load specifications are nominally the same as for household clothes washing machines (IEC60456). Manufacturer s instructions are followed except where they conflict with the requirements of the standard. The standard specifies two initial moisture contents these are Condition A (70% for cotton and 50% for easy care) and Condition B (60% for cotton and 40% for easy care). The standard specifies a range of allowable final moisture contents for various program types (e.g. iron dry cotton, dry cotton and easy care) at the termination of the test. Under IEC61121, there are no real performance measurements to be performed apart from condensation efficiency and evenness of drying, which are largely informative in nature. The standard requires the dryer to have settings or a program that meets the required final moisture Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 37

52 content, although it is unclear on how to treat a product which can only achieve the final moisture content targets through supplementary or manually user applied additional drying settings. Energy consumption and water consumption can be determined at any selected capacity up to the rated capacity. Any available program can be selected for testing (usually auto-sensing models have programs). Tests are repeated 5 times on the same setting/program in order to get a valid result. The standard only determines the energy and water consumption per load dried at the two defined initial moisture contents. The standard does not provide any measures of energy efficiency or efficiency metrics for comparative purposes. Adequacy of the international test method In principle, the measurement of clothes dryer energy consumption should be fairly straight forward the mass of moisture initially contained in the load is measured at the start of the test and the mass at the end of the test is measured. The energy to remove this moisture is determined. However, there are a range of different test approaches, which vary in the details rather than the broad principles. The way the current IEC standard is written, it is important to get the initial moisture content as accurate as possible as there is no mechanism for correction of this mass. Getting consistent moisture content at the termination of the program or selected timer setting (generally after the cool down period) is the most problematic area of the standard. The appliance is allowed to terminate within a relative wide range of final moisture contents. The energy and time is corrected using a linear correction back to the point of origin at the start of the test. It is well known that this correction is in error as the instantaneous slope of the energy line is very different (much flatter) at the target moisture content when compared to the overall slope for the whole test period. Interpolation along the actual moisture removal slope is desirable where possible, although this is difficult for combination washer-dryers or condenser dryers that store moisture internally. IEC61121 specifies interpolation of results for all dryer control types and only the interpolated (corrected value) is reported in the test report. For a manual or timer control, interpolation back to the target final moisture content is the only possible way to get a comparative result for different products. It is sometimes argued that correction of auto-sensing dryer results should not be undertaken as the final moisture content achieved at the automatic termination during the test is more representative of the value a consumer will see during normal use. Probably the most inadequate part of IEC61121 is the definition of two initial moisture contents for efficiency testing that are close together. Initial moisture content is the most important determinant of dryer energy consumption. The prime determinant of initial moisture content is the spin performance of the associated clothes washing machine. The average spin performance of washers is known to vary significantly between regions and even within regions (e.g. southern Europe tends to have a much lower spin performance when compared to northern Europe). As it is currently written, the IEC standard does not provide a methodology to determine the energy consumption under a range of initial moisture contents without the need to retest at each required moisture content level. At a micro level, the energy consumption of a dryer is determined by the spin performance of the particular clothes washer with which it is used. Ideally, a global test standard should be able to provide a relative energy consumption measure for any dryer when used with any washer where the spin performance is known. The IEC standard mandates 5 repeat tests on a single unit for a valid result. There is no flexibility for reducing the number of runs or increasing the number of units sampled. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 38

53 Some standards (e.g. North America and Australia/New Zealand) set out a performance test to ensure that the load cannot get damaged (scorched) under adverse usage conditions. This type of test is not included in the IEC standard. There are some other minor technical issues with respect to energy testing under IEC61121, but these are not elaborated in this paper. Regional differences in products and testing approaches In very general terms, Europe tends to favour condenser dryers and North America tends to favour vented dryers. A mixture of control types are used in both regions. There is no significant technical difference in the performance or testing requirements for these main dryer types or control types. Combination washer-dryers, which are more prevalent in Europe (although not common), can be tested as separate dryers. There is also a European separate test standard for combination washerdryers (EN50229) which sets out special conditions for the testing of these products (although this does not represent normal use). An IEC combination washer-dryer standard is in preparation. Heat pump units have been available for more than a decade, and although they are substantially more efficient, to date they have not achieved significant market share due to their high price. Household clothes dryers have a moderate international trade. As noted above, the principles that underlay most clothes dryer test procedures are similar but the details are somewhat variable. In very broad terms, the main regional variations in household clothes dryer test procedures are: Initial moisture content most regions tend to set an initial-moisture-content level that represents the average (or in some cases worse than average) spin performance of clothes washers for their region. In theory this value should be adjusted over time as the spin performance of new washers improves, but regulatory inertia and the need for retesting means that this happens very infrequently. Moisture content definitions - North America and Australia/New Zealand use a definition of moisture content based on the so called bone dry mass of the test load (textile mass is 0% when completely bone dry) while IEC61121 (Europe) uses the so called conditioned load mass (load left in defined conditions with an equilibrium moisture content) as a basis (0% in equilibrium). Both methods are technically valid, although the quoted values for moisture content are about 6% to 8% different so care is required when interpreting results and quoted figures under different test methods. IEC61121 permits the use of the bone dry method and specifies conditions for its use. Final moisture content - North America and Australia/New Zealand use interpolation based on the slope of the moisture content line during the test. Australia/New Zealand use the actual final moisture content for auto-sensing dryers rather than an interpolated value. IEC61121 uses linear interpolation back to the origin for energy corrections. IEC61121 only reports interpolated values for auto-sensing dryer controls. There are differences in ambient conditions, generally ranging from 20ºC to 23ºC. Cool down period - North America and Australia/New Zealand exclude the cool down period, while IEC61121 includes the cool down period. Most of these testing procedures allow the manufacturer to declare a rated capacity for testing purposes, except in North America where only two sizes are defined based on volume (compact and standard). Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 39

54 Most test standards tend to determine energy at rated capacity. Consumer research tends to show that typical consumer loads are much less than rated capacity many consumers consider about 50% of the rated value as being a full load. This creates a further possible mismatch between many standard test conditions and normal usage. Comparability of regional testing approaches The measured energy consumption of household clothes dryers is most sensitive to the initial moisture content of the load to be dried and the capacity of the load dried (ie the total mass of moisture to be removed). These basic parameters vary by region within the main test procedures in an attempt to reflect the average spin performance of household clothes washing machines. As noted above, the broad technical approach to dryer testing is quite similar in most regions, but many of the details are different. This makes the results from different regions difficult to compare directly, despite the similarity in approach. It may be possible to undertake some broad comparisons at a regional level in terms of energy consumption, but careful corrections would be required to adjust for factors such as initial moisture content and capacity tested. At this stage, none of the main test procedures provide sufficient information to allow energy consumption to be estimated with any accuracy for different initial moisture contents, which is a fundamental failing in terms of global applicability. Subjective assessment of the level of international harmonisation for testing The level of international harmonisation regarding the testing of household clothes dryers is fairly poor. Even though this product is not widely regulated for energy consumption, there are a number of local or regional test procedures in use. The most significant parameter that is varied is the initial moisture content in an attempt to reflect the spin performance of clothes washers present in the local market. Prospects and key directions for international harmonisation of testing IEC SC59D, which covers household clothes dryers, is working on a revision of IEC61121 (Edition 4). Importantly, Edition 4 has some major improvements over previous editions of IEC The most important of these are: Optional inclusion of testing at 2 widely spaced initial moisture contents together with a calculation method to allow the energy consumption and time to be accurately estimated for any initial moisture content from around 40% to 90%. This will satisfy the requirements of most regions and will make the standard much more globally applicable. The standard will finally provide an attractive basis for international harmonisation of testing. Narrowing of the final average moisture content range and the allowable variation from run to run to minimize the negative effects of the overall linear interpolation approach. Separately reporting of the actual final moisture content and energy and the corrected final moisture content and energy for auto-sensing dryers. Possible permitting of interpolation along the moisture removal curve where this can be determined by the use of a balance during the test. Improved bone dry mass adjustment factors depending on the inlet temperature of the dryer. Inclusion of relevant low power modes when not in use. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 40

55 Work on Edition 4 is in its early stages a document for comment (DC) was expected for Publication of Edition 4 is expected in 2012/2013 if all goes smoothly. Comparison of energy efficiency metrics Common Efficiency Metrics and Regional Approaches The most common approach to defining efficiency metrics for household clothes dryers is to use the energy consumption per kg of moisture removed from the clothes load during the drying operation. As noted above, the energy consumption of a typical dryer has a linear portion (initial operation) and a non linear portion (as it approaches the target final moisture content), so the overall energy per kg of moisture removed depends on the initial moisture content of the load at the start of the test. Initial moisture content is generally defined to be a representative value in each region. The size of the load for energy testing also tends to be defined in local regulatory requirements rather than in the test procedures themselves. For example, IEC61121 permits testing of any load size. Rated capacity is normally used, although part load performance is also of some interest (but rarely measured). There are a number of options on how these two main parameters (energy and mass of moisture removed from the load) can be combined in an algorithm or metric. The normal approach used to define efficiency of household clothes dryers is to examine energy per kg of moisture removed. The energy per kg of moisture removed is the inverse of efficiency (energy intensity). Generally, a product with a large capacity tends to look more efficient than a small product if a straight ratio is used. Many efficiency metrics tend to use the concept of energy per kg of moisture removed but attempt to correct for the most obvious size bias. The most common approach is to use linear functions with a zero volume offset in energy in an attempt to reduce size bias. Once a basic line to express equal levels of efficiency has been developed (usually defined as energy consumption across a range of capacities), there are several approaches to define categories of efficiency (so called families of efficiency curves within a metric). The most common approaches are: a set percentage reduction in energy for each new level of efficiency (so called geometric progression) a set reduction in energy for each new level of efficiency (so called linear progression) an arbitrary definition of each new level of efficiency. Most commonly, such metrics are used to define energy labelling categories but they can also be used to define maximum permitted energy consumption under Minimum Energy Performance Standards. Many labelling algorithms specify a typical number of uses per year in order to provide an annual energy consumption value (and an associated average annual energy cost). Some regions (e.g. Europe) label on the basis of energy per cycle (as average usage varies considerably within the region). Where a usage profile is specified for energy labelling or MEPS (for example number of uses per year), it is important to consider the energy consumed when the product is not operating (e.g. standby power or low power modes) as in some cases this can make a significant contribution to total energy consumption. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 41

56 The two main control types are timer controls and auto-sensing controls. Timer controls require the user to accurately estimate the time required to dry the load. There is some evidence that, on average, users of timer dryers will tend to over-dry their loads during normal use, due to the difficulty in accurately determining the moisture and the time required to adequately dry the load. In contrast, auto-sensing machines have the capability to automatically terminate their program when the load has been adequately dried. In some labelling programs, a factor to account for these differences is included in some algorithms and efficiency metrics. For example, a factor of 10% penalty for manual and timer dryers is used in North America and Australia/New Zealand based on US research in the 1970 s. However, it would be advisable to conduct more rigorous evaluation of user behaviour and usage of dryers before such factors are included in any updated efficiency metrics. A related argument is whether the measured energy consumption of auto-sensing dryers should be used or the corrected energy (back to the target moisture content) when declaring energy of a dryer. There is an argument for using the uncorrected value as this is likely to be more representative of what the user will get during normal use and correcting energy values for auto-sensing reduces incentive for manufacturers to include accurate and reliable sensors in their dryers to avoid overdrying. Performance Issues A household clothes dryer is a relatively simple device that removes water from a damp clothes load. The primary elements of interest are the initial and the final moisture content of the load. The final moisture content defines whether the clothes are dry (or not) and this is a relatively straight forward process of measuring the mass under controlled conditions. The definition of a dry load is included in the relevant standards. The main performance issues included in IEC61121 are evenness of drying and condensation efficiency. Both of these performance parameters are of secondary interest and are not critical to the satisfactory operation of the dryer. One omission from IEC61121 is the inclusion of a performance test to ensure that the load is not subjected to excessive heat during adverse conditions, which can scorch and damage the load. This type of test is included in North America, Australia and New Zealand. One performance requirement that is mandated in some regions is that the dryer has to be capable of processing a defined load (usually at rated capacity with a higher moisture-content) in a single operation without the need for any user intervention. This is to ensure that users do not have to reset controls multiple times in order to dry a load that is within the claimed capacity as stated by the supplier. A related issue is condenser dryers with a condenser box that has a limited storage volume for larger loads at higher moisture contents this condenser box may fill and stop the dryer prematurely. There are a number of possible ways of dealing with this type of situation such as limiting the claims of rated capacity for higher moisture contents. Comparability of efficiency metrics At this stage, there is fairly poor comparability of the underlying energy consumption data for household clothes dryers, due to differences in testing conditions, mostly driven by differences in initial moisture content to reflect the spin performance of washers in different regions. Technically it may be possible to broadly compare energy data between regions if there is a very good understanding of the test conditions defined in the different test approaches. However, such corrections can only be approximate as the overall efficiency of dryers in terms of energy per kg Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 42

57 moisture removed is not linear and the performance slope of each dryer cannot be determined from the current test data. Recommended directions There is poor global harmonisation in the energy testing of household clothes dryers. These products are regulated for energy consumption in a few regions, but there are a number of different test procedures in use, which have broadly similar technical approaches but where differences in key elements of these test methods mean that the energy measurements are non-comparable. A number of proposed changes for inclusion in a revision of IEC61121 will address many of these problems. The most important change in making IEC61121 Edition 4 a global test method is the inclusion of the so called flexible initial moisture content approach which can be used to accurately estimate the energy consumption of a standard dryer across a wide range of initial moisture contents using data from just two widely spaced test points. This will allow suppliers to test at any two initial moisture contents and use this data to estimate energy data for any initial moisture condition that is specified in different parts of the world. Work on Edition 4 is still in its early stages and there needs to be strong support for this work to be included and broadly accepted in different regions. This change, together with other refinements, will finally make IEC61121 a globally applicable test procedure that can be adopted by all regions that wish to regulate clothes dryers for energy efficiency. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 43

58 8. HOUSEHOLD DISHWASHERS Overview of the product Household dishwashers are a product that tends to be used mainly in developed economies. The primary purpose of household dishwashers is to wash and dry soiled household cups, crockery and cutlery so that they are ready for storage and/or subsequent use. The main principle used in dishwashers is to pump water and dissolved detergent across a load to remove soil and stains using a combination of mechanical and chemical action. The load items themselves are held stationary in a rack and rotating spray arms direct high pressure water jets across the load items. Residual heat or power drying options can ensure the load is dry at the completion of the program. Most dishwashers draw in cold water from the household water supply and heat water using an electric element as required throughout the program. Some users connect their dishwasher to hot water (usually where a supply of cheap hot water energy is available) in order to minimize direct electricity consumption of the appliance. Some models have dual water connections and can take in hot and cold water as required throughout the program. Most dishwashers are designed to be installed under a kitchen benchtop and the most common sizes are 8 to 16 place settings. Smaller bench top models are also available. There is only moderate international trade in household dishwashers trade tends to be concentrated within regional blocks, with North America and Europe being the two major markets. The energy consumption of household dishwashers is dependent on a number of factors such as the program selected (number of fills and the temperature of the wash and rinse operations), the cold water inlet temperature and the connection configuration (cold only, hot only or hot and cold). Selection of power drying options to ensure a dry load can also increase energy consumption. The frequency of use is also an important factor this is influenced by the number of householders and how full the dishwasher is on average when operated. Comparison of energy performance test procedures Key parameters to consider for efficiency testing and measurement Household dishwashers use high pressure jets to spray water and detergent onto the load to ensure that it is cleaned and rinsed. Electricity is used for pumps, electronics and controls as well as heating (where required). The main parameters to consider for energy efficiency testing and measurement are usually the amount of water and energy consumed and the quantity of load that is cleaned. Load is usually expressed as a number of place settings of a standard dishwasher load as defined in the relevant standard. Energy can be electricity alone (where no hot water is imported) or can be a combination of electricity and embodied energy in imported hot water. Smaller dishwashers tend to appear to be less efficient than large dishwashers in terms of energy per place setting washed and dried. Overview of the international test method The international test method for household dishwashers is IEC Electric dishwashers for household use - Methods for measuring the performance. The current version is Edition 3 (published Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 44

59 February 2004). Variants of this standard are used in Europe and Australia/New Zealand. The standard defines the following parameters for testing purposes: Definitions, rated capacity, dimensions, test conditions, water supply conditions Test loads, detergent, rinse aid, specialized equipment (reference dishwasher, oven, microwave oven, various kitchen utensils) Cleaning performance Drying performance Water and energy consumption, program time. Two types of load are permitted these are an AHAM (US) style load and an IEC style load the differences in loads are only minor. Manufacturer s instructions are followed except where they conflict with the requirements of the standard. To assess washing performance, a range of standard soils (food) are prepared and added to specified load items. Soils added to load items include milk, tea, minced meat, egg, oat flakes, spinach and margarine. The soiled load is then dried (this can be in a specified oven for 2 hours at 80ºC) or alternatively dried in air for not less than 15 hours prior to washing. The load is then washed and each load item is visually assessed by a judge under specified illumination conditions and given a score from 0 (dirty) to 5 (clean). The energy and water consumption and program time are determined using a soiled load. For the drying test, a clean load is used. The load is washed and dried using the selected program. Each load item is visually assessed by a judge under specified illumination conditions and a score of 0 (wet), water drop (1) or 2 (dry) is awarded. Special provisions apply if the energy is greater during a drying test (no soil) when compared to a washing test (with soil). A reference machine of defined performance is used to normalize the results for all test machines. Tests are repeated 5 times on the same setting/program in order to get a valid result. Filters are not cleaned between runs. Up to 8 repeat tests are required if the specified variance limits are not met by 5 runs. The standard defines dishwashers as automatic where no manual cleaning of filters is required between runs and manual where manual cleaning of filters is required. The IEC standard requires most load items to be directly supported by the basket, so this puts strict limits on the capacity claims that can be made. Only a whole number of place settings can be claimed. A loading plan for the IEC load must be supplied. Adequacy of the international test method IEC60436 is a highly technical and complex testing standard and has undergone substantial technical development since the mid 1990 s in an attempt to get a globally applicable test procedure. It requires a range of expensive testing equipment and the test materials and conditions for measurement are very tightly specified. The washing test requires a range of soils to be prepared and added to load items by hand. While soiling will inevitably vary by lab technician, there is no real alternative approach available. A range of pre-prepared manufactured soils have been tried over the years but with little success. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 45

60 Both the washing and drying tests require a visual assessment of load items by a trained laboratory technician as part of the evaluation process. Again there is no real approach alternative. The standard attempts to remove potential variations introduced by individual laboratory technicians in both soiling application and visual assessment by the use of a standard reference dishwasher, which is always operated and assessed in parallel with test machines. While there is always debate about soils used in this type of standard, the range of soils used in the standard are reasonably representative of a range of normal household use. There are a number of minor issues regarding the use and application of IEC60436: The use of an 80ºC oven to dry the load before it is washed is criticized in some circles as this in no way represents normal consumer use. The air drying approach is more typical of consumer use, but the long period between soiling and washing is inconvenient for labs. An accelerated air drying option could be developed to address this issue. The use of the Universal 65ºC reference program to determine the washing and drying performance of test machines does not suit all regional approaches to performance assessment. This is a high end program and is not suited to setting a reliable pass mark at a lower performance level. The IEC standard is sometimes criticized as being more focused on adhered soils and it does not evaluate the processing of heavier soil loads very well (and the associated re-deposition of soils back onto the cleaned load). US industry tests have much heavier soil loads for the assessment of washing performance. However, some consumer research in Europe indicates that typical consumer soil loads during normal use are much less that the specified IEC soil loads. The IEC standard mandates 5 repeat tests on a single unit for a valid result. Where defined variability limits are not met by the first 5 runs, up to 8 runs are specified. There is no flexibility for reducing the number of runs or increasing the number of units sampled. A cold water temperature of 15ºC is too cold to be representative for many parts of the world. There is no option to adjust this inlet temperature. The approach of not cleaning filters between tests specified in the standard may be more representative of normal use, but can generate greater variability in washing results within a test series. Such a complex test procedure will naturally have some issues of repeatability and reproducibility. However, an international round robin in 2003 showed that both drying methods achieved good comparability across regions. Regional differences in products and testing approaches Dishwasher designs used to be broadly divided into US style products and European style products, with the former better suited to process larger soil loads but with higher energy and water consumption. The main difference in the design of US style machines was their ability to process and dispose of soil without the need for users to manually clean coarse or fine filters. In recent years, there has been a more uniform global approach to product design, so differences now tend to be less noticeable, although fully automatic filter cleaning is still favoured in North America. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 46

61 Europe uses a modified version of IEC60456 for their energy labelling program. The changes are to align this more closely to the previous European standard EN50242, which was originally used for energy labelling. The changes are numerous but generally minor in nature. Oven drying of the soiled load is mandated. Washing and drying performance are declared on the energy label in Europe (no minimum requirements). In North America, regulatory test standards have used a clean load to assess energy consumption of dishwashers under their energy labelling and MEPS programs. This quickly encouraged the development of sensing dishwashers that truncated the program where it sensed there was no soil present. Regulations have now been altered and require a heavy soil load to be used for these types of machines. Otherwise, no performance measurements are required in North America. The industry based performance standard (AHAM), with a heavy soil load, is used for comparative competitive testing only. Australia and New Zealand use a test procedure that is closely based on IEC60436 but with minor soil differences. Air drying of the soiled load is mandated. Minimum performance levels for washing and drying are specified as a pre-requisite to energy labelling. Household dishwashers have a moderate international trade. Most of these testing procedures allow the manufacturer to declare a rated capacity for testing purposes, usually defined in terms of a whole number of place settings. Most test standards tend to determine energy at the rated capacity. Consumer research tends to show that typical consumer loads are less than rated capacity and soil loads are less than those defined in the standard. However, most dishwashers are not able to significantly adjust their energy and water consumption in response to load and soil levels they usually require users to select different programs to take this into account. Some sensing machines exist but their popularity is only moderate. Comparability of regional testing approaches The measured energy consumption of household dishwashers is most sensitive to the program selected this tends to set the number of heated fills and the temperature of those fills. The energy consumption is not all that comparable between regions due to the differences in the underlying regulatory requirements which permit different programs to be used for regulatory purposes. The underlying driver for these program differences is the level of performance in different regions (no specific requirements in North America, washing level A as a target in Europe, minimum performance requirements in Australia and New Zealand). There is no simple way to resolve these differences. Subjective assessment of the level of international harmonisation for testing The level of international harmonisation regarding the testing of household dishwashers is reasonable. Even though this product is not widely regulated for energy consumption, there are a number of local or regional test procedures in use. Potentially, there could be much closer alignment with the IEC test method, even if there are local adaptations to the issue of performance. The most significant parameter that varies by region is the underlying performance requirements. These are likely to remain for some time. Prospects and key directions for international harmonisation of testing The best prospect for international harmonisation of dishwasher test procedures is to align with IEC Variants of this test method are already used in Europe and Australia/New Zealand. The US was closely associated with the development of this standard, but it has not been adopted in North America as either a regulatory energy standard or as an industry standard (e.g. AHAM). Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 47

62 The prospects for global adoption of IEC60436 would be improved if the current requirements for 5 to 8 repeat tests became advisory rather than mandatory. An accelerated air drying option would also make this approach more attractive for labs. A number of other minor technical adjustments would facilitate its more widespread use. SC59A, which covers household dishwashers, is working two amendments to IEC The first is to introduce new reference dishwashers into the standard as the currently specified models are out of production. The second is to include a number of minor corrections to the standard and to include the relevant low power modes to determine the power consumption when not in use. Comparison of energy efficiency metrics Common Efficiency Metrics and Regional Approaches The most common approach to defining efficiency metrics for household dishwashers is to use the energy consumption per place setting washed. The water consumption is also an important resource related parameter. Generally a soiled load should be used to assess energy and water consumption to remove the temptation to install soil sensors in the dishwasher to artificially truncate the program during energy tests. There are a number of options on how these main parameters (energy, water and place settings washed) can be combined in an algorithm or metric. The normal approach used to define efficiency of household dishwashers is to examine energy per place setting washed. The energy per place setting is the inverse of efficiency (energy intensity). Generally, a product with a large capacity tends to look more efficient than a small product if a straight ratio is used. Many efficiency metrics tend to use the concept of energy or water per place setting but attempt to correct for the most obvious size bias. The most common approach is to use linear functions with a zero volume offset in energy in an attempt to reduce size bias. Once a basic line to express equal levels of efficiency has been developed (usually defined as energy consumption across a range of capacities), there are several approaches to define categories of efficiency (so called families of efficiency curves within a metric). The most common approaches are: a set percentage reduction in energy for each new level of efficiency (so called geometric progression) a set reduction in energy for each new level of efficiency (so called linear progression) an arbitrary definition of each new level of efficiency. Most commonly, such metrics are used to define energy labelling categories but they can also be used to define maximum permitted energy consumption under Minimum Energy Performance Standards. Many labelling algorithms specify a typical number of uses per year in order to provide an annual energy consumption value (and an associated average annual energy cost). Some regions (e.g. Europe) label on the basis of energy per cycle (as average usage varies considerably within the region). Where a usage profile is specified for energy labelling or MEPS (for example number of uses per year), it is important to consider the energy consumed when the product is not operating (e.g. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 48

63 standby power or low power modes) as in some cases this can make a significant contribution to total energy consumption. Performance Issues A household dishwasher is a complex device that uses mechanical action, chemical action and energy to clean and dry load items. Energy and water consumption are closely linked to performance. It is essential that energy and water consumption be considered in the context of delivered performance. The main performance parameters for a dishwasher are washing performance and drying performance as specified in IEC As is self evident, increased water and energy within a dishwasher (e.g. by selection of a stronger program) will affect washing performance (and probably drying performance as well) although this relationship is not linear or direct. Therefore energy consumption needs to be considered in the context of the performance level delivered. The main approaches to dealing with performance are: Declare the relevant performance (e.g. washing performance) together with energy and water and let consumers decide. Specify a minimum performance requirement before a product can carry an energy label, so that energy can be compared on the basis of equivalent performance levels. Ignore performance. All of these approaches are currently used in different regions and are not easy to reconcile. These different approaches to performance work against a global approach for household dishwashers in terms of efficiency metrics as by definition efficiency is unit of energy service delivered per unit of energy consumption. If there can be no agreement on the energy service delivered there are bleak prospects for global efficiency metrics. Comparability of efficiency metrics At this stage, there is fairly poor comparability of the underlying energy consumption data for household dishwashers, due to differences in performance requirements in different regions. It is not easy to reconcile these differences as energy and performance are closely linked but not linear. The relationship for each dishwasher is different. Recommended directions There is already moderate harmonisation in the energy testing of household dishwashers. This could be improved by more global adoption of IEC The standard could be made more attractive by making many of the prescriptive requirements optional. It is feasible to achieve harmonized testing approaches for this product if North America was willing to move. Dishwashers are regulated for energy consumption in a few regions, but there are fundamental differences to the issue of performance which make harmonisation of regulatory approaches and efficiency metrics difficult. Increased dialogue between the major regulatory regions could result in an improved approach and may result in reconciled performance requirements, although this may take many years, as the existing diverse approaches have already been in place for many years and are well established. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 49

64 9. WATER HEATING APPLIANCES Overview of the product Water heating appliances cover an extremely diverse range of product types that are used primarily for domestic hot water, space heating or a combination of both end uses together. In the case of domestic hot water, hot water is used for purposes such as showers, baths and personal hygiene (ablution), washing of cooking and eating utensils and general cleaning purposes (including clothes washing). In the case of space heating, heated water is usually distributed via a hydronic pipe system (loop) to provide heating via radiators that are placed around the dwelling their output is controlled as required. This section does not cover larger scale central heating systems that supply multiple households or commercial buildings. It does not cover district heating systems. Water heating appliances are a mainstream product in developed economies and most developing economies. A huge range of energy technologies are typically used for this purpose including: Electric resistive heating (storage and instantaneous) Electric heat pump (storage) Gas with storage (commonly methane, LPG or other gas variants) Gas instantaneous (little or no storage) (commonly methane, LPG or other gas variants) Solar thermal systems of various types (storage), often with supplementary boosting which may be integrated (in tank) or separate (external) Oil fired storage systems Solid fuels systems including wood and other biomass sources (storage). The most common configurations are: Storage systems where water is heated and stored in an insulated tank or vessel for use as required heat can be added using any of the above technologies. Within the storage type, there are displacement water heaters (where the heated water is supplied directly for use and cold water displaces the used hot water and is subsequently heated) and heat exchange types (where incoming cold water is heated using stored heat in a vessel and a heat exchanger which is then supplied as hot water). Displacement water heaters can be closed (mains pressure or low pressure) or open (vented with feed tank and falling water level). Instantaneous systems where hot water is generated on an as required basis and where little or no hot water is stored - typically very high power inputs are required to meet the hot water demand and these are usually limited to gas systems and in a few cases three phase electric resistive systems. Circulation systems where hot water is pumped in a loop (usually for space heating) and the temperature in the hot water loop is maintained by a water heating appliance. Circulation systems may or may not have a storage tank associated with them. Combination systems where more than one of the above systems are combined, typically for combined domestic hot water and space heating. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 50

65 Water heating appliances are extremely diverse around the world and in most regions systems tend to be design for and adapted to local requirements, conditions and available fuels. In many regions products are designed and manufactured locally. The international trade in water heating appliances is moderate to small. There is a large range of regulatory requirements for both safety and energy efficiency. Comparison of energy performance test procedures Key parameters to consider for efficiency testing and measurement In the most simplistic sense, the efficiency of water heating appliances can be defined as the energy output (hot water) over the energy input (external energy sources). For energy sources such electricity, gas and oil, determination of the energy input is relatively straight forward. For other energy sources such as solid fuels and various solar systems, determination of energy input can be complex and can vary from test to test due to the variable nature of the energy source. Determination of energy output is usually defined as the additional energy to heat the water from cold to a defined temperature multiplied by the volume of water delivered. For circulating systems, the energy output is defined as the temperature rise multiplied by the volume of flow. However, the fundamental problem for water heating appliances is that the overall energy consumption and the associated energy efficiency of the appliance is strongly affected by the hot water consumption assumed for the measurement and the conditions under which it is measured. Many of these factors are non-linear and very complex. Many are associated with regional climatic factors. Some of the key parameters that affect energy consumption and efficiency of water heating appliances include: Heat losses from storage systems, including ambient temperatures and hot water storage temperatures Conversion efficiency during operation (electric, gas and oil systems) of storage systems Conversion efficiency during operation of instantaneous gas systems under different output temperatures and flow rates (modulating systems) Start-up losses for instantaneous systems Energisation profile for electric storage systems (continuous versus limited duration tariffs) Changes in cold water variations temperatures throughout the year Typical changes in solar radiation input levels and ambient temperatures for solar systems and heat pump systems throughout the year (on an hourly basis) Hot water demand varies by time of day, day to day and by season by household and, on average, by region (on an hourly basis). The most significant factors that affect overall energy consumption for each of the major types of water heating appliance are: Heat losses from storage systems tend to remain fairly constant, so lower hot water demand appears to have a much lower task-efficiency than higher hot water demand. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 51

66 Heat losses per start for instantaneous systems mean that the number of separate hot water events per day can affect the overall efficiency. Otherwise they are less affected by total hot water demand. The overall efficiency of heat pump systems tends to be much less sensitive to hot water demand than standard storage systems (impact of heat loss is reduced through greater operating efficiency). Solar based systems use less boost energy under a lower hot water demand when compared to a higher hot water demand. Solar input is usually highest when the hot water demand is lowest and vice versa so there can be a seasonal mismatch in demand and supply for solar systems, which means that boost energy usually highly seasonal. Actual solar input, ambient air temperatures and cold water temperatures vary by time of day, day to day and by season by region this affects all systems to some extent, but especially solar and heat pump systems. Overview of the international test method In general terms, international standards for water heating appliances are poor or nonexistent. The IEC has a standard for electric storage water heaters IEC Methods for measuring the performance of electric storage water-heaters for household purposes. This standard was published in 1987 and has not been revised in recent years and is now withdrawn. The standard only provides for determination of heat loss for electric storage water heaters and the approaches and methods specified are not globally applicable nor in line with best practice. The only other international standards of interest are a series of ISO standards which were initially developed for solar systems but which have the potential to be adapted for other water heater technologies. The relevant standards are: ISO : Solar heating -- Domestic water heating systems -- Part 1: Performance rating procedure using indoor test methods ISO : Solar heating -- Domestic water heating systems -- Part 2: Outdoor test methods for system performance characterization and yearly performance prediction of solar-only systems ISO : Solar heating -- Domestic water heating systems -- Part 5: System performance characterization by means of whole-system tests and computer simulation Part 1 and Part 2 standards are relevant only for solar thermal water heaters. Part 5 is a standard that uses a statistical means of correlating detailed performance data for solar water heaters. It is very complex and the instrumentation to collect the required data is extremely expensive. The standard requires the use of software that is propriety and there is no public documentation on the underlying calculations used by this software. Publication of this standard was not supported outside of Europe. It has now been adopted by Europe for some energy efficiency requirements. In contrast to Part 5, an alternative approach to simulation of solar water heater performance is being developed: ISO/CD Solar heating -- Domestic water heating systems -- Part 4: System performance characterization by means of component tests and computer simulation Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 52

67 Part 4 sets out a testing approach to determine the performance characteristics of key components of water heaters that can then be used in the simulation of energy consumption under a wide range of conditions. The component data is measured using defined testing approaches, depending on the water heater type. The measured component data is then put into an open source thermodynamic simulation model called TRNSYS (A TRaNsient SYstems Simulation program), which was developed by the University of Wisconsin, Madison and has been in use internationally for over 20 years. TRNSYS can be used to simulate performance hot water systems (including solar systems) and is also used in the simulation of the thermal performance of buildings and their associated equipment, including control strategies, occupant behaviour, alternative energy systems (wind, solar, photovoltaic, hydrogen systems). This standard completed the committee draft (CD) stage in mid Adequacy of the international test method IEC60379 is not used to any extent and the methods specified are out of date and not robust. The standard is now withdrawn. Its use is not recommended. ISO9459 Part 1 and Part 2 related to indoor and outdoor testing of solar thermal water heaters. These standards are applicable to these specific product types by are not relevant to other types of water heating appliances. ISO9459 Part 5, as noted above, is very complex, expensive to apply and relies on proprietary software. Specifying its use is considered to be overly onerous by some experts. ISO9459 Part 4, which is still under development, could provide a sound basis for dealing with all types of water heating appliances. While it has been primarily developed for solar water heaters (which are perhaps the most complex of all water heating appliances), the approaches can be applied to all water heating types. Key characteristics of each water heater component are determined under defined measurement conditions and these components are then combined to simulate overall performance for any set of operating conditions using the open source TRNSYS thermal simulation software. Any operating conditions (e.g. climate, temperatures, solar input) can be selected and any user related hot water profile (hourly, daily, monthly) can also be used as a simulation input in order to determine overall energy consumption and energy efficiency. Regional differences in products and testing approaches Water heating appliances are incredibly variable at a regional level. They tend to be locally or regionally produced and designed to fit very specific requirements of design and construction within the residential and small commercial sector. To some extent, house design and construction, climate and the availability of different fuels (and their prices) have had a strong influence on water heating appliance designs. Even within a country, there is a diverse range of available products. Climate and fuel availability can be very highly variable within a country. It is hardly surprising that there is a huge divergence in testing approaches for water heaters at a country and regional level. This has occurred because: There have been no suitable international test methods. There is a huge diversity in water heater types, designs and configurations at a country level. It is self evident that climatic factors will have an influence on water heater energy consumption, especially for solar types, and most test methods are unable to deal with these factors in a generic manner. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 53

68 Typical hot water usage and demand is highly variable at a country level, and most test methods are unable to deal with hot water usage in a generic manner. The most common approach to determine energy efficiency for water heating appliances is to define a relevant task (hot water supply profile) for the determination of energy consumption and therefore efficiency. In order to get a representative and relevant value, it is also necessary to specify local operating conditions and in some cases climatic factors. Many of these parameters vary substantially through the year and across regions, so understandably there is substantial divergence at a regional level. For electric storage water heaters (using resistive heating elements) there are some common approaches in some regions to the measurement of standing heat losses for regulatory purposes. There are a number of differing details in the determination of heat loss values (especially with respect to storage temperatures, ambient temperatures and test period), but the results can be broadly compared if sufficient test details are known. The reason that the heat loss approach is sometimes used for these systems is that the conversion efficiency of a resistive element is close to 100% (usually in the range 95% to 98%) and therefore the main difference between different storage water heaters is the standing heat loss (as the hot water used is more or less supplied at 100% efficiency), so hot water usage becomes irrelevant in a comparative sense for these types of systems. However, the hot water usage profile will affect the measured heat loss if the element is not continuously energised (e.g. overnight of off peak controlled tariffs). The heat loss approach may not be suitable where a comparative total energy consumption value is required for a defined task (the heat loss measurement can be used in a simulation of total energy consumption under defined conditions and hot water delivery, but a range of other details regarding the water heater design and construction are needed to do this with accuracy). Comparability of regional testing approaches As all regions have used their own local requirements for the rating and testing of water heating appliances, there is virtually no alignment and comparability of test data, as all values are obtained under different conditions and different hot water supply profiles. The divergent approaches have been implemented to keep test requirements locally relevant. At this stage there is no possible approach to covert data between different test procedures. Where data on heat losses is known for electric storage water heaters that use electric resistance elements, the results can be broadly compared if sufficient test details are known to make adjustments to the measured test values. Subjective assessment of the level of international harmonisation for testing There is virtually no global harmonisation regarding testing of water heating appliances. Within the major regional blocks (e.g. Europe, North America) there are uniform approaches for some product groupings, but these have been specifically developed to reflect local usage profiles and climatic conditions. These approaches cannot be readily adapted to other regions in their current form. Even within regions, coverage of different product types is patchy. Prospects and key directions for international harmonisation of testing The current situation for water heating appliances is fairly bleak. There are many different product types and most are complex in their design and operation. Water heater energy consumption is heavily affected by hot water demand, which is highly variable at a regional level, and by many climatic factors, which are also very variable. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 54

69 While there is not really any harmonisation regarding heat loss measurements for electric storage water heaters that use resistive heating elements, there is some level of comparability of the underlying test approaches for these products. However, many countries are moving to limit their use or even ban them due to their relatively high electricity consumption. Therefore focusing on harmonisation of heat loss testing for these types of products is not likely to be very productive in terms of a global effort. Any global approach to harmonisation of testing needs to be able to deliver a range of very specific outputs in order to be acceptable: Ability to deal with a wide range of hot water usage profiles (e.g. time of day, day to day variations, seasonal variations). Ability to take into account a diverse range of climate related conditions including ambient temperatures, cold water supply temperatures and solar related parameters where necessary (e.g. heat pump and solar systems). Well defined, accurate and reproducible quantification of key product characteristics. Combining of all of these parameters to accurately estimate energy consumption under any given conditions through simulation. Achieving all of these objectives is a significant challenge. Get such an approach accepted internationally is perhaps an even bigger challenge. The best prospects for achieving such a global approach appears to be ISO9459 Part 4. Although primarily developed for solar water heating systems, the approach can be adapted to suit any water heating technology. The system can estimate total system energy consumption under any given hourly hot water usage profile and any given hourly ambient conditions (including solar energy inputs). The draft standard has just completed the Committee Draft stage. It may be several years before it is released as a published standard. The development work on this standard is being lead by the USA and Australia, however, it remains to be seen how much international support there will be for its widespread implementation. There is a potential conflict with some parties who favour the already published ISO9459 Part 5. In order to make ISO9459 Part 4 broadly applicable to all water heating appliance designs and fuel sources, some of the approaches to determine the characteristics of key performance parameters may need to be expanded. Comparison of energy efficiency metrics Common Efficiency Metrics and Regional Approaches For water heating appliances, the most simplistic approach to determining efficiency is to measure the hot water output and the energy input required to supply this energy. However, the total energy consumption and the apparent efficiency of the appliance are strongly affected by the hot water consumption for most types. The use of stored hot water means to supply hot water demand means that any input and output calculation is much more complex and has to take into account recovery and reversion to steady state operation. The ambient conditions also affect the total energy consumption and apparent overall efficiency. For solar type systems, factors such as solar radiation and ambient conditions have a strong impact on total energy consumption. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 55

70 Given this range of diverse factors, devising universal efficiency metrics can be problematic. There are two possible objectives with respect to water heating appliance efficiency metrics. The first is to obtain a broad comparative performance value for the product. This comparison can be done locally, regionally or globally. Products compared under such an approach would all have to be treated in the same manner using standardised conditions for all of the key parameters. Energy inputs can then be directly compared. The second possible objective is to obtain a reasonable estimate of average energy consumption of the product during normal use in order to advise consumers of the best or most efficient product for their needs. In this approach it is necessary to ensure that products are compared under typical usage conditions that are likely to be specific to a particular region or even local area. For most water heating appliances, the biggest and most important factor is the hot water demand that has to be met by the appliance. This is likely to be quite variable by region. Even if an average value is known for a region, this will vary substantially from household to household. Even within a household, the day to day demand for hot water is likely to be highly variable. In terms of portability and flexibility, hot water demand is most usefully characterised as a distribution rather than a single average value. One approach that is quite flexible is to develop a table of input energy for a range of defined energy outputs (ie hot water usage profiles). For example the total system energy consumption for a defined usage profile of 0MJ/day, 10MJ/day, 20MJ/day, 30MJ/day and so on could be developed (up to the maximum possible daily energy delivery). This gives total energy consumption for different usage levels (important in the determination of energy operating costs) allows the calculation of overall system efficiency. It is important to note that the variation in system energy consumption and efficiency with hot water load of each individual system could be highly diverse some will decrease in efficiency, some will increase in efficiency, some will be roughly constant with increases in hot water load. Requiring such data via testing at each load value would be overly onerous the best approach is to undertake such energy consumption estimates based on simulation. It is important that such a simulation would be based on a range of key parameters that are determined by measurement in a test lab. For systems such as solar and heat pumps, it would be necessary to undertake such a simulation for different hot water energy outputs using locally relevant climatic conditions. For systems that use both gas and electricity (e.g. many instantaneous gas water heaters) it is important that the electricity consumption during use as well as when not in use (standby power) both be considered in the total energy consumption metric. The most common approach already adopted to determine energy efficiency for water heating appliances is to define a relevant task (hot water supply profile) for the determination of energy consumption and therefore efficiency. In order to get a representative and relevant value, local operating conditions and in some cases climatic factors are also specified. In some cases, such as Europe, a number of usage levels and time of use profiles are specified. This approach, although common, means that all data for water heating appliances is specific to a particular set of regional conditions and the defined usage condition(s). Apart from complex simulation, which is not yet fully developed, a task based approach to energy measurement is the only way to get comparative energy consumption data for different technology and fuel types. For Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 56

71 example, the US specifies a defined hot water delivery task of 6 draw-offs totalling litres at 1 hour intervals. Standing heat losses are then determined over the remainder of the 24 hour test period. For this test the air-hot water temperature differential is 37.5ºC while the hot-cold water temperature differential is 42.8ºC. This test is applicable to electric storage water heaters, gas storage water heaters, oil storage water heaters and instantaneous gas water heaters. Understandably, many countries would argue that this specific task may not be relevant to their local hot water usage requirements. Performance Issues Performance of water heating appliances mainly revolves around the ability of the product to meet peak hot water requirements. There are a range of secondary parameters that are also of interest. For storage systems, the most common performance parameter is the hot water storage volume. This is usually defined as the total storage volume of the tank itself (all of which may or may not be heated). A closely related parameter is the hot water delivery capacity. This is a measure in litres or in MJ of the hot water that can be delivered in a single event. It is of most importance for electric systems as recovery boosting can take quite a long time after a full discharge (and boosting may be delayed on controlled tariffs). Common approaches are to define the water delivery within a defined temperature drop or above a defined minimum temperature floor. Hot water delivery provides an indirect measure of the level of stratification and mixing in the water heater during use this data can be important for accurate simulation of the product during use. Ultimately it is critical to assess the maximum hot water energy that the water heating appliance can deliver to the user this should form the basis of any maximum capacity claim by the supplier. Possible approaches to define capacity could include: Instantaneous systems MJ/hour hot water delivery (could be expressed as litres per minute at a defined temperature rise) Smaller storage systems - MJ/hour hot water delivery (based on full discharge and the associated recovery time) Larger storage system MJ hot water delivery (based on full discharge usually electric storage systems) For storage systems, the amount of water discharged during heating should also be reported (this occurs as cold water is heated and expands inside the tank). Discharge can be hot water or cold water, depending where the expansion valve is fitted. For instantaneous systems, there is an effective energy loss at start up this is a key parameter that needs to be considered in the energy consumption of the appliance. An associated parameter is the water that is wasted during the start-up sequence. This is effectively the volume of water that passes through the product before any useful hot water is produced. There are a number of approaches to defining the point at which useful hot water is supplied typically based on a defined temperature rise. Other performance parameters or checks during testing that may be of interest include: Water leakage or discharge during operation (check for a faulty product or installation during testing). Gas leakage during operation (check for a faulty product or installation during testing). Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 57

72 Combustion product toxicity for appliances that uses combustion for heating (this can be important as adverse (very lean) combustion can produce improved efficiency but can generate unacceptable levels of carbon monoxide). Rated energy input rate (power) for the appliance Maximum and minimum operating pressure water pressure, documentation on safety cutout and overload systems (this is verging on safety requirements). Use of an anode and related maintenance requirements. Comparability of efficiency metrics At this stage, there is almost no comparability between efficiency metrics used in different regions. This is because most metrics tend to use a defined hot water task and local ambient conditions for the determination of energy consumption and efficiency. The only exception is in the case when heat loss alone is used for electric storage water heaters that use resistive elements; in this case it is sometimes possible to compare heat loss results whenever sufficient underlying test data is available. Recommended directions There is no doubt that water heating appliances present one of the biggest challenges in terms of global harmonisation of testing approaches and efficiency metrics. There is a large range of technologies, fuels and configurations in use. Many systems, such as solar and heat pumps, use ambient conditions to supply heat for the system, which makes testing slow and complex. Many products are design and made to meet local requirements, which are sometime diverse. Not only do local climatic conditions affect the energy consumption of water heating appliances, there is also a diverse range of hot water demands across regions and even within regions. This is one of the most important factors in the determination of energy consumption and energy efficiency of these appliances. At this stage there is no international test method for water heaters. Most regions set their own testing requirements and hot water usage parameters in a task based efficiency measurement in an attempt to reflect local usage and conditions. The differences in these conditions makes energy data non comparable across regions. The best medium term prospect for water heating appliances is to support the development of ISO/CD Solar heating -- Domestic water heating systems -- Part 4: System performance characterization by means of component tests and computer simulation as the basis for an international approach to water heating appliance testing and efficiency metrics. This draft standard still has some way to go before it is published, but offers a standardised approach to characterising the performance of key water heater components through testing and then combining this data to simulate total energy consumption under any local or regional climatic and usage condition. Once finalised, a range of international metrics could be developed to allow products to be compared internationally on a fair and equitable basis. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 58

73 10. TELEVISIONS Overview of the product Televisions are commonplace appliances in all countries. The formal definition of a television is: An appliance for the display and possible reception of television broadcast and similar services for terrestrial, cable, satellite and broadband network transmission of analogue and/or digital signals. (IEC ) The most important point is that a television has an integrated tuner to receive and decode a broadcast signal. Monitors (typically used with a computer) are a display that does not have an integrated tuner and are not covered by this section. Until about 2000, most televisions were based on the cathode ray tube (CRT) technology which was developed in the 1920 s and introduced commercially in the s in some countries. Since 2000, there has been a market transformation towards various flat screen technologies. The main television technologies are: CRT - the cathode ray tube is the predominant television technology installed and will remain so for probably the next 15 years, although world product is declining rapidly. A wide range of sizes are available (20cm to 100cm). A cathode ray tube comprises an electron gun which generates a stream of electrons which are projected through a vacuum onto a screen which contains a fluorescent material. A set of deflection coils around the electron stream create a magnetic field that deflects the electrons to create different patterns and therefore images on the screen. Pictures are generated using lines that are rapidly deflected across and down the screen (odd lines then even lines are generated sequentially called interlacing). The rate at which the lines fill a complete screen is called the refresh rate. The picture brightness is mainly affected by the volume of electrons from the electron gun. A significant part of the energy required by a CRT TV is determined by picture brightness and the energy used in the deflection coils. Plasma flat panel display with a bright picture, price reductions in recent years have resulted in increased demand. Typical size is 42 (108cm) or larger. Also called PDP. Simplistically, plasma screens have a large number of very small fluorescent lights embedded into a flat screen. Each individual fluorescent light is a pixel. The number of pixels on the screen determines the resolution of the image. Pictures are generated by changing the colour and intensity of light generated by each pixel (in fact three colours are separately generated within each pixel). LCD liquid crystal display flat panel design, improved picture and brightness has increased its popularity. Sizes have tended to be smaller but larger sizes (120cm+) are now available. Liquid Crystal Displays use a backlit panel (usually illuminated by a fluorescent lamp) which is covered by a layer of liquid crystal. Pictures are generated by changes in the properties of the liquid crystal layer which lie between the back light and the viewer. The properties of the liquid crystals determine what colour and amount of light is transmitted from the screen. The liquid crystal layer is broken down into individual cells (pixels) which determine the resolution of the image. Projection popular for larger screens especially for very high quality home cinema. The popularity of large screen rear projection televisions is declining due to limitations in viewing angle. Two main types are rear projection (becoming less popular) and front projection (very large area). A high power UHP mercury or xenon arc lamp generates a strong, constant point Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 59

74 light source which is projected through, or reflected from, an image control screen, (typically a liquid crystal display). Transmittance or reflection of the light to the projection screen is controlled by the imaging device. An emerging technology is Organic Light Emitting Diodes (OLED), which is a flat screen technology similar to plasma but which uses LEDs instead of fluorescent lights in each pixel. Sizes are at the smaller end but are growing as the technology matures. Another technology which may enter the market in the future is the so called Field Effect Display (patented by Toshiba and Canon) (also called SED or Surface-conduction Electron-emitter Display). This is also a flat panel design which is well suited to large display sizes. It operates on the same principle as the standard cathode ray tube but instead of a central electron gun, each pixel effectively has its own dedicated solid state electron emitter to generate the required picture so called nano-tubes. These two newer technologies are potentially low energy technologies. Other new technologies include LCD/LED and Laser. Televisions contain a tuner to receive and decode broadcast signals. These can be analogue, digital or both. Most countries are moving away from analogue broadcasts to digital broadcasts, so this is another area of technology transition. There are a number of other technical details regarding the configuration of a television such as picture format (PAL & SECAM (50HZ) or NTSC(60Hz)), screen resolution (standard definition which is usually 600 or 768 lines, high definition which is usually 1080 lines) and aspect ratio (usually 4:3 or 16:9 = widescreen). Televisions can usually receive a direct video and audio signal from another device. Digital televisions often have some memory for storing an electronic programming guide or other broadcast information. Some televisions have integrated within them other video devices such as VCRs (disappearing) and hard disk recorders and/or DVD players. Televisions are a global commodity and there is a huge international trade. There are a number of regional requirements regarding the broadcast signal and frequency, but otherwise products tend to be fairly uniform globally, apart from the preference of different regional markets for selected technologies. Comparison of energy performance test procedures Key parameters to consider for efficiency testing and measurement A television is an appliance that receives a broadcast signal and coverts this to a picture on the screen with any associated sound. The key parameters for efficiency testing are therefore the size of the screen (or more correctly the area of the display) and the average power consumption to undertake this task of display pictures and making sound. Most television technologies vary their power consumption, depending on the brightness of the picture displayed. This effect varies by technology and even within a technology the impact of picture brightness has different impacts. The only way to overcome this issue is to measure the energy consumption or power for a standardised video sequence. Some other parameters may marginally affect the power consumption of the television, probably the most important being the data stream being processed by the tuner. Where other devices are integrated into the television, their mode of operation will also affect the power consumption. Overview of the international test method The test method for energy consumption and performance of televisions is specified in IEC Methods of measurement for the power consumption of audio, video and related equipment. Edition 2 of the standard was published in October It specifies methods of measurement for the power Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 60

75 consumption of television sets, video recording equipment, Set Top Boxes (STBs), audio equipment and multi-function equipment for consumer use. Television sets include, but are not limited to, those with CRT, LCD, PDP or projection technologies. Edition 1 of this standard, published in 2002, covered only CRT technologies, where were dominant at the time. Edition 2 is a full technical revision of the standard that specifically addresses the energy consumption of the new and emerging display technologies that now dominate in new televisions. The standard defines a range of relevant modes for televisions including: Off mode: The appliance is connected to a power source, produces neither sound nor picture and cannot be switched into any other mode with the remote control unit, an external or internal signal. Standby passive: The appliance is connected to a power source, produces neither sound nor picture but can be switched into another mode with the remote control unit or an internal signal. Standby active high: As per passive standby and is exchanging/receiving data with/from an external source (typically automatically downloading an electronic programming guide for a brief period each day). On: The appliance is connected to a power source and produces sound and picture. The standard defines test conditions and uncertainty of measurement for power consumption readings. For on mode power measurements, a standard video sequence is specified. Power measurements using a dynamic video signal are important, as it ensures that the tuner is working as normal to process the incoming data stream. The dynamic broadcast-content video signal to measure on mode varies over time and has a gammacorrected average picture level (APL) mean of 34%. The APL of the dynamic broadcast-content video signal was chosen to best model actual APL measured internationally. The project members measured at least 40 hours of typical broadcast content, including a variety of genres from a variety of broadcast stations in Australia, Japan, the Netherlands, the United Kingdom and the United States. The captured APL curves were averaged to create a target APL curve, known as the Master Histogram. The mean of this APL histogram is 34%. The project members acquired video content that was donated to the IEC by the content owners. A computer program was used to randomly select scenes that best matched the Master Histogram. The standard also allows power to be measured using a series of static images (black, white and various test patterns) to maintain backward compatibility with the previous edition of the standard and with Japanese JEITA test methods. All of the relevant conditions for ensuring the picture is correctly displayed are specified, such as video format and aspect ratio. Sound must be audible for power measurements. Generally the standard requires other functions to be turned off where this can be done by the user. Many televisions have several possible operating modes which control the brightness of the display. Whenever such adjustment exists, it is set as originally adjusted by the manufacturer to the end user (as shipped). In the case that a setting mode must be chosen on initial activation, the standard mode or equivalent shall be chosen. Standard mode is defined as recommended by the manufacturer for normal home use. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 61

76 The standard defines the measurement of display luminance via a reference to IEC : Methods of measurement on receivers for television broadcast transmissions - Part 1: General considerations - Measurements at radio and video frequencies. Adequacy of the international test method IEC62087 was fully revised over the period 2004 to One of the main drivers for the revision was the growing interest in the energy consumption of televisions and the increasing possibility of governments wanting to regulate these products for energy efficiency. Therefore a robust approach to energy consumption determination was formulated. An approach that covered the new display technologies was also critical, as Edition 1 only really covered CRT technologies. With many of the newer display technologies, the power consumption is quite sensitive to the Average Picture Level (APL) of the video stream that is displayed. Therefore a significant effort was made to document the typical range of APL for broadcast content in many countries and to formulate a dynamic broadcast-content video signal that broadly matched these typical broadcasts. The standard defines all the relevant modes for televisions (various low power modes as well as on mode). The uncertainty of measurement of the power readings is specified as 2% for power levels above 0.5W, which is quite adequate. The standard was developed with very active technical input by many countries and Edition 2 successfully provides a good global basis for harmonisation of testing for energy consumption. Regional differences in products and testing approaches To date, few regions have regulated televisions for energy efficiency. Part of the reason is that until recent years, the energy consumption of televisions was considered moderate to small and barely worthy of regulation for energy efficiency. However, the technology transformation that has occurred over the past 5 years has changed all of that. The other reason was that the IEC test procedure (IEC62087 Edition 1) really only adequately covered CRT televisions and it did not address the issue of changes in power consumption in response to variations in the Average Picture Level. Devising an approach to address this issue is complex. Televisions are a global commodity and there is substantial international trade. In general terms, there is little technical variation in televisions at a regional level. Some markets have a stronger preference for certain display technologies in general terms markets in developed countries tend to be dominated by LCD and to a lesser extent plasma displays while markets in many developing countries are still dominated by CRTs. The rate of transition is varying at a country level and depends on a number of local circumstances. There are a number of technical requirements that vary at a regional level regarding the broadcast signal and frequency; this means that products usually have to be configured in the factory to work properly within a specified region. However, these changes are small hardware and/or software changes and can be easily modified as required. There are also regional and local variations in supply voltage and frequency, but these rarely dictate the design of products as most products now use universal power supplies. However, the main frequency has historically dictated the use of underlying picture formats and frame rates for video content. Only a few countries currently regulate televisions for energy efficiency at this stage. China introduced MEPS for televisions in 2005 with revised levels in The details are set out in GB (1989). MEPS in China is defined as a maximum permitted Energy Efficiency Index (EEI), which is comparable to an early European index system. The level for 2005 is an EEI not exceeding 1.5 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 62

77 and the level for 2009 is an EEI not exceeding 1.0. The test method used is IEC62087 Edition 1. Earlier MEPS levels specified maximum permitted power consumption by screen size. Australia and New Zealand introduced MEPS and energy labelling for television in The test approach uses IEC62087 Edition 2. Japan Top Runner specifies requirements for televisions in terms of an energy target and a label. They use static images and test patterns as specified in the JEITA standard for the determination of energy consumption. Energy Star previously specified requirements for televisions based on the maximum power consumption in on mode. New requirements are being introduced from May 2010 (Version 4) and May 2012 (Version 5). The most recent versions use IEC62087 Edition 2 as the test method. Energy Star is used as a voluntary endorsement label in many countries. The European Commission is considering the introduction of energy requirements for televisions under the Eco-design Directive. The test method being considered is IEC62087 Edition 2. India is developing a voluntary star rating label for televisions. This will use IEC62087 Edition 2 as the basis for energy measurement, but use a range of static test patterns for determination of energy consumption rather than the dynamic video approach. A number of countries specify requirements for low power modes such as off mode and passive standby mode for televisions. Many of these specify IEC62301 (standby power) for their power measurements. The technical requirements of IEC62301 and IEC62087 are equivalent with respect to uncertainty of power measurement. Countries that have programs that cover low power modes of televisions are not documented in this report. A number of other countries have various energy programs for televisions under consideration but are yet to be implemented. Comparability of regional testing approaches While there are a number of different regional testing approaches in force, most of these were developed and implemented before IEC62087 Edition 2 was published. Most of the recent proposals for energy programs for televisions use the new IEC standard. The approach adopted in China uses IEC62087 Edition 1 and is not directly comparable to measurements made in other countries. The approach used in Japan uses static test patterns and is and is not directly comparable to measurements made in other countries. India will use IEC62087 Edition 2 as the basis for energy measurement, but use the static test pattern option for determination of energy consumption rather than the dynamic video approach. Measurements from these countries will be broadly indicative of energy consumption but could be in error by up to 30% at a model level. All other countries use IEC62087 Edition 2 and therefore their data will be comparable. It is important to note that the reported data for most energy programs takes the raw data from the test procedure and processes this in a defined fashion. For example, many countries report annual energy consumption for televisions. To calculate this, the on mode power is assumed to operate for a specified number of hours per day plus the power level and passive standby mode and active standby high mode may also be added to this figure. The assumed usage values vary at a country level and the relevant parameters need to be considered carefully to allow the raw data to be disaggregated for direct comparison. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 63

78 Subjective assessment of the level of international harmonisation for testing In general terms, there is quite good harmonisation with respect to testing for televisions. Most new and prospective programs will use IEC62087 Edition 2. The two major countries that use different approaches developed and implemented their energy programs before IEC62087 Edition 2 was published. It is likely that China and Japan would consider the use of IEC62087 Edition 2 when their existing programs are reviewed in the future. India may review their use of static test patterns in due course. Prospects and key directions for international harmonisation of testing Given the increased interest of many governments in the energy consumption of televisions, there are good prospects for future harmonisation of television testing. IEC62087 Edition 2 has been specifically revised to provide a sound international basis for the determination of energy consumption of televisions. This new standard is being widely and rapidly adopted by those countries that are developing and implementing local energy program requirements. IEC62087 Edition provides a sound technical basis for energy efficiency determination of televisions and its use should be supported and encouraged. Comparison of energy efficiency metrics Common Efficiency Metrics and Regional Approaches The most common approach to defining efficiency metrics for televisions is to use the measured average power under defined conditions together with the screen area. It is also common to take into account the power consumption of low power modes when determining the overall energy consumption of televisions. To do this, it is usual to apply an assumed usage pattern for comparative purposes (usually in the form of a nominal number of hours a day in on mode plus the balance of time shared between the relevant low power modes). This converts the on mode power into an energy value. An alternative approach is to consider only the on-mode energy consumption of the television within the efficiency metric and to place limits on the low power modes. The only other factor that is sometimes used within efficiency metrics for televisions is an allowance for high definition displays. The magnitude and use of such a factor is hotly debated by many experts. Great caution should be used before any such allowance is given to high definition displays within the efficiency metric. From a technical perspective, there is usually a small energy penalty for a digital tuner when compared to an analogue tuner. However appliances in a given region that have digital signals will usually end up requiring digital tuners, so any such difference is only a very short term transition issue. The power difference is usually small (of the order of a few watts in on mode) so it can be safely ignored. There are a number of options on how these two main parameters (energy and display area) can be combined. The normal approach used to define efficiency of televisions products is to examine energy per unit of display area. Energy per unit of display area is the inverse of efficiency (energy intensity). As there are a number of power overheads television during normal operation that are not related to screen area, a product with a large display area tends to look more efficient than a small product (with the same level of technology) if a straight ratio is used. The display technology can also have a large Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 64

79 impact on the energy per unit of display area. However, there can be large variations in the energy per unit of display area even within the same display technology, so televisions are usually well suited to programs like comparative energy labelling. Many efficiency metrics tend to use the concept of energy per unit of display area but attempt to correct for the most obvious size bias. The most common approach is to use linear functions with a zero display area offset in energy in an attempt to reduce size bias. Once a basic line to express equal levels of efficiency has been developed (usually defined as energy consumption across a range of display areas), there are several approaches to define categories of efficiency (so called families of efficiency curves within a metric). The most common approaches are: a set percentage reduction in energy for each new level of efficiency (so called geometric progression) a set reduction in energy for each new level of efficiency (so called linear progression) an arbitrary definition of each new level of efficiency. Most commonly, such metrics are used to define energy labelling categories but they can also be used to define maximum permitted energy consumption under Minimum Energy Performance Standards. Performance Issues There are a number of performance and other related parameters that are of interest to consumers regarding televisions. These may or may not affect energy consumption directly. These include: Screen aspect ratio 4:3 (letter) and 16:9 (widescreen) are common, but many minor variants exist. Screen resolution common options are 600/768 lines (standard definition) and 1080 lines (high definition) but other options within and outside of this range also exist. Tuner digital, analogue or both. Refresh rate and response time this is a complex area of performance and will not be discussed in detail in this report. Refresh rate is, strictly speaking, only applicable to CRT screens and is based on the horizontal scan rate and the number of horizontal lines. Response time is a measure of the speed to update an image on the display that is necessary to show moving images. However, a fast refresh rate does not necessarily eliminate blur. A number of software approaches, which smooth rapidly changing images, together with faster response times are improving image quality. The issue is also complicated by the common format of film at 24 frames per second, video in 50Hz countries at 25 frames per second and video in 60Hz countries at 30 frames per second which can create display related issues in some cases. The frequency of the backlight in LCD systems (which is usually a fluorescent lighting system which uses the mains frequency) can also introduce flicker into images if there are any interference patterns arising from different image frequencies. Options for external sound outputs (such as surround sound systems which require separate equipment). The number and type of external video connections (usually wired (e.g. component, composite, HDMI) but some wireless options are also available). Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 65

80 Power consumption in low power modes this may be of direct interest to some consumers. If these values are incorporated into the product task energy consumption, then these values are of lower importance. Power management features the ability of the television to manage its own energy consumption (and the energy consumption of associated equipment connected to the television) will become increasingly important in the future. One area of performance where there is some debate is the issue of luminance of the display in on mode. Many televisions now have several modes that can be selected by the user. Typically there is a recommended home viewing mode (which is usually satisfactory for normal use and is usually factory set) and display mode, which is used to demonstrate the product when on display in retail outlets. Other modes may include things like sports and action modes that may activate different signal processing features and brightness levels. The screen luminance (brightness) can be readily measured, but the absolute value of this measure does not necessarily provide a sound comparative measure between products or display technologies. The major concern is that a consumer purchases a product on the basis of display mode in a retail outlet but the product as supplied may be in a home mode (which presumably is satisfactory but not necessarily so). A number of possible approaches could be developed to address this issue: Base all measurements on the brightest picture mode Use a weighted average of the brightest picture mode and the home viewing mode Base all measurements on the home viewing mode but with some limits on the difference in luminance between the brightest picture mode and the home viewing mode Each approach has its own pros and cons and to some extent it depends on how products are set up as they leave the factory and are delivered to users as well as the manufacturer recommendations. Comparability of efficiency metrics At this stage, there are few efficiency metrics in force for televisions. The few that have been developed are not very comparable. But the objectives of these existing metrics are quite diverse and it is not surprising that they are quite different. The metrics that have been initially developed are for programs that are as diverse as comparative labelling, endorsement labelling, MEPS (minimum efficiency standards), energy targets (such as Top Runner). Many of the differences in metric approach have come about due to differences in the underlying program requirements. Another problem, which is hindering the development of more universal efficiency metrics for televisions, is that there is surprisingly sparse energy data is available for products currently on the market. The recent publication of IEC62087 Edition 2 and the limited application of this test standard to date mean that many suppliers are yet to test their products to the new test method. Some systematic testing in some regions has yielded useful data, but this is by no means comprehensive. This is likely to change over the next few years as the use of IEC62087 Edition 2 becomes more widespread. There is certainly good potential for the development of efficiency metrics which could be widely applied around the globe. Recommended directions Televisions are a well established appliance in developed and developing economies. The television market, which had been dominated by CRT technology since its introduction in the 1930 s, started a Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 66

81 spectacular technology transition after 2000 towards flat screen technologies. While LCD technology currently dominates, there is a range of new technologies in the pipeline, some of which may achieve significantly improved energy efficiency. This technology transition is well advanced in most developed countries and most developing countries are following. A secondary transformation is the conversion from analogue to digital tuners in many regions. There are relatively few energy programs in force around the globe that cover on mode energy consumption of televisions. Some of the energy programs that are in force use different test procedures and different efficiency metrics. Some of these programs were developed some time ago, before the publication of IEC62087 Edition 2. Historical interest in energy consumption of televisions was relatively low, partly due to the relatively low energy consumption of most existing televisions. However, a rapid increase is display area, higher on mode energy consumption and improved information on the usage patterns of televisions has heightened interest in energy programs related to televisions. The advent of new display technologies means that the range of product energy efficiency on the market has dramatically increased. Better data has shown that even within a given technology there can be a large range of energy efficiency, which can be attractive for the introduction of both energy labelling and minimum efficiency standards. IEC62087 Edition 2 was published in 2008 and was specifically developed as a global approach to the measurement of energy consumption of televisions. It deals with all of the major issues presented by the transition to new television technologies. A key recommendation is to encourage all countries wishing to cover the energy consumption of televisions to adopt IEC62087 Edition 2 as their test procedure. Further work is required on efficiency metrics for televisions. Countries that have already developed energy programs for televisions as well as those that are contemplating such programs, should work together to find common approaches to defining television efficiency where possible. Such collaboration could also allow the pooling of existing test data, which will significantly improve the understanding of the range of efficiency on the market and the key drivers for energy consumption. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 67

82 11. DIGITAL TELEVISION DECODERS (SET TOP BOXES) Overview of the product Digital television decoders receive a digital broadcast signal and convert this to a suitable audio and video stream that can be displayed on a television, usually via a direct video input. They are also commonly called simple set top boxes. The products covered by this section are those that are intended primarily to decode free to air digital broadcasts (usually terrestrial or satellite) for input into televisions that have an analogue tuner. This section does not cover set top boxes that are used by pay television service providers as these boxes are complex and usually require security systems and two way communication with the service provider. Digital television decoders may have associated with them other features or functions such as DVD players, DVD recorders and/or hard disk drives to record and edit video. Many regions around the world are converting their broadcast systems from analogue to digital signals. The demand for digital television decoders is likely to rise in those regions once analogue signals are discontinued in order to allow the ongoing use of existing televisions with analogue tuners. The demand for digital television decoders is likely to be high in some regions during the transition phase from analogue to digital broadcasts. But ultimately, digital television decoders are a transition product and their demand will fall very quickly after the transition to digital broadcasts is complete. The demand for digital television decoders can be minimised by introducing longer transition periods and early inclusion of digital tuners in all new televisions well before any transition date. Digital television decoders are a global commodity and there is significant international trade. There are a number of regional requirements regarding the broadcast signal and frequency, but otherwise products tend to be fairly uniform globally. Comparison of energy performance test procedures Key parameters to consider for efficiency testing and measurement A digital television decoder is a device that receives a digital broadcast signal and coverts this to a suitable video output that can be viewed on a television with an analogue tuner. These products are generally quite simple. The key parameters for efficiency testing are the power consumption in each of the relevant modes and the presence (or not) of any power management facility. The only other parameter that may marginally affect the power consumption of the digital television decoder is the signal quality and whether the signal is high definition or standard definition. Where other devices are integrated into the digital television decoder, their mode of operation will also affect the power consumption. Overview of the international test method The test method for energy consumption and performance of digital television decoders is specified in IEC Methods of measurement for the power consumption of audio, video and related equipment. Edition 2 of the standard was published in October It specifies methods of measurement for the Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 68

83 power consumption of television sets, video recording equipment, Set Top Boxes (STBs), audio equipment and multi-function equipment for consumer use. The standard defines a range of relevant modes for set top boxes including: Off mode: The appliance is connected to a power source, fulfils no function and cannot be switched into any other mode with the remote control unit, an external or internal signal. Standby passive: The appliance is connected to a power source, does not fulfil the main function but can be switched into another mode with the remote control unit or an internal signal Standby active high: As per passive standby and where the product is also exchanging/receiving data with/from an external source (typically automatically downloading an electronic programming guide for a brief period each day). On: The appliance is connected to a power source and fulfils its main function. The standard defines test conditions and uncertainty of measurement for power consumption readings. For on mode, the product is measured while decoding one program with the video and audio test signals as described within the MPEG-2 transport stream or as received from a broadcast transmission. The standard also defines conditions of measurement for the relevant low power modes. Adequacy of the international test method IEC62087 was fully revised over the period 2004 to One of the main drivers for the revision was the growing interest in the energy consumption of televisions and their associated equipment and the increasing possibility of governments wanting to regulate these products for energy efficiency. Therefore a robust approach to energy consumption determination was formulated. The standard defines all the relevant modes for digital television decoders. The uncertainty of measurement of the power readings is specified as 2% for power levels above 0.5W, which is quite adequate. The standard was developed with very active technical input by many countries and Edition 2 successfully provides a good global basis for harmonisation of testing for energy consumption. Regional differences in products and testing approaches To date, few regions have regulated digital television decoders for energy efficiency. These are a relatively new product and their power consumption is relative low. However, they usually remain in passive standby or on mode for long periods, so their energy consumption can be significant. There are a number of technical requirements that vary at a regional level regarding the broadcast signal and frequency; this means that products usually have to be configured in the factory to work properly within a specified region. However, these changes are small hardware and/or software changes and can be easily modified as required. There are also regional and local variations in supply voltage and frequency, but these rarely dictate the design of products as most products now use universal power supplies. Only a few countries currently regulate digital television decoders for energy efficiency at this stage. Most define power consumption limits in each of the relevant modes. The only differences in testing approaches would be whether a compliant digital signal is being decoded in on mode and minor differences in accuracy and uncertainty of power measurements. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 69

84 Mandatory standards for simple set top boxes have been implemented for Europe. European regulations cannot directly reference published test procedures, but the approach to testing is likely to be compatible with IEC62087 Edition 2. Europe has also had a voluntary code of conduct for simple and complex set top boxes. Mandatory standards for set top boxes have been implemented for Australia and New Zealand. The test method used is equivalent to IEC62087 Edition 2. Voluntary labelling and standards for simple set top boxes are under consideration in India. The test method used is likely to be IEC62087 Edition 2. Voluntary labelling programs are in force or under consideration for set top boxes in Brazil, Korea and the UK. Energy Star has specified requirements for various types of digital television decoders (set top boxes). New requirements are currently under development. The base test method is CAN/CSA The Energy Star programme has issued a number of additional testing requirements for set top boxes, mainly to deal with complex products and products with multiple functions. Energy Star is used as a voluntary endorsement label in many countries. Comparability of regional testing approaches There are a number of different regional testing approaches in force. The fundamental approaches are generally similar (e.g. determination of power consumption in the key modes), but there are some minor details regarding the set up and operation during the test, mostly in relation to more complex products or those with additional functions. For digital television decoders, the most common variation is the type of signal to be decoded (none, standard definition or high definition). Subjective assessment of the level of international harmonisation for testing In broad terms, the data derived from each of the test methods should be fairly comparable, but there will be some differences in the precise values derived for individual products due to small differences in setup and testing. Data will be generally comparable, but assessment of particular requirements at a model level for different regions and programs will not be valid. Prospects and key directions for international harmonisation of testing IEC62087 Edition 2 has been specifically revised to provide a sound international basis for the determination of energy consumption of digital television decoders. This new standard should be widely adopted as the base test procedure for digital television decoders. Most of the deviation from IEC62087 Edition 2 is for more complex set top boxes. Ideally, IEC62087 Edition 2 should provide all relevant test requirements for all types of set top boxes. The difficulty comes where more complex products with additional features and functions and where multiple settings and conditions need to be defined. Attempts should be made to gain consensus on these issues for inclusion in a revision of IEC Comparison of energy efficiency metrics Common Efficiency Metrics and Regional Approaches The most common approach to defining efficiency metrics for digital television decoders is to examine the average power in each of the relevant modes. These modes can be considered individually or an assumed usage pattern can be applied for comparative purposes (usually in the Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 70

85 form of a nominal number of hours a day in on mode plus the balance of time shared between the relevant low power modes). This converts the separate power in each mode into an energy value. Some requirements provide an allowance for high definition processing as there is usually a small energy premium to process a high definition signal. As there is no size parameter for digital television decoders, the energy by mode or the total energy consumption for an assumed task is usually all that is required. Power by mode or energy can be used to define energy labelling categories and maximum permitted energy consumption under Minimum Energy Performance Standards. Performance Issues There are a number of performance and other related parameters that are of interest to consumers regarding digital television decoders. These may or may not affect energy consumption directly. These include: Signal definition common options are 600/768 lines (standard definition) and 1080 lines (high definition) but other options within and outside of this range also exist. Options for external sound outputs (such as surround sound systems which require separate equipment). The number and type of external video connections (usually wired (e.g. component, composite, HDMI) but some wireless options are also available). Power management features the ability of the television to manage its own energy consumption (and the energy consumption of associated equipment connected to the television) will become increasingly important in the future. Some regulatory approaches mandate some level of internal energy management for digital television decoders. Additional features and functions that are additional to the core digital television decoder function. Comparability of efficiency metrics At this stage, there are few efficiency metrics in force for digital television decoders. Most are based power levels by mode. Most of the approaches are quite comparable. Small differences in test approaches will mean that the underlying data may not be directly comparable at a model level. There is certainly good potential for the development of efficiency metrics which could be widely applied around the globe if a uniform approach to testing can be agreed. Recommended directions Digital television decoders are a short term transition product that will experience short periods of high demand as regions convert from analogue to digital television. There are relatively few energy programs in force around the globe that cover digital television decoders, but the few in force tend to concentrate on power consumption for the key operating modes (on and passive standby). Some of the energy programs that are in force use different slightly test procedures, mostly relating to more complex types of set top boxes. IEC62087 Edition 2 was published in 2008 and was specifically developed as a global approach to the measurement of energy consumption of televisions. It forms a good platform for the testing and energy measurement of digital television decoders. A key recommendation is to encourage all Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 71

86 countries wishing to cover the energy consumption of digital television decoders to adopt IEC62087 Edition 2 as their test procedure. It may be necessary to further define test procedure requirements for more complex set top boxes. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 72

87 12. EXTERNAL POWER SUPPLIES Overview of the product External power supplies are a device that converts mains electricity supply into an extra low voltage power source with an output of less than 50V (in most cases) for use in a wide range of possible appliances and equipment. The output of the external power supply may be DC or AC with a voltage from 1V to 48V (typically) and can range up to 500W (although most existing efficiency programs have a scope of up to 250W). External power supplies are widely used to overcome problems with different regional specifications for electricity supply voltage, frequency and plug connectors. A range of different technologies can be used in external power supplies including wound wire transformers, linear power supplies and switched mode power supplies (electronic/solid state). There is a huge trade in external power supplies, with world production estimated at over 1 billion units per annum. Most commonly, new appliances and equipment are supplied with a dedicated external power supply if one is required for its operation. Some multi tasking external power supplies are made having multiple output plug configurations and multiple voltage outputs which could be suitable for a range of products. The products covered by this section are those external to the appliance they supply, and which are usually connected by a detachable plug. It does not include products with multiple parallel outputs of different voltages or certain types of dedicated battery charging devices. Most external power supplies are made and supplied by Other Equipment Manufacturers (OEM) suppliers. Most are manufactured in Asia. Comparison of energy performance test procedures Key parameters to consider for efficiency testing and measurement An external power supply is essentially a device that converts mains electricity into electricity in a different format for use with by a specific product or appliance. The output power and the input power can be accurately measured for the operating conditions within the range specified by the manufacturer (the range is usually a defined output current or power range). The energy efficiency of an external power supply can be defined as the output divided by the input. An external power supply is rarely designed to operate only with a single piece of equipment. Therefore an external power supply could realistically be operating at any output level within its stated operating range. It is therefore most useful to characterise the output efficiency over the whole operating range. The other parameter that is of interest is the no load power consumption of the external power supply. Under this condition, the efficiency is of course zero, but this condition defines the power consumption when the external power supply is disconnected from its associated equipment (which is common for some types of equipment like a charger for a mobile phone, camera or video recorder). Most external power supplies now are designed for universal mains voltage and frequency input (typically 230V/50Hz or 115V/60Hz). The operating efficiency curve for each supply voltage can be different. Given that these are globally supplied products, it is usual to measure the efficiency characteristics at both voltage input conditions if the rated input for the external power supply covers both conditions. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 73

88 Overview of the international test method Surprisingly, there is no internal international test method published by IEC for external power supplies. However, in 2005, a project of international collaboration between China, Australia, Energy Star International, the State of California and Europe developed an international test method for external power supplies. This has been adopted for a range of regional energy programs. A version of this test method has been published as AS/NZS 4665 Part 1 and Part 2. The approach taken in the international test method is to measure the input and output power at 4 defined points: 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% of rated power output. Data for all 4 points are separately reported as well as an arithmetic average active efficiency across all 4 points. A resistive load is used for the efficiency measurement for reproducibility. The no load power consumption is also determined. The test method defines the required equipment for voltage supply, load and power measurement. A reference voltage with less the 2% total harmonic distortion is required. Products with a switchable output voltage are tested at the lowest and highest value. Products that have a rated voltage and frequency range that spans 230V/50Hz or 115V/60Hz are tested at both conditions. Adequacy of the international test method The international test method developed collaboratively and published as AS/NZS4665 provides a sound basis for a global test method for external power supplies. It covers all likely output conditions that could be encountered by the external power supply during normal use, all likely input supply conditions and optional output voltages where these exist. Regional differences in products and testing approaches The international test method was broadly based on the approach used by Energy Star International for external power supplies. Europe previously used a slightly different approach to testing of external power supplies under their voluntary code of conduct but have now agreed to adopt the international approach. The US DOE is adapting the test method for external power supplies for use in local regulations and is likely to use the international approach, perhaps with some minor terminology changes. Otherwise the test method is used in China, Australia, New Zealand, California and by Energy Star International. Comparability of regional testing approaches There is currently a uniform global approach to the testing of external power supplies for energy efficiency. The only regional variations are the some programs do not require dual input voltage testing of all products for some regional markets. Subjective assessment of the level of international harmonisation for testing There is excellent harmonisation in the testing of external power supplies for energy efficiency as most of the programs in force use the same internationally agreed test method. Prospects and key directions for international harmonisation of testing While there is currently good harmonisation for efficiency testing of external power supplies, the method has not been published by the IEC. The danger, if this situation persists, is that the internationally agreed test method will be adopted and adapted at a regional level, which could start to introduce unnecessary technical changes into the measurement method. It is strongly recommended that the internationally agreed test method for external power supplies be formalised Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 74

89 within the IEC process as quickly as possible to provide a published basis for regional and global harmonisation of this product. Comparison of energy efficiency metrics Common Efficiency Metrics and Regional Approaches As part of the process for developing a globally applicable test method for external power supplies, an international efficiency metric was also defined. This built on the approach developed by Energy Star International, but was expanded to include a range of efficiency curves (from moderate to very high efficiency) that could be adopted by different regions at a timetable that suited their local requirements. The efficiency metrics are documented in AS/NZS4665. The approach is to define a maximum no load power (depending on the rated power output of the external power supply) and then define a function of efficiency based on the rated power output of the external power supply. This approach has wide international acceptance. For example, to achieve an efficiency rating of III (Roman numeral 3), the power supply must achieve the following requirements (as applicable): For a rated power output of less than 10W: a no load power consumption of 0.5W For a rated power output of 10W to 250W: a no load power consumption of 0.75W; For a rated power output from 0W to 1W: average active mode efficiency 49%; For a rated power output from >1W to 49W: average active mode efficiency 49%+0.09 ln(pno); For a rated power output from >49W to 250W: average active mode efficiency 84%; Similar curves are defined for efficiency levels IV and V. The scale is open-ended and could eventually be increased to a rating of X (Roman numeral 10). The advantage of having such an internationally agreed efficiency metric is that the technically complex task of defining different levels of efficiency for external power supplies has already been done. New higher efficiency levels can be added as products improve internationally. The scheme is suitable for endorsement labelling (e.g. Energy Star), efficiency marking and minimum energy efficiency standard. A range of efficiency curves are available for consideration and countries and regions can adopt a level that is most suitable for their local program requirements at a timetable that convenient. All global OEM suppliers understand the efficiency requirements and many already mark their products with the relevant efficiency level. Performance Issues External power supplies are simple devices that transform electricity from one format to another. The input and output can be measured accurately. However, there are a couple of performance related issues that can arise during testing. The first is voltage stability under varying load. A good external power supply will maintain close to a constant output voltage under increasing load. A poorly controlled external power supply may suffer voltage drop with increasing load. If the voltage droops a lot a full power output, the current will be very high (in order to maintain the rated output power) and the overall output efficiency at full load will fall due to high current related losses. This will be evident from the 4 point efficiency measurements under the test procedure. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 75

90 The other performance related issue is whether the output voltage supply is clean and constant. Some electronic systems use high frequency voltage switching to achieve the required output voltage. While these are generally quite efficiency, poor design can result in noise being injected into the output supply (in the form of higher order harmonics). This can usually be cleaned up with appropriate use of components such as capacitors and filters. The converse to this issue is whether the external power supply injects any harmonics back into the mains power supply system, which can occur with some switched mode power supplies. This issue is normally covered by separate requirements for Electromagnetic Compatibility (EMC) which are generally specified for all products connected to main power. These requirements are defined in separate IEC standards (IEC series). Comparability of efficiency metrics At this stage, the international efficiency metric is used for a number of programs around the globe. The marking system of indicating efficiency with Roman numerals is now being widely used by OEM suppliers to indicate compliance with various program requirements. No other significant systems for defining efficiency of external power supplies are in use. Recommended directions External power supplies are used in all regions around the world. Huge numbers are manufactured and traded globally. While there is an internationally agreed approach to efficiency testing for external power supplies, this is yet to be formally adopted and published within the IEC process. This presents a significant risk in terms of long term global harmonisation as lack of a formal platform for harmonisation in IEC could allow divergence at a regional level. It is recommended that work to publish the international test method for external power supplies by the IEC be progressed as soon as possible. There is already a strong international process for setting international efficiency metrics for external power supplies. Continued active collaboration by governments and other key stakeholders will ensure that this system remains relevant in the future. It is strongly recommended that countries and regions considering efficiency requirements for external power supplies use the international system of efficiency metrics already developed and work with existing stakeholders to develop new levels as required. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 76

91 13. LIGHTING GLS AND CFLI General service lamps (GLS) are more commonly known as standard incandescent lamps used in households since the 1870s. Compact fluorescent lamps with integrated ballasts (CFLi) were commercialised in the early 1980s and are a direct one for one competitor of GLS. Both types of lamps are designed to fit into standard lamp sockets and are fitted with either a screw-base or a bayonetbase. As a result they are sometimes referred to collectively as screw-based lamps. The classic pearshaped GLS is known as an A shaped lamp but many other shapes exist including candles, flames, golf balls etc. Input power varies from as little as a few watts to a maximum of about 150W while efficacy levels vary from, as little as 5 lm/watt at the low-power end to up to 18 lm/w for higher power lamps operated at lower voltages (e.g. 110V as opposed to 230V). Typical values are around 11 lm/w. GLS lamps are also produced with a variety of finishes (frosted or clear) and are typically produced for pre-determined input power levels with 60W being the most common and other popular wattages being 75W, 100W and 40W. They are one of many products where the output service (light in this case) has become associated with the power consumption to the extent that typical consumers often go looking for a 60W bulb rather than a lamp producing so-much light. Standard GLS and CFLi are known as omni-directional lamps because they are designed to cast light in all directions away from the bulb (except through the opaque base). That does not mean that they don t cast more light in some directions than others but they do emit some light in almost all directions. GLS are also produced with mirrored reflective internal surfaces and are known as reflector lamps (GLS-R) of which there are a variety of types. Reflector lamps by definition direct light more and hence belong to the class of directional lamps that include other popular lamp types such as halogen spot lamps. They are not tested in the same way as GLS or CFLi. The average lifespan of GLS is about 1000 hours but this depends on the type. Long-life varieties that are sold in a few markets (notably North America) can have life spans of up to 2000 hours but at the cost of even lower efficacy levels. Other varieties found in some markets include so called day-light lamps (that emit light with a spectrum that more closely matches that of daylight than a conventional incandescent lamp) and vibration and shatter resistant lamps, that are designed to be vibration and shock resistant (mostly only found in the North American market). CFLi were traditionally larger than GLS but in recent years have been produced in a large variety of shapes and sizes including many very small lamps. They are thus now able to fit into all the standard sockets used by GLS and almost all GLS fixtures (luminaires). While early CFLi had higher colour temperatures than GLS, meaning that they produced light with more blue and less red in the spectrum, they are now available in a much broader range of colour temperatures than GLS, including a near exact replica soft white. They can be designed to last for in excess of hours but typical products range from hours for cheaper, poorer quality lamps to 6000 to 8500 hours for more expensive and better quality lamps. CFLi have a ballast included in the base that is designed to regulate the input power to provide an ignition current and then regulate the power supply during operation. This is necessary as CFLi are basically small fluorescent lamps. By contrast GLS are incandescent lamps and have no need for a ballast. CFLi take longer to warm-up and achieve full light output than GLS and they do not have quite as good colour rendering (CRI) as despite the use of wavelength spreading phosphors they do not produce light across such a broad spectrum as GLS lamps; however, the CRI of reasonable quality CFLi is considered adequate for all but the most demanding requirements. As GLS and CFLi are used predominantly in households in very large numbers and are fully commoditised products there is a very large international trade in such lamps. GLS are very often made near local consuming markets because their production is very highly automated and as they Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 77

92 retail at low price yet have a low value to volume ratio transportation costs outweigh any benefit from cheaper outsourced labour. For CFLi the opposite applies. The product value is higher and the automation less. As a result about 80% of all CFLi are produced in China and most are exported elsewhere with North America and Europe being the largest regional markets. The standard international test methods for GLS are IEC Tungsten filament lamps for domestic and similar general lighting purposes - Performance requirements. This defines how to measure light output levels in lumens for the rated input power under the defined standard input voltage and current conditions. In Europe EN 50285: Energy efficiency of electric lamps for household use Measurement methods is used, but is equivalent to the IEC standard but has a broader remit to enable the same standard to be used to test a variety of household lamps to they can be graded under a common energy label. The standard energy performance metric applied to lamps is efficacy which is a measure of their visible light emission measured in lumens, divided by their input power consumption measured in watts. This measure is applied in all jurisdictions however, direct comparisons are not completely straightforward because input power voltage and frequency varies by economy and this affects the efficacy delivered by otherwise identical incandescent lamps. The international test procedure to measure the efficacy of CFLi is IEC : Self-ballasted lamps for general lighting services Performance requirements. A new version is under development and is tentatively scheduled for release in Europe and China both use the IEC standard. Japan uses the standard JIS C7601, which uses a similar approach to IEC. CFLs without integrated ballasts (so called CFLn) are tested using IEC : Single-capped fluorescent lamps Performance specifications. Recommended directions While the focus regions have some differences the test methods are fundamentally the same for GLS lamps. As the variation between the methods is not substantial, there is wide international trade and there are no significant environmental or usage reasons why such lamps should have locally tailored test procedures there are good reasons to propose internationally harmonised test procedures for this product. In the case of CFLi there are more parameters to test and therefore more variations but these principally concern testing of the various quality factors rather than the measurement of the lamp efficacy, which is quite harmonised already. There is a long list of international quality schemes to address CFLi quality and non-energy performance factors, which use the results of these tests. As a result, attempts have already been made to agree a common IEC standard that sets out broadly internationally agreed performance requirements. Much of this effort has happened under the auspices of the International Compact Fluorescent Lighting Harmonisation Initiative which was co-sponsored by the UK and Australian governments. The new IEC standard includes significant inputs developed through this process which has entailed a very large stakeholder engagement process. This effort has also made an attempt to group the diverse quality parameters into a set of performance tiers that would potentially form part of the standard. Initially there was significant disagreement about how these tiers should be developed but recent signs are more encouraging and it is hoped the standard will be issued later this year. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 78

93 14. LIGHTING BALLASTS The international test procedures for fluorescent lamp ballasts are IEC : Ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps Performance requirements (applied to ferromagnetic ballasts) and IEC : AC-supplied electronic ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps Performance requirements (for electronic ballasts). Most countries use these or standards with minor deviations from them; however, there are some differences in how fluorescent ballast performance is measured internationally. In China and the EU, ballasts are assessed according to their Energy Efficiency Index. Both economies use test procedures that are harmonised with IEC test procedures. In Australia, the measure is the total circuit power for a normalised light output compared to a reference lamp and ballast, while in the United States ballasts are measured according to their Ballast Efficacy Factor or BEF. In China, there are different test methods used for measuring the performance of magnetic and electronic fluorescent ballasts. Magnetic ballasts are measured using GB/T and GB/T Electronic ballasts are measured using GB/T ; GB/T ; GB/T ; and GB/T The metric measured through these test procedure is the Energy Efficiency Index. In Europe, the test method is based on standard EN 50294, which is the Measurement Method of Total Input Power of Ballast-Lamp Circuits. In this testing standard, the ballast under test is made to operate a reference lamp. Then, a reference lamp and ballast are operated in parallel with this system. The input power and light output are measured for both systems. Some corrections are made to the power measurements to account for relative light output and lamp wattages. This test method is considered a good method for measuring ballast performance and the approach is broadly similar to that followed in North America. The test method for fluorescent ballasts used in Australia is AS/NZS which measures the total circuit power for normalised light output on a reference lamp compared to the reference lamp and ballast. Furthermore, when test results from the use of Australian standards AS/NZS and AS/NZS are combined, an Energy Efficiency Index that is roughly equivalent to that used in Europe under EN can be calculated. In Japan, the Top Runner efficiency requirements are applied to the combined system of the lamp and ballast and thus the standards are used in tandem. Energy consumption efficiency is a numeric value expressing total luminous flux, measured in the manner stipulated by JIS C7601, and ballast lumen factor and temperature correction factor in lumens divided by power consumption (W) measured according to JISC In the US, the test method for fluorescent ballasts is Appendix Q to Subpart B of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts. In this test method, a ballast efficacy factor (BEF) is calculated based on the relative light output and input power of the ballast under test compared to a reference ballast system. In 2008, the US Department of Energy and NEMA conducted a study to assess whether a less complicated test method, based on direct input and output power consumption measurements of a fluorescent lamp ballast, would potentially be more accurate for measuring performance and ultimately setting MEPS. The outcome is still awaited but it could potentially trigger a move in the US to change the ballast test procedure and may present a simultaneous opportunity for a discussion regarding international harmonisation. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 79

94 Recommended directions While the focus regions of the current study have different names for the measured metric, the test methods are fundamentally similar or the same. As the variation between the methods is not substantial, there is wide international trade and there are no significant environmental or usage reasons why such ballasts should have locally tailored test procedures, there are good reasons to propose internationally harmonised test procedures for this product. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 80

95 15. LIGHTING HALOGEN AND REFLECTOR LAMPS The international standard for measuring halogen reflector lamps is IEC : Tungsten halogen lamps (non-vehicle) - Performance specifications. In Europe, the standards published by CEN (European Committee for Standardization) and CENELEC (European Committee for Electro-technical Standardization) were reviewed, and no standards could be found that relate specifically to reflector lamps. Similarly, the standards for the IEC were studied and no standards were identified for adequately measuring the performance of reflector lamps. This represents an important gap in the regulatory program for Europe, as the European Commission recently completed an EuP study of directional lamps and are considering regulatory measures. In the U.S., incandescent reflector lamps have been a regulated product since the passage of the Energy Policy Act of These lamps are tested according to a national industry standard, and the metric of regulation is lumens per watt (or efficacy ). The US test method for measuring the efficacy of reflector lamps is based on the Illuminating Engineering Society s LM-20-94, the Photometric Testing of Reflector-Type Lamps Incandescent Lamps. Codified in 10 CFR , the test method is based on the measurement of input power and total forward lumens measured in an integrating sphere at reference conditions. Efficacy is calculated as the ratio of the measured lamp lumen output and the lamp electrical input power at equilibrium. None of China, Japan or India apply efficiency requirements for directional lamps and thus their test procedures are not considered here, although both China and India usually align with IEC for lighting products. In Australia, the test method is similar to that of North America. Australian standard AS/NZS , Incandescent lamps for general lighting service - Test methods - Energy performance specifies the test methods for the energy performance of incandescent and halogen lamps used in general lighting services. The measurement method for directional light sources involves measuring luminous flux in an integrating sphere and dividing that by input wattage to calculate lamp efficacy. Australia is reviewing this test method because it has been found that the technique produces results with a considerable amount of measurement variability. Due to the fact that there is a high flux incidence in one part of the integrating sphere, some of the factors that can introduce error into the measurement include variance in the type of paint, the age of the paint, and the collection of dust / dirt in the bottom of the sphere. Australia is working on alternative test methods that could be employed to reduce this effect. Recommended directions Test methods for directional incandescent reflector lamps represent a fertile area for international harmonization. This is because the methods currently being used are fundamentally similar, there is significant international trade in the lamps and there are no significant environmental or usage reasons why such lamps should have locally tailored test procedures. As the different jurisdictions face the same problems of measurement accuracy and repeatability with the current test procedures there is an opportunity for all jurisdictions to share in the development and adoption of a common international test procedure that is capable of addressing these problems. The lack of adequate existing test procedures means this is a quasi- green field domain where there is an opportunity for common agreement on a new test standard. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 81

96 16. LIGHTING LINEAR FLUORESCENT LAMPS AND RELATED SYSTEMS The international standard used to test the energy performance (efficacy) of linear fluorescent lamps is: IEC : Double-capped fluorescent lamps - Performance specifications. There are a limited number of major international fluorescent lamp manufacturers, which makes this product one that could be appropriate for harmonization. These companies, including Philips Lighting, Osram and General Electric, all have international operations for both manufacturing and sales of linear fluorescent lamps. The test methods being used in each of the countries studied are all based on the same metric lamp efficacy, or lumens per watt. The international test method that most are based on is the IEC 60081, double-capped fluorescent lamps. In China, the test method for fluorescent lamps is GB/T : Double-capped fluorescent lamps--performance specifications. This test standard takes an initial efficacy of the lamp, operated on a reference ballast at standard operating conditions. The Chinese test standard is based on IEC For India, the testing standard is IS 2418(Part 1) & (Part 2). This standard also measures initial efficacy of a fluorescent lamp, and is also based on IEC Japan uses the standard JIS C7601, which uses a similar approach to IEC. For the US, the test method for linear fluorescent lamps can be found in Appendix R to Subpart B of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring Average Lamp Efficacy (LE), Color Rendering Index (CRI), and Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) of Electric Lamps. This test method measures the lamp lumen output (lumens) and lamp electrical power input (watts), at the reference conditions, and calculates lamp efficacy shall by taking the ratio of the lumen output and lamp electrical power. Due to the number of different types of fluorescent lamps covered and regulated in the US, there are several different test standards cited, covering the T5, T8 and T12 four-foot, two-foot U-bend, 8-foot and slimline lamps. The measurement procedure is as described in the Illuminating Engineering Society s standard, IESNA LM 9, with operating conditions as described in ANSI C78.375; ANSI C78.81; ANSI C78.901; ANSI C82.3; ANSI C78.81 and ANSI C These ANSI standards provide the appropriate details on reference ballasts and operating currents for the various lamps under test. Just as the testing standards in India and China, the metric measured is efficacy. Recommended directions The testing of fluorescent lamps appears to be a good product for harmonization, due to the fact that there are already similarities between the various countries for measuring lamp efficacy and there are no significant environmental or usage reasons why such lamps should have locally tailored test procedures. In addition, there are a several major manufacturers who manufacture globally and understand the issues of local markets, including the benefits that would be derived from harmonization. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 82

97 17. LIGHTING HID LAMPS The international standard used to test the energy performance (efficacy) of mercury vapour lamps is: IEC 60188: : High Pressure Mercury Vapour lamps - Performance specifications. The international standard used to test the energy performance (efficacy) of low pressure sodium lamps is: IEC 60192: : Low Pressure Sodium lamps - Performance specifications. The international standard used to test the energy performance (efficacy) of high pressure sodium lamps is: IEC 60662( ): High Pressure Sodium lamps. The international standard used to test the energy performance (efficacy) of high pressure sodium lamps is: IEC 61167( ): Metal Halide lamps. In China, the government has established minimum efficiency requirements for high pressure sodium and metal halide HID lamps. These regulations were introduced in 2004 and 2006 to save energy and to improve the quality of the lamps manufactured. The following are the four regulations, two each on high pressure sodium and metal halide: GB Limited values of energy efficiency and rating criteria for high-pressure sodium vapour lamps GB Limited values of energy efficiency and evaluating values of energy conservation of ballast for high-pressure sodium lamps GB The minimum allowable values of energy efficiency and the energy efficiency grades for ballast of metal-halide lamps GB Minimum allowable values of energy efficiency and energy efficiency grades for metal-halide lamps In India there are currently no energy efficiency standards for HID lighting, and very little in the way of efficiency standards overall. Standards and guidelines directly related to the functional unit In 2009 the EU adopted MEPS that apply to the integrated lamps, ballasts and luminaires used for street lighting. The relevant test standards are: EN : Road Lighting - Calculation of performance. which defines and describes the conventions and mathematical procedures to be adopted in calculating the photometric performance of road lighting installations designed in accordance with EN and EN EN : Road Lighting -Methods of measuring lighting performance. This part of the European Standard specifies the procedures for making photometric and related measurements of road lighting installations. Examples are given of the form of the test report. CIE 144(2001): Road surface and road marking reflection characteristics This standard is required to calculate the luminance value from illumination conditions for various types of surface. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 83

98 Recommended directions HID lamps and systems are widely traded, are essentially the same product in all jurisdictions and do not have substantially different performance as a function of the local environment. Furthermore, most of the world uses IEC test procedures or closely related test procedures to measure the energy performance of such systems. Consequently, these products are strong candidates for greater international test harmonisation. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 84

99 18. LIGHTING LEDS The new international standard used to test the performance of LEDS is: IEC/PAS 62612:2009(E): Selfballasted LED-lamps for general lighting services - Performance requirements. As with other IEC lighting standards this was produced by TC34 lamps and lighting equipment. The IEC/PAS 62612:2009(E) standard specifies the performance requirements for self-ballasted LED lamps with a supply voltage up to 250 V, together with the test methods and conditions required, intended for domestic and similar general lighting purposes, having a rated wattage up to 60 W and a rated voltage of up to 250 V AC or DC. Self-ballasted LED-lamps for general lighting services - Performance requirements LED lighting is an emerging technology which is not yet regulated for efficiency, but is subjected to several labelling and endorsement schemes, including ENERGY STAR. Due to the fact that this is a new area where the United States has been working to establish a technical lead, there are essentially a new body of testing standards that are being produced. In addition, the organizations involved in developing these standards including international standards groups, who are working to try and ensure the standards developed will be broadly applicable. The groups who are supporting the development of LED standards in the United States include: American National Standards Institute Underwriters Laboratories, Inc. Canadian Standards Association, International International Electrotechnical Committee National Electrical Manufacturers Association (US) Illuminating Engineering Society of North America National Institute of Standards and Technology Commission Internationale de l Eclairage (International Commission on Lighting) US Department of Energy / Pacific Northwest National Laboratory The graphic below, presented at a DOE workshop held in August 2009, illustrates the structure of the standards-making bodies in the US. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 85

100 Figure 4 Structure of US standards-making bodies The primary testing standards that have been developed out of this work to date include: ANSI/NEMA C : Specifications for the Chromaticity of Solid State Lighting Products - specifies the recommended chromaticity (color) ranges for white light LEDs with various correlated color temperatures (CCTs). NEMA.SSL-1 : Power Supply - will specify operational characteristics and electrical safety of SSL power supplies and drivers. IESNA LM : IESNA Approved Method for the Electrical and Photometric Measurements of Solid-State Lighting Products - specifies procedures for measuring total luminous flux, electrical power, luminous efficacy, and chromaticity of SSL luminaires and replacement lamp products. IESNA LM : IESNA Approved Method for Measuring Lumen Maintenance of LED Light Sources - specifies procedures for determining lumen maintenance of LEDs and LED modules (but not luminaires) related to effective useful life of the product. CIE 127:2007: Measurements of LEDs - addresses LED luminous intensity measurement; applies only to individual LEDs, not to arrays or luminaires. IES RP-16: Addendum a, Nomenclature and Definitions for Illuminating Engineering - provides industry-standard definitions for terminology related to solid-state lighting. There are other testing standards currently in development; a partial list is provided here: NEMA SSL-1, Driver Performance Standard NEMA LSD-49, Solid-State Lighting Best Practices for Dimming UL 8750, LED Safety TM-21, Method for Estimation of LED Life LM-XX1, Approved Method for the Measurements of High Power LEDs Recommended directions Conclusion: overall, there is no significant variation between the standards being developed internationally due to the fact that this is a new product and the standards development process is recent. LEDS therefore appear to present an excellent opportunity for globally harmonised test procedures providing efforts are made to ensure there is sufficient cohesion in the process. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 86

101 19. SPACE HEATING DEVICES There are a plethora of types of equipment used for space heating internationally and an equally diverse set of energy performance test standards. This reflects differing regional traditions in space heating technology and quite divergent usage patterns. Economies with significant space heating loads (Europe, USA, China and to a lesser extent Japan) have implemented MEPS or mandatory efficiency requirements for major space heating applications. Notably: oil, gas and combi-boilers in the EU; furnaces in the USA; gas boilers and combi-boilers in China. In Europe and the USA whole house heating systems predominate but they vary substantially between the regions because airbased central heating is used in the USA while water-based central heating predominates in Europe. As a result the heating systems are quite different. If individual (as opposed to collective) whole house heating systems are used in China they tend to be water based as in Europe. This is why in both regions combi-boilers that use the same heater to heat sanitary hot water (on one of the water circuits) and water for circulation through radiators in the space heating system (on the other water circuit) are a common solution. The efficiency rating for European Boilers is outlined in the Boiler Efficiency Directive 92/42/EC which distinguishes between three classes of boilers; condensing, low temperature and standard. These are defined by the boiler efficiency directive (94/92/EC) as: Standard boiler : a boiler for which the average water temperature can be restricted by design; Low temperature boiler : a boiler which can work continuously with a water supply temperature of C, possibly producing condensation in certain circumstances, including condensing boilers using liquid fuel; Gas condensing boiler : a boiler designed to condense permanently a large part of the water vapour contained in the combustion gasses. These three classes had a minimum efficiency specified boiler water temperature, within each class a star award system was given for every 3 percentage points that the efficiency was above the minimum this no longer formally exists. The European standards for boilers are given in Net Calorific Values (NCV) and not reported in Gross Calorific Value (GCV) as in other directives (e.g. buildings)/parts of the world. These are defined as: NCV of gas: is the energy created by burning 1m 3 of gas, which is approximately 10kWh. The boiler efficiencies founded on the NCV calculation do not factor the latent heat as does the GCV method and thus efficiencies greater than 100% may be achieved; GCV of gas: is the energy created by burning 1m 3 of gas plus the latent heat of the water vapor produced by the combustion process. It has been estimated that this value is approximately 10% of the NCV of natural gas. This GCV method yields a theoretical boiler efficiency value of 100%. There is significant overlap between the European test standards and a majority of the standards seek to incorporate a minimum energy efficiency requirements outlined by the Boiler Efficiency Directive. The test method used throughout these standards is described and is primarily based on a steady state testing method: The full load efficiency i.e. 100% of the nominal heat input is evaluated with a 60 C to 80 C temperature change, once thermal equilibrium is reached the hot water from the boiler system is placed on a scales for 10 minutes. The following parameters are monitored: o The gas rate Vr(10); o The water quantity before and after m1 and m2 where m=m1-m2; o The cold water inlet (t1) and outlet (t2) temperatures of the boiler; Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 87

102 o o Correction for the heat loss of the test rig Dp; Net Calorific Value of the input gas Hi in MJ/m 3 at 15 C and mbar (dry). The Useful efficiency index for part load is then calculated as: η = 100 (4.186 m (t t ) + D )/(10 V H ) The part load efficiency i.e. 30% of the nominal heat input is evaluated with a 40 C to 60 C or 30 C to 50 C temperature change this can be calculated using the direct or indirect method. They follows similar principles to the full load but have slight test differences based on variances of the test boiler features (e.g. its ability to modulate its burner); The tolerances achieved for full load and part load were close to 2% and 4% respectively; This steady state testing method does not account for the real-life operation of the boiler in terms of cycling; building temperatures, control techniques that are specific to the boilers individual features. The efficiency standards presented in the UK are widely referred to both in the UK and parts of Europe as a progressive measure to identify the most efficient boilers. The Seasonal Efficiency of Domestic Boilers in the UK (SEDBUK) provides an average annual efficiency achieved by boilers operating in typical domestic conditions accounting for usage patterns, climate control, etc. providing results in GCV. The poorest acceptable boiler for SEDBUK has indicated that the boilers must be condensing and have a minimum seasonal efficiency of 86% for all gas-fired boilers. The SEDBUK methodology used to determine the seasonal efficiency values for gas boilers is founded on the test methods outlined by the Boiler Directive to identify the full and part load boiler efficiency and adapted by conducting the following steps: Translate the net calorific values of fuels to GCV use as a multiplier for natural gas or for LPG; Determine if it: o has a pilot light i.e. p=1 if yes and 0 if no; o has a storage combination boiler determine from the test report if store losses are included (b=1 yes included or 0 if not); o has a primary CPSU storage unit then obtain the store volume V; o calculate the standby loss factor L as L = t if the insulation thickness is smaller than 10mm if >10mm then L = t; need to look up the appropriate equation for seasonal efficiency according to the boiler category and calculate the seasonal efficiency E using the gross calorific efficiency values as well as gross calorific value Efull (100%) and Epart (30%) as well as all values found for p,b, V, L. the generic formula is: E = 0. 5 (Efull + Eload) startstoplosses + (standbyfactor b L V) 4 p Essentially the Seasonal Efficiency of a gas fired boiler is the average of the full load and part load efficiencies (on gross calorific value) from which the start-stop-losses are subtracted ranging from 1.7, 2.0 and 2.1 (regular, instantaneous combi and storage combi boilers) for modulating boiler and 2.5, 2.8 and 2.8 (regular, instantaneous combi and storage combi boilers) for an on/off controlled boiler. A gas fired CPSU does not get penalized for control. Often after determining an initial SEDBUK value the efficiencies are adjusted to the boiler features. The standby factor only applies to storage combis (0.209) and CPSUs (0.539). The highest achievable SEDBUK value for gas-fired regular boilers is 91.7% (gas-fired, modulating, no-pilot flame, 101% efficiency in full load and 107% in part load on NCV). Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 88

103 Comparison between US & EU Test Procedures/Systems for Efficiency As identified previously, the United States heating systems are predominantly based on a dry system whereas in Europe the system is a hydronic based system. Although the fundamental fluid in the systems is different the functionality of the boiler equipment and thus test procedures are founded on similar principles. In the US, the American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) set the minimum industry test efficiency standard for boilers (furnaces) and is related to the Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (AFUE) and accounts for different boiler types including condensing and modulating units. The ASHRAE test procedure in place at present (ASHRAE ) uses a similar methodology to the proposed Boiler Cycling methodology in the draft European standard (heating systems in buildings method for calculation of system energy requirements and system efficiencies) the US version is however, a product standard as opposed to a building code thus detailing a difference in the exact values. The Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency calculation (based on the Gross Calorific Value) is thought to provide more realistic performance representation than the steady-state efficiency approach currently employed by Europe. In calculating the AFUE the evaluation of the steady-state efficiency forms part of this calculation, thus allowing the differences between the US and European estimates to be established - it has been reported to be up to % points difference between them. The US Minimum Energy Efficiency Performance Standards (MEEPS) for the gas-fired domestic/commercial purpose boilers is set at a minimum AFUE of 80% and energy star levels at 85% for non-condensing and 95% for condensing boiler systems. Even if these values are translated to NCV (as presented in Europe) the US minimum efficiency values are 10% higher for gas-fired boilers but these aren t necessarily comparable given the fundamental operating fluid system differences between the two continents. In Japan Top Runner requirements apply to certain kinds of space heaters using gas or oil for fuel. Energy consumption efficiency is heat efficiency (%) measured in the manner stipulated by JIS S2122 or JIS S3031. In China MEPS are applied to gas and combi water heaters (i.e. gas and combi-boilers) and are tested under GB , which in turn references JIS ; JIS S China, Europe, Japan and the USA have labelling (in all cases) and efficiency standards (except for Europe, where it is under consideration) for heat-pump space heating equipment. Recommended directions Given the diversity of international space heating technologies and practices applying to space heating equipment as well as the relatively low volume of international trade in space heaters this end-use is not considered to be a strong priority for international test procedure harmonisation, with the exception of air to air heat pumps. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 89

104 20. FANS AND VENTILATORS Ceiling fans are the most commonly regulated type of fan in the major economies, with all economies bar Japan having some kind of regulation or pending regulation. The international test protocol for ceiling fans is: IEC Ed.2 Performance and construction of electric circulating fans and regulators. India has voluntary energy labelling for ceiling fans tested under IS 374: 1979 which is aligned with an earlier version of the IEC standard. China applies MEPS and labelling for ceiling fans and the GB/T standard is harmonised with the IEC standard. The USA also has MEPS for ceiling fans but these are tested according to a test procedure derived through the Energy Star programme. China also applies MEPS and energy labelling for industrial fans which are tested under GB/T ; GB/T These standards are harmonised with the ISO standards ISO Industrial fans -- Performance testing using standardized airways and ISO Industrial fans -- Performance testing in situ. In addition China has MEPS and energy labelling for range hoods & electric ventilation fans, which are tested under GB/T which is harmonised with IEC 60665: In the EU a draft Eco-design implementing measure (MEPS) has been prepared with potential application to comfort fans defined as follows: A comfort fan is an air-moving device intended to locally increase the flow rate of ambient air aiming to increase the personal cooling comfort of persons located within its range. Three types of comfort fans are distinguished: tower fans, ceiling fans and other comfort fans. Tower fan is a fan or fan-assembly with a vertical, rectangular air-outlet with a height/depth ratio of 2 or more. Ceiling fan is a fan or fan-assembly with a designated position on the ceiling. The following definitions apply: Table fan means a propeller bladed appliance intended for a free inlet and a free outlet of air that can be put on a table or bracket mounted for wall or ceiling mounting; Box fan means a propeller bladed appliance with a parallel exterior envelope of air that can be put on a table or on any other horizontal surface; Pedestal fan means a propeller bladed appliance intended for a free inlet and a free outlet of air that is mounted on a pedestal of fixed or variable height; Ceiling fan means a propeller bladed appliance that is provided with a device for suspension from the ceiling of a room so that the blades rotate in an horizontal plane; Tower fan means a tangential (or cross flow) appliance that can be put on a table or bracket mounted for wall or ceiling mounting. The draft MEPS are defined in terms of a minimum acceptable service value measured in units of cubic metres of air flow per minute per input watt i.e. (m3/min)/w to be measured using IEC 60879: 1986 (corr. 1992). The standard also proposes to take account of standby power loads measured by EN 62301:2005 Household Electrical Appliances: Measurement of standby power. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 90

105 Recommended directions Given the high trade volumes, commonality of product designs, relatively strong adhesion to IEC and ISO test methods and the lack of influence of local environmental factors on the most appropriate test method fans appear to be good candidates for international test procedure harmonisation. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 91

106 21. OFFICE EQUIPMENT, ICT AND STANDBY POWER Office equipment Office equipment, including copiers, printers, facsimile machines and similar equipment are commonly found in offices around the world. Despite their relatively high degree of market penetration and the potential for energy savings through better design, few governments are currently have mandatory labelling and standards programs for these products. The exceptions are Japan, who apply Top Runner requirements for The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) has established a joint technical committee JTC 1/SC 28 which is dedicated to office equipment, however none of the test methods maintained by this committee measure the energy-efficiency or some other energy-related performance metric for the equipment. The ISO and IEC collaborate on testing standards for office equipment, but again, none could be located that had an energy-focus. The US and the EU are cooperating around providing an Energy Star label for office equipment. In June 2009, the European Commission (EC) and the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) agreed to establish ambitious new specifications for office equipment under a joint ENERGY STAR program between the U.S. and the European Union (EU). The new criteria became effective in July and are expected to result in over 22 terawatt-hours (TWh) of electricity savings during the next four to six years in the EU. The technical specifications for computers and imaging equipment - printers, copiers, fax machines, multifunctional devices and so on - were developed together with EU member states, the EPA and stakeholders from around the world. Office equipment is recognized as a product that is commonly used around the world, and given that there is very little in the way of testing standards currently adopted, this product may present a good opportunity for harmonization. Further research into the test methods employed is required in order to make a final assessment. In China printers are subject to MEPS and tested under a national test procedure that references IEEE1394; ISO/IEC 28360:2007. The test procedure used for MEPS applied to copiers does not reference any international test procedures. MEPS for fax machines and multi-function devices are under development. ICT Like office equipment ICT appliances (PCs, laptops and monitors) are covered by the International Energy Star agreement between the EU and USA which is also adopted by many other countries including Japan. The products are widely traded, common internationally and used in the same manner internationally so there is a strong rational for harmonised energy performance test procedures. Japan is the only country to regulate computer energy performance (via Top Runner requirements) but China is developing MEPS for computers too and the EU recently completed an Eco-design study for PCs, laptops and monitors that has led to the European industry association EICTA proposing a voluntary agreement on ICT energy efficiency, which is under consideration by the Eco-design regulatory committee. In China computer monitors, which are subject to MEPS, are tested according to GB that does not reference any international standard. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 92

107 Standby power The recent international standard IEC ed Household electrical appliances - Measurement of standby power enables a common approach to be taken to the definition and measurement of standby power internationally and greatly facilitates international harmonisation. It was developed through a broadly based international consensus process and is being widely applied to standby power measurement practice. The major economies have traditionally taken a piecemeal approach to standby power requirements and have generally set specific requirements by product type if they have specified any at all; however, in 2008 the EU became the first economy to adopt broad-based standby power MEPS under the auspices of the Eco-design directive and now a broad range of equipment types are required to meet common standby power limits. The measurement method used is EN 62301:2005 Household Electrical Appliances: Measurement of standby power, which is harmonised with the IEC standard. As a result there are good prospects for harmonised international testing of standby power. Recommended directions All the products considered in this section are widely internationally traded, internationally homogenous, subject to similar usage profiles around the world and have energy use that is insensitive to local environmental differences. They therefore are ideal candidates for internationally harmonised test procedures in principle. Most jurisdictions use Energy Star test procedures for office equipment and ICT, while the new IEC test procedure for standby power has cleared the way for common adoption of this standard and thereby is facilitating a common treatment of standby power energy efficiency. These products and end-uses are thus excellent candidates for harmonised international test standards and are quite advanced in achieving alignment. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 93

108 22. ELECTRIC MOTORS Industrial electric motors are estimated to consume around 40% of all global electricity (about 6000 TWh in 2005) and thereby give rise to some 4400 Mt of CO2 emissions (about 16% of all energy-related emissions). Overall electric-motor driven systems account for 15% of all industrial final energy demand. Electric motors are used in a wide range of industrial applications but also in commercial buildings and appliances. Three-phase induction motors provide the majority of motive power and have full-load efficiency levels (defined as motive power out divided by electric power in) of from 80 to 96% such that the lower efficiency levels are attained at low motive output power, low loads and low rotation speeds. Single-phase induction motors are the most widely used motor type, but only account for about 20% of electricity use and have lower efficiency than three-phase motors. Within any given output power rating there is currently a spread of several percentage points in efficiency between the more and less efficient motors. Despite being slightly more costly to purchase than standard motors, high efficiency motors (HEM) are almost always more cost-effective for endusers because motor energy costs typically account for over 95% of a motors life cycle cost. The internal rate of return from the use of a HEM compared to a standard motor is usually well over 100%. However, there is a tendency in unregulated markets for purchasers to choose motors with a low first cost and to under-invest in high efficiency motors. This occurs because of the existence of a variety of market barriers that include: lack of awareness among motor procurers of savings potentials from the use of more efficient motors company organizational structures which manage the equipment procurement budget separately to the operation and maintenance budget, and the fact that many motors are integrated into equipment produced by OEMs before being sold to the final end-user. As a result several countries, comprising a quarter of the world s population, have adopted minimum energy performance standards (MEPS) for industrial electric motors. Many more are in the process of developing such requirements. The average energy efficiency of new motors in countries applying such MEPS is notably higher than in those without such requirements and the policy instrument has been shown to be practicable to implement and to be a cost effective means of saving energy. It is estimated that were all countries to adopt best practice MEPS for industrial electric motors it would save between 240 and 475 TWh of electricity demand by 2030, giving rise to corresponding savings of from 150 to 300 Mt of CO2 emissions. However, much greater energy and CO2 savings could be realised were electric motor driven systems to be optimised, by better matching of the loads with the motor output power and by more efficient transmissions and drive trains. It is estimated that full optimisation of all electric motor driven systems would save about 25% of total motor electricity demand i.e. ~10% of all global electricity demand. Most of these savings come from dynamic optimisation of the motor output power to the power requirements of the drive train and are largely associated with the use of power control electronics and variable speed drives (inverters); however, many of these systems need to be customised to the application and hence are not simple to stimulate via policy measures. About 3 to 5% of global motor energy use can be saved through the use of high efficiency motors (HEMs). Although more expensive than standard efficiency motors HEMs are highly cost effective for Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 94

109 the large majority of applications and often offer internal rates of return of well over 100%; however, experience has shown that adoption of HEMs is much lower than the economic optimum unless policies are adopted that encourage their adoption. This is due to a variety of market barriers that are unrelated to the suitability of HEMs for motive power tasks. MEPS for motors are applied in China, the EU and USA but not yet in Japan or India. The markets that have such standards, such as the USA and Canada, have significantly greater market share for HEMs than those which currently don t (e.g. Japan). There appears to be a strong argument in favour of introducing such standards in order to accelerate cost-effective energy savings. Nonetheless MEPS that target motors will not capture the largest proportion of the cost effective energy savings which are associated with better matching of input power to dynamic changes in demand for mechanical power via the deployment of power electronics and variable speed drives (VSDs). More complex policy portfolios are likely to be required to accelerate the optimisation of motor driven systems; however, the experience of what blend of measures is likely to work best to achieve this outcome needs much greater analysis and is beyond the scope of this paper. Nonetheless some countries, such as Japan, have achieved relatively high penetration of VSDs in motor driven systems and in part this is likely to be related to the encouragement of industrial energy management practices. The adoption of such practices that will help with the optimisation of a variety of energy using equipment including industrial electric motor driven systems is to be encouraged. Part of this is explicable depending on the boundary conditions applied as there are a very wide range of different applications using electric motors as shown in Figure 5. Electric motors Pumps Drinking Water Water/refrigerant Sewage Oil Rotating machines Closed loop Closed water supply system Heating, cooling and chilling system Pressure sewage system Hydraulik pumps Open pipe Water supply system Irrigation, cooling tower Sewage system Pipeline Fans Air Gas Room air supply and exhaust, blowers Natural gas systems Compressors Refrigerant Air Gas Applications Cooling machines for AC Compressed air storage and commercial freezers, and distribution system, refrigerators and freezers pneumatic systems Liquification systems Rotating/mix/stir Roller, rotors Extruder Textil handling Mixers, stirring Weaving, washing, Solid Metall, stone, plastics Aluminium, plastics drying Food, colour, plastics Liquid Food, colour, plastics Transport People Goods Vehicles Vertical Passenger elevator Goods elevator, cranes, hoists Inclinded Escalator Conveyor Cog wheel train, cable car, ropeway Horizontal Conveyor Conveyor Train, tram, trolley, cars, busses, electric cars, bikes and bicycles Linear motors Open/close Sort Grab & Place Back & forth movement Valve Robot Stepper motor Open/close Position Angular position Valve Servo Figure 5 Applications of all kinds of electric motors (Source: A+B 2009) Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 95

110 When comparing international efficiency levels for electric motors it s important to take into consideration the influence of different power supply frequencies. 60 Hz frequencies are used in grids representing some 38% of the global electricity use with USA, Canada, Mexico, part of Brazil and part of Japan. 50 Hz frequencies are used in networks representing some 62% of the global electricity use, primarily in Europe, Asia (minus part of Japan), Africa, South America (minus part of Brazil), and Australia. An AC induction motor running at 60 Hz instead of 50 Hz turns with a 20% higher rotational speed and thus (with the same torque) with a 20% higher mechanical output. With this higher output the mechanical and electrical losses increase by less than 20%. An efficient 60 Hz motor is generally 0.5% to 2% (depending on size and speed) more efficient than a 50 Hz motor of the same construction and quality. International test standards have been in place for many years but have only recently been adapted to reflect best practice in energy efficiency testing and as a result some economies chose to adopt superior IEEE test procedures. In 2008 a survey of major international electric motor manufacturers, identified non-aligned standards as being the major market barrier to the wider adoption of energy efficient motors. The standard testing method for electric motors in Europe and Asia with 50 Hz frequency grid supply since 1972 was the International Electrotechnical Commission IEC 34-2 Rotating electrical machines Part 2: Methods for determining losses and efficiency of rotating electrical machinery from tests (excluding machines for traction vehicles) (first edition 1972, last update 1997). This method provided only a default 0.5% value for the additional stray load losses, and tended to significantly underestimate the real value, especially for small motor sizes. This lead to the suspicion that motors tested according to this IEC standard were falsely classified from 1% to 3% points better than actual performance. This deviation can amount to a full efficiency class and thus could create an unjustified market advantage. In North America the Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE) introduced the Standard Test Procedure for Polyphase Induction Motors and Generators IEEE 112 (first edition in 1984, last update 2004). It includes a motor efficiency test Method B which delivers a more complete and reliable measure to verify and compare standard, high efficient and premium efficient motors. The method includes an input-output test of an electric motor under laboratory conditions and provides a value for the five major motor losses (including the additional stray load losses) and their total. IEEE 112 B became the more accurate state of the art testing method because it takes stray losses fully into account. In recognition of these issues a new IEC standard was developed. The new standard IEC Efficiency Classes succeeded in harmonising the previously diverging efficiency classes used in Europe (Eff1/Eff2/Eff3), the USA (Epact/NEMA Premium), China (Class 1/2/3) and Australia (MEPS 2002, 2006). As a result of the adoption of the new IEC standard CEMEP has withdrawn its previous EFF Logo. The Voluntary Agreement CEMEP/EU was launched in 1998 and renewed in It defined three motor efficiency classes for low-voltage three-phase motors EFF1, EFF2 and EFF3. From 10 February 2010 new motors, which are placed on the market, are not allowed to use the EFF-trademarks (EFF1, EFF2 and EFF3) anymore. CEMEP recommends using the new efficiency classes of IEC (IEcode). Recommended directions The development and adoption of the new IEC test standard for electric motors is an excellent example of how it is possible to globally harmonise energy performance test procedures when there is Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 96

111 willingness to do so. Most of the major economies are now setting their efficiency requirements in terms of the new standard and there are excellent prospects that this will become a universal energy performance test standard. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 97

112 23. COOKING APPLIANCES There is a wide range of cooking appliances in the world, and whether a government covers and regulates a product generally relates to how prevalent the product is in the market. IEC 60350: Electric cooking ranges, hobs, ovens and grills for household use - Methods for measuring performance IEC 60705: Household microwave ovens Methods for measuring performance IEC 62301: Household electrical appliances - Measurement of standby power In China and Japan, rice cookers are covered and regulated. In China, the test method is based on GB/T and QB/T The standard measures watt-hours and percent efficiency. In Japan, certain electric rice cookers are regulated. The test method is defined within the regulation, and measures the annual energy consumption efficiency (kwh/year) as follows: measured for each of: rice-cooking, keep-warm, timer and standby modes, and each value is multiplied by a coefficient based on the level of usage such as the number of cooking operations carried out per year, and then the resulting values are added together. The test procedures used have similarities but are not harmonised and there is currently no international test protocol. Microwave ovens are a common product considered for regulatory standards around the world. In China, microwave ovens up to 2500 watts and 2450 MHz are covered and regulated. The test procedure in China is GB/T ; GB/T ; and GB/T The proposed test procedures are awaiting approval, and would measure watt-hours and a percent efficiency metric. In Japan, the microwave oven test procedure is defined in the regulation. Japan sets a maximum energy consumption per year (kwh/year) based on the following: measured energy consumption for each of the following functions: oven range function and standby mode, and each value is multiplied by a coefficient based on usage such as the number of heating operations carried out per year, and then the resulting values are added together. In the US, the Department of Energy is currently conducting both a test procedure and an energy conservation standards rulemaking covering several cooking products, including microwave ovens. In the US, other cooking products are being analyzed for regulations, including conventional cooking stoves, conventional cooking tops, and conventional ovens. The test methods for measuring these products is contained or will be contained in Appendix I to Subpart B of Part 430 the Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Conventional Ranges, Conventional Cooking Tops, Conventional Ovens, and Microwave Ovens found at 10 CFR (b). The US is currently working on test procedures and MEPS for microwave ovens and test procedures and MEPS for kitchen ranges and ovens. China also has established regulatory standards on Induction cookers specifically electric induction cookers with input power between 700 and 2800 Watts. The test method used for measuring efficiency is QB/T , and the efficiency metric is measured in percent efficiency. In the EU, cooking appliances are subjected to a mandatory energy labelling requirement (EU Directive: 2002/40/EC). The test method followed for determining the performance of the appliance for the label is EN This test method follows the structure of IEC60350, but has little overlap. In India, the government has a voluntary energy labelling scheme for domestic gas stoves that use liquefied petroleum gas (LPG) being manufactured, imported, or sold in India. The testing standard for determining the label is IS4246:2002, and the measured metric is thermal efficiency. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 98

113 In Japan, gas cooking appliances are regulated, except for certain types, including those that use liquefied petroleum gas, or types such as gas grills and portable gas stoves. The products are tested according to JIS S2103, and manufacturers are required to achieve a fleet average efficiency level for the fiscal year. For gas burner sections, energy consumption efficiency is simply the measured heat efficiency (%) as specified by JIS S2103. For grill sections and oven sections, energy consumption efficiency is gas consumption (Wh) per defined cooking cycle. Due to the variability of covered products between different countries, the disparate test procedures used, and technical issues surrounding practical measurement (e.g., efficiency of a microwave oven in active (cooking) mode), cooking appliances are not a good candidate for harmonization at this time. Recommended directions Much international diversity poor candidates for international harmonisation except microwaves Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 99

114 24. TRANSFORMERS Transformers are used in the transmission and distribution of electricity, where they operate 24 hours a day, 365 days per year. Recognizing this opportunity for energy savings, several countries have moved to establish MEPS and associated testing methods on transformers. In Australia, three-phase and single-phase power distribution transformers 10kVA to 2500kVA with primary voltages up to 24 kv are covered and regulated. The test method for liquid-immersed transformers is AS and the test method for dry-type transformers is AS2735. Both of these test standards are based on IEC standards the liquid-immersed is based on IEC :1993 and the dry-type on IEC Both methods measure and report the percent efficiency of the transformer at 50% of its rated nameplate load. In China, three-phase liquid-filled transformers rated 6kVA to 500kVA are covered and regulated. The test method for measuring their performance is GB and GB These test methods are based on IEC testing standards: IEC :1993, IEC , and IEC 50(421):1990. The rated metric of performance is watts of losses measured as a function of the kva rating of the transformer. In India, liquid-filled and dry-type three-phase and double-wound non-sealed outdoor distribution transformers with kva ratings from 11 to 200 kva are covered and labelled voluntarily. The test methods are IS 1180(Part 1) & (Part 2):1989, which are harmonized with IEC In Japan, the test method for measuring performance of covered transformers is JIS C4304 and JIS C4306. Further research is necessary before it can be determined what these testing standards are based on. In Europe, the Commission initiated its research in 2009 into coverage and regulation of transformers through its EuP process. This program will study international testing regulations and make a recommendation to the Commission when it is completed. In the US, single-phase and three-phase distribution transformers rated 10kVA to 2500 kva with primary voltages up to 35 kv are covered and regulated. The test method used for these products is based on ANSI/IEEE C and ANSI/IEEE C A paper published by Virginia Transformer found that the ANSI/IEEE C57.12 and IEC were broadly similar in their testing approach, specifications and methodology. Recommended directions Transformer test procedures then have very little variation between the standards, and the prospects for harmonization are strong. Further study is required of the exact status of regulatory process in these target countries, and the efficiency metrics being regulated. Consideration must also be paid to different testing requirements associated with 50Hz and 60Hz performance, representing the different operating frequencies of electrical grids. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 100

115 25. COMMERCIAL REFRIGERATION EQUIPMENT Recommended directions Commercial refrigeration equipment can be found in use around the world. Recognising that the performance of this equipment is important, the US, EU and Japanese governments have moved to establish labelling and standards programs to promote more efficiency designs. China and India have not yet acted on these products. The International Organisation for Standardisation (ISO) has established two families of testing standards for measuring the performance of commercial refrigeration equipment: ISO Commercial refrigerated cabinets - Methods of test and ISO Refrigerated display cabinets. It is unknown at this time to what extent the fundamental test methods presented in these ISO standards are used in the development of the national test procedures adopted for the US, EU and Japan. In the US, there are two test methods used for measuring commercial refrigeration equipment: 1) ARI/ANSI Performance Rating of Commercial Refrigerated Display Merchandisers and Storage Cabinets. This standard establishes definitions, test requirements, rating requirements, symbols, minimum data requirements for published ratings, marking and nameplate data and conformance conditions. It enables the measurement and comparison of energy consumption for remote commercial refrigerated display merchandisers; remote commercial refrigerated storage cabinets; self-contained commercial refrigerated display merchandisers; and self-contained commercial refrigerated storage cabinets. The second 2) ANSI/ASHRAE Standard : Method of Testing Commercial Refrigerators and Freezers. This testing standard is the combination of two earlier ANSI/ASHRAE standards and clears up ambiguity on testing, enhances consistency and test standardization, and requires that other tests be conducted for design validation. In the EU an EuP study was conducted to determine whether MEPS should be adopted for commercial refrigeration equipment. At this time, the industry is working cooperatively with the designated authorities in Europe to try and establish an accurate and repeatable test method. Thus, the EU currently does not have a test method in place although a voluntary energy performance and rating standard has been in place for some years. In Japan, the test method used for vending machines is JIS B8561 (2000 & 2007). These are subject to Top Runner efficiency requirements. Other commercial refrigeration equipment, such as refrigerated and frozen-food display cabinets, are not subject to Top Runner standards. Further research must be conducted to determine the commonality between this test standard and that of the ISO. Conclusions While commercial refrigeration equipment is recognized as a product that is commonly used around the world, there are many different types (i.e., DOE identifies over 40 product classes), and thus any harmonized test procedures developed would have to take into account variability in the models across the various markets. Furthermore international trade in this equipment is relatively limited across the major trading nations. In addition, in the course of the European review of test procedures, technical shortcomings were identified in the test method for remote condensing equipment. The US regulatory requirements do not presently address remote compressor/condensing units even though they account for the largest part of the CRE market and energy use in the US. This is partly because of Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 101

116 statutory definitions that limit the scope of the rulemaking to packaged units but is also hindered by technical limitations in the test procedures, thus on the face of it there ought to be good grounds to accelerate international cooperation in developing technically adequate test procedures for at least remote condensing units. Overall, the prospects for international harmonisation of commercial refrigeration equipment are somewhat unclear. On the one-hand the EU appears to be poised to review its test procedures while China, India and Japan have not yet adopted efficiency requirements, and this suggests that there may be an opportunity to encourage the development and adoption of appropriate global test procedures. On the other hand there is only limited activity with these products, the international regulatory and product category picture is confused, and there may be limited interest in supporting globally harmonised efforts. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 102

117 APPENDIX A: SUMMARIES OF CURRENT STANDARDS AND LABELLING REQUIREMENTS AND TEST PROCEDURES Table A-4: Household refrigerators Household Refrigerators (including refrigerator-freezers and freezers unless explicitly stated) Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China Household and similar use MEPS and mandatory and voluntary energy labelling GB/T (GB/T ) GB/T (GB/T ; GB/T ) GB ISO 7371:1995/ Adm.1: 1997 ISO ; ISO 8561:1993/ Amd.1: 1967 Adjusted volume, energy consumption for labelling, must pass performance tests. Energy test at 25 º C ambient. Nine categories of products. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 103

118 Household Refrigerators (including refrigerator-freezers and freezers unless explicitly stated) Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions EU Household and similar use, does not cover beer/wine storage cabinets (these may be labelled voluntarily) nor absorption refrigerators. MEPS (2009) Mandatory labelling (1995, revised 2003) - labelling revision under consideration Eco-labelling EN EN ISO EU Directives: (MEPS) Commission Regulation (EC) No. 643/2009 (Mandatory energy labelling) 2003/66/EC Based on ISO and its predecessors (ISO 7371:1995/ Adm.1: 1997 ISO ; ISO 8561:1993/ Amd.1: 1967) Energy tested at 25 º C ambient. Adjusted volume, energy consumption for labelling, must pass performance tests. Energy test at 25 º C ambient. 10 categories of products plus adjustment factors for frost-free units, ST&T climate classes and built-in units Revision to labelling requirements. Working on IEC global test method. (Eco-labelling) Regulation (EC) No. 1980/2000 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 104

119 Household Refrigerators (including refrigerator-freezers and freezers unless explicitly stated) Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions India (Direct cool) Electric mains powered Direct Cool refrigerating appliance of the vapour compression type intended for household and similar use being manufactures, imported, or sold in India Voluntary labelling. Thresholds become more stringent from Jan AS/NZS4474.1: 1997 with the exception the target temperature for the freezer compartment is - 6 C till further notification Schedule 4 Direct Cool Refrigerator Originally based on US DOE in early 1980 s, some ISO/IEC elements, 32 º C ambient, no door openings, unloaded. Significantly developed and updated Adjusted volume, energy consumption, multiple categories of products, must pass performance tests (operation and pull down). Energy test at 32 º C ambient. Efficiency thresholds became more stringent in 2009 and become more stringent again from 2012 onwards India (Frost-free) Electric mains powered Frost Free (No-Frost) refrigerating appliance of the vapour compression type intended for household and similar use being manufactures, imported, or sold in India Previously voluntary labelling, became mandatory labelling in Thresholds become more stringent from Jan IS 15750:2000 (based on AS/NZS4474.1) Schedule 1 Frost Free (No-Frost) Refrigerator: 2006 Based on AS/NZS4474.1which is originally based on US DOE in early 1980 s, some ISO/IEC elements, 32 º C ambient, no door openings, unloaded. Significantly developed and updated Adjusted volume, energy consumption, multiple categories of products, must pass performance tests (operation and pull down). Energy test at 32 º C ambient. Efficiency thresholds became more stringent in 2009 and become more stringent again from 2012 onwards Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 105

120 Household Refrigerators (including refrigerator-freezers and freezers unless explicitly stated) Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions Japan (Refrigerators) Electric refrigerators including ones combined with a freezer, except the following: 1) ones using thermo-elements, 2) ones produced for industrial use, and 3) absorption type refrigerators. Top Runner requirements and mandatory (binary type) energy label JIS C9801 (2006) Top Runner programme. Manufacturer s products are required to reach a fleet average efficiency level by 2004 and each subsequent FY to 2009; then from 2010 and each subsequent FY. kwh/year expressed as a ratio of a liner function of temperature adjusted storage volume. Energy test at a weighted average of 25 º C and 30 º C ambient. 5 categories of products. Japan (Freezers) Electric freezers excluding the following: 1) ones using thermo-elements, 2) ones produced for industrial use, and 3) absorption type refrigerators. Top Runner requirements and mandatory (binary type) energy label JISC9801 (2006); JIS C9801 (1999) Top Runner programme. Manufacturer s products are required to reach a fleet average efficiency level by 2004 and each subsequent FY to 2009; then from 2010 and each subsequent FY. kwh/year expressed as a ratio of a liner function of temperature adjusted storage volume. Energy test at a weighted average of 25 º C and 30 º C ambient. 3 categories of products from 2010, 2 prior to Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 106

121 Household Refrigerators (including refrigerator-freezers and freezers unless explicitly stated) Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions USA A cabinet designed for the refrigerated storage of food at temperatures above 32 F and below 39 F, configured for general refrigerated food storage, and having a source of refrigeration requiring single phase, alternating current electric energy input only. Mandatory labelling and MEPS Appendix A1 to Subpart B of Part 430 Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Electric Refrigerators and Electric Refrigerator- Freezers 10 CFR (b) TP development work started on August 10, 1982 Adjusted volume (both ft 3 and liters), used in equation to calculate maximum energy use (kwh/yr). 18 categories of products. A final rule determining whether to amend standards for residential refrigerators is due December 31, Table A-2: Clothes washers Clothes washers Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 107

122 Clothes washers Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China Household electric washing machines MEPS and mandatory labelling GB/T ; GB/T ; GB/T GB IEC Reference to US standards nonspecified kwh/kg/cycle EU Household and similar use Mandatory energy labelling (1995), MEPS and revised labelling under consideration EN EU Directives: EUP study completed in 2008 no MEPS imminent (Mandatory Energy labelling) IEC , as amended in 2005 Energy consumption for 60 º C washes (kwh/kg/cycle). Declaration and grading of wash and spin drying performance on label Revision to labelling requirements and introduction of MEPs expected in 2010 Eco-labelling 2003/66/EC 95/12/EC 96/89/EC (Eco-labelling) Regulation (EC) No. 1980/2000 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 108

123 Clothes washers Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions India None None None None None None Japan None None None None None None USA A consumer product designed to clean clothes, utilizing a water solution of soap and/or detergent and mechanical agitation or other movement, and must be one of the following classes: automatic clothes washers, semi-automatic clothes washers, and other clothes washers. MEPS Appendix J1 to Subpart B of Part 430 Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Automatic and Semi-Automatic Clothes Washers 10 CFR (g)(3) [research required, TP development work started on Aug. 27, 1997] Modified energy factor (cu.ft./kwh/cycle) New MEPS effective January 1, CW (Commercial) MEPS final rule due Jan 2010 CW (Residential) MEPS final rule due Dec 2011 CW Test Procedure (standby and off) due June 2010 CW Test Procedure review due March 2011 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 109

124 Clothes dryers Table A-3: Clothes dryers Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China None None None None None None EU Dryers for household and similar use Mandatory energy labelling (1995) EN (Energy labelling) EU Directive: 95/13/EC Based on IEC Energy consumption per kg moisture removed. Must dry in a single setting. EU likely to look to adoption of revised IEC MEPS under consideration EU (Washerdryers) Washer-dryers for household and similar use Mandatory energy labelling (1996) EN EU Directive: (Energy labelling) 96/60/EC Based on IEC60456, IEC61121 Energy metrics for washing and drying None at present India None None None None None None Japan None None None None None None USA a cabinet-like appliance designed to dry fabrics in a tumble-type drum with forced air circulation. MEPS Appendix D to Subpart B of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Clothes Dryers 10 CFR (h)(2) [research required, TP was issued on May 19, 1981; revisions currently underway] Energy factor (lbs/kwh) MEPS final rule update due Jun 2011 Test Procedure (standby and off) due June 2010 Test Procedure review due Jun 2011 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 110

125 Table A-4. Dishwashers Dishwashers Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China None None None None None None EU Household and similar use Mandatory energy labelling (1997) MEPS under consideration EN50242 A2 EN EU Directives: 97/17/EC, 99/9/EC EUP study completed in 2008 no MEPS imminent IEC60436 Ed Energy consumption per place setting. Energy, washing and drying performance declared and graded on energy label EUP study completed which could lead to the Commission proposing MEPS India None None None None None None Japan None None None None None None Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 111

126 Dishwashers Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions USA A cabinet-like appliance which with the aid of water and detergent, washes, rinses, and dries (when a drying process is included) dishware, glassware, eating utensils, and most cooking utensils by chemical, mechanical and/or electrical means and discharges to the plumbing drainage system. MEPS Appendix C to Subpart B of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Dishwashers 10 CFR (f) [research required, TP was issued on Aug 29, 2003; revisions currently underway] Energy factor (cycles/kwh) On or after Jan 2010, DW have a new regulation, based on kwh/yr and gallons of water per cycle. TP for standby and off-mode due March 2011 MEPS revision due Jan 2015 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 112

127 Table A-5. Cooking appliances Cooking appliances Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China (Rice cookers) Electric rice cookers up to 2000W input power MEPS and efficiency grades GB/T QB/T 3899 GB NA Wh and an efficiency metric in % China (Cook-tops and ranges/ ovens) MEPS and mandatory and voluntary energy labelling QB/T ; CCEC/T GB ; GB ; GB NA China (Microwave ovens) Microwave ovens up to 2500W and 2450 MHz. Proposal for MEPS and voluntary energy labelling submitted for approval GB/T ; GB/T ; GB/T CCEC/T NA Wh and an efficiency metric in % Awaiting approval China (Induction cookers) Electric induction cookers with input power between 700 and 2800W MEPS and efficiency grades QB/T GB NA An efficiency measure expressed in % Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 113

128 Cooking appliances Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions EU (Electric ovens) Electric mains operated household electric ovens including ovens being part of larger appliances. Does not apply to portable ovens <18kg. Mandatory energy labelling (2002) EN EU Directive: (Energy labelling) 2002/40/EC Follows structure of IEC60350, but little overlap Energy consumption under standard test procedure, oven cavity volumes EUP study underway which could lead to the Commission proposing MEPS EU (Electric, gas and microwave ovens) Domestic and commercial ovens (electric, gas, and microwave) None NA NA NA NA EUP study underway which could lead to the Commission proposing MEPS India (LPG stoves) Domestic Gas Stoves using Liquefied Petroleum Gas being manufactured, imported, or sold in India Voluntary energy labelling IS 4246: 2002 Schedule 9 - Liquefied Petroleum Gas Stoves of 12/8/2009 NA Thermal efficiency (%) Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 114

129 Cooking appliances Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions Japan (Rice cookers) Electric rice cookers, except the following: 1) ones for industrial use, 2) ones without electronic circuit, and 3) ones whose maximum cooking capacity is less than 0.54 litres. Top Runner requirements and mandatory (binary type) energy label Defined within the regulation Top Runner programme. Manufacturer s products are required to reach a fleet average efficiency level by 2008 onwards NA Energy consumption efficiency is annual energy consumption efficiency (kwh/year) obtained as follows. Energy consumption is first measured for each of: ricecooking, keepwarm, timer and standby modes, and each value is multiplied by a coefficient based on the level of usage such as the number of cooking operations carried out per year, and then the resulting values are added together Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 115

130 Cooking appliances Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions Japan (Gas cooking appliances) Gas cooking appliances, except the following: 1) gas rice cookers, 2) ones for industrial use, 3) ones using gases other than either those of City Gas 13A group or liquefied petroleum gas for fuel, 4) gas grills, 5) gas cooking tables, and 6) portable gas stoves. Top Runner requirements and mandatory (binary type) energy label JIS S2103 Top Runner programme. Manufacturers products are required to reach a fleet average efficiency level by the FY as follows. Burner Section: FY 2006 Grill Section: FY 2008 Oven Section: FY 2008 NA For gas burner sections, energy consumption efficiency is heat efficiency (%) measured as specified by JIS S2103. For grill sections and oven sections, energy consumption efficiency is gas consumption (Wh) per cooking. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 116

131 Cooking appliances Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions Japan (Microwave ovens) Microwave ovens, except the following: 1) ones having gas oven, 2) ones for industrial use, 3) ones whose rated input voltage is exclusive to 200V, 4) ones whose internal height is less than 135 mm, and 5) ones that are incorporated into a system kitchen and the like. Top Runner requirements and mandatory (binary type) energy label Defined within the regulation Top Runner programme. Manufacturer s products are required to reach a fleet average efficiency level by 2008 onwards NA Energy consumption efficiency is annual energy consumption efficiency (kwh/year) obtained as follows. Energy consumption is first measured for each of microwave function, oven range function and standby mode, and each value is multiplied by a coefficient based on usage such as the number of heating operations carried out per year, and then the resulting values are added together Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 117

132 Cooking appliances Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions USA (Cooking products 5 ) Conventional Ranges, Conventional Cooking Tops, Conventional Ovens, and Microwave Ovens MEPS Appendix I to Subpart B of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Conventional Ranges, Conventional Cooking Tops, Conventional Ovens, and Microwave Ovens 10 CFR (b) [research required, TP was issued on Oct 3, 1997; revisions currently underway] Requirement that gas cooking products with an electrical cord have no pilot light. Requirement that products without an electrical cord have no pilot light, effective April Microwave Oven TP and MEPS under development Kitchen ranges and ovens TP and MEPS under development Table A-6. Room air conditioners 5 Cooking Products means consumer products that are used as the major household cooking appliances. They are designed to cook or heat different types of food by one or more of the following sources of heat: gas, electricity, or microwave energy. Each product may consist of a horizontal cooking top containing one or more surface units and/or one or more heating compartments. They must be one of the following classes: conventional ranges, conventional cooking tops, conventional ovens, microwave ovens, microwave/conventional ranges and other cooking products. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 118

133 Room Air Conditioners Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China Fixed speed room air conditioners to 14kW of input power MEPS and mandatory energy labelling GB/T GB/T GB ISO5151 Energy input, energy output and energy efficiency ratio (W/W) at ISO T1 test point China (Variable speed roomair conditioners) Variable speed room air conditioners to 14kW of input power MEPS and mandatory energy labelling GB/T GB JRA Seasonal Energy Efficiency Ratio (SEER) (W/W) China (Multi-split room air conditioners and heat pumps) The minimum allowable values of the IPLV and energy efficiency grades for multi-connected airconditioner (heat pump) unit MEPS plus mandatory and voluntary energy labelling GB/T GB ARI 340/ ; ASHRAE IPLV (integrated part load value) Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 119

134 Room Air Conditioners EU Household and similar use electric vapour compression units under 12kW cooling output. It does not apply to the: air-to-water and water-to-water appliances. Does apply to: split, multi-split, window/wall, single-duct room air conditioners Mandatory energy labelling (2002) Eco-labelling EN EN EN EU Directive: 2002/31/EC (Eco-labelling) Regulation (EC) No. 1980/2000 (for heat pumps only) Almost the same but not fully harmonised with ISO 5151 and ISO for multisplits (permitted tolerances are greater). Cooling capacity and energy measurements are the same as ISO5151 using T1 condition. Cooling output and energy efficiency ratio at T1 test condition. MEPs for residential room conditioning appliances currently under review in EU Include seasonal rating based on ISO simulation approach (defined test points), seasonal based rating system? India single-phase split and unitary air conditioners of the vapour compression type for household use up to a Voluntary energy labelling from 2007 onwards IS 1391 Part 1 and Part 2 with all amendments. Schedule 3 Room Air Conditioners ISO 5151 Rated power (input). 2. Rated capacity (output). 3. Energy Efficiency Ratio (EER) for cooling More stringent label thresholds apply from beginning of 2010 rated cooling capacity of 11 kw and that fall within the scope of IS1391 Part 1 and Part 2, being manufactured, imported, or sold in India. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 120

135 Room Air Conditioners Japan Cooling-cumheating air conditioners and dedicated cooling air conditioners, except the following: 1) ones with cooling capacity of over 28 kw, 2) ones of water-cooling type, 3) ones without compressors, 4) ones using any energy other than electricity as a heat source for heating, 5) ones having temperature control Top Runner standards, mandatory uniform energy labelling, mandatory binary energy label (JIS) B or B8615-2; JISC 9612 (2005), Appendix 3. Top Runner programme. Manufacturer s products are required to reach a fleet average efficiency level by 2007 and each subsequent FY to 2009; then from 2010 and each subsequent FY. Air conditioners whose target fiscal year for attaining a Top Runner efficiency level is 2004 or 2007 EER (W/W) for cooling only units and a weighted average of EER (W/W) and COP (W/W) for reversible heat pumps. Air conditioners whose target fiscal year for attaining a Top Runner efficiency level is 2010 energy efficiency is annual performance factor (APF), which is a numeric value calculated with the method stipulated in JISC 9612 (2005), Appendix 3. function or dust control function for maintenance of machine operations or food hygiene, 6) ones which mainly cool outside air and send it into indoors, 7) spot air conditioners, 8) ones designed for vehicles and other transport, 9) ones having a duct at suction/exhaust outlet of a heatexchanger of an outdoor unit, 10) Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 121 ones having a thermal storage tank dedicated for

136 Room Air Conditioners USA (Room air conditioners) a consumer product, other than a packaged terminal air conditioner, which is powered by a single phase electric current and which is an encased assembly designed as a unit for mounting in a window or through the wall for the purpose of providing delivery of conditioned air to an enclosed space. It includes a prime source of refrigeration and may include a means for ventilating and heating. MEPS Appendix F to Subpart B of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Room Air Conditioners 10 CFR (b) American National Standard (ANS) Z , Room Air Conditioners, sections 4, 5, 6.1, and 6.5, and in American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air Conditioning in Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard 16 69, Method of Testing for Rating Room Air Conditioners. Energy efficiency ratio; 16 categories of product TP for standby and off-mode due June 2010 TP overall due June 2011 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 122

137 Room Air Conditioners USA (Packaged terminal air conditioners and heat pumps) A PTAC means a wall sleeve and a separate un-encased combination of heating and cooling assemblies specified by the builder and intended for mounting through the wall. It includes a prime source of refrigeration, separable outdoor louvers, forced ventilation, and heating availability energy. MEPS Under development Scheduled for 2016 Under development Scheduled for 2016 MEPS due September 2016 Table A-7. Other air conditioners for predominantly domestic use Other Air Conditioners for Predominantly Domestic Use Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China None None None None None None EU None None None None None None India None None None None None None Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 123

138 Other Air Conditioners for Predominantly Domestic Use Japan None None None None None None USA (Central air conditioners and heat pumps) A product, other than a packaged terminal air conditioner, which is powered by single phase electric current, air cooled, rated below 65,000 Btu per hour, not contained within the same cabinet as a furnace, the rated capacity of which is above 225,000 Btu per hour, and is a heat pump or a cooling unit only. MEPS Appendix M to Subpart B of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps 10 CFR (c)(2) [research required, TP was issued on Oct. 11, 2005; revisions currently underway] Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF) TP revision due June 2011 MEPS revision due June 2011 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 124

139 Table A-8. Central air conditioners for predominantly non-domestic use Central Air Conditioners for Predominantly Non-Domestic Use Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China Unitary (Packaged) air conditioners (inc. grades) MEPS and mandatory energy labelling GB/T & GB/T JB/T8072 GB ASHRAE IPLV EU None None except Eurovent operates a voluntary certification scheme NA None NA NA EECAC study completed 2003 India None None None None None None Japan Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 125

140 Central Air Conditioners for Predominantly Non-Domestic Use USA (Central air conditioners and heat pumps) A product, other than a packaged terminal air conditioner, which is powered by single phase electric current, air cooled, rated below 65,000 Btu per hour, not contained within the same cabinet as a furnace, the rated capacity of which is above 225,000 Btu per hour, and is a heat pump or a cooling unit only. MEPS Appendix M to Subpart B of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Central Air Conditioners and Heat Pumps 10 CFR (c)(2) [research required, TP was issued on Oct. 11, 2005; revisions currently underway] Seasonal energy efficiency ratio (SEER) Heating seasonal performance factor (HSPF) TP revision due June 2011 MEPS revision due June 2011 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 126

141 Table A-9. Chillers Chillers Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China Water chillers (inc. grades) Voluntary labelling GB/T ; GB/T ; GB/T GB ASHRAE IPLV EU Liquid-chilling packages using the vapour compression cycle 300kW to 2000kW None except Eurovent operates a voluntary certification scheme NA None ISO PWD ISO PWD NA EECAC study completed 2003 India None None None None None None Japan None None None None None None USA Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 127

142 Table A-10. Commercial refrigeration equipment Commercial Refrigeration Equipment Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China None None None None None None EU (Commercial refrigerators etc) Commercial refrigerators and freezers, including chillers, display cabinets and vending machines Currently under review in EU. Eurovent operate a voluntary certification programme NA None. EUP study completed which could lead to the Commission proposing MEPS NA NA EUP study completed which could lead to the Commission proposing MEPS EU (Commercial Refrigerating and freezing equipment) Refrigerating and Freezing Equipment: Service cabinets, Walk-in cold rooms, Chillers, Ice makers, Ice cream and Milkshake machines None study underway NA None. EUP study underway which could lead to the Commission proposing MEPS NA NA None. EUP study underway which could lead to the Commission proposing MEPS India None None None None None None Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 128

143 Commercial Refrigeration Equipment Japan (Vending machines) Vending machines for canned/bottled beverages, beverages in paper containers, and beverages served in cups, all of which are specified in JIS B8561. However, the following products shall be excluded. Top Runner requirements and mandatory (binary type) energy label JIS B8561 (2000 & 2007) Top Runner programme. Manufacturer s products are required to reach a fleet average efficiency level by 2005 and each subsequent FY to 2011; then from 2012 and each subsequent FY. None 1) Vending machines whose target fiscal year is FY 2005 and each subsequent fiscal year (until FY 2011): Annual energy consumption (kwh/year) measured in accordance with the method specified in JIS 1) ones intended to be used only on ships, 2) ones intended to be used only on railway cars, 3) cup type beverage vending machines that cool beverages (raw materials) by means of electronic cooling (e.g., Peltier cooling), 4) ones of the countertop type, and 5) ones for alcoholic beverages other than beer B8561 (2000). (2) Vending machines whose target fiscal year is FY 2012 and each subsequent fiscal year: Annual energy consumption (kwh/year) measured in accordance with the method specified in JIS B8561 (2007). (including low-malt beer). Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 129

144 Commercial Refrigeration Equipment USA (Commercial refrigeration equipment) Definition provided in footnote 6 10 CFR (b) 10 CFR Subpart C Commercial Refrigerators, Freezers and Refrigerator- Freezers 10 CFR ANSI /AHAM HRF , Energy, Performance and Capacity of Household Refrigerators, Refrigerator- Freezers and Freezers; and ARI Standard , Performance Rating of Commercial Refrigerated Display Merchandisers and Storage Cabinets Maximum daily energy consumption (kilowatt hours per day) MEPS update for CRE due January Commercial refrigerator, freezer, and refrigerator-freezer means refrigeration equipment that (1) Is not a consumer product (as defined in of part 430); (2) Is not designed and marketed exclusively for medical, scientific, or research purposes; (3) Operates at a chilled, frozen, combination chilled and frozen, or variable temperature; (4) Displays or stores merchandise and other perishable materials horizontally, semivertically, or vertically; (5) Has transparent or solid doors, sliding or hinged doors, a combination of hinged, sliding, transparent, or solid doors, or no doors; (6) Is designed for pull-down temperature applications or holding temperature applications; and (7) Is connected to a self-contained condensing unit or to a remote condensing unit. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 130

145 Commercial Refrigeration Equipment USA (Walk-In coolers freezers) and an enclosed storage space refrigerated to temperatures, respectively, above, and at or below 32 degrees Fahrenheit that can be walked into, and has a total chilled storage area of less than 3,000 square feet; however the terms do not include products designed and marketed exclusively for medical, scientific, or research purposes. MEPS 10 CFR Uniform test method for the measurement of energy consumption of walk-in coolers and walk-in freezers. Subpart R Walk-in Coolers and Walk-in Freezers 10 CFR ASTM C ( ASTM C518 ), Standard Test Method for Steady- State Thermal Transmission Properties by Means of the Heat Flow Meter Apparatus, approved May 1, 2004 Design requirements, see 10 CFR Test Procedure update January 2010 MEPS update for January 2012 USA (Refrigerated bottle or canned beverage vending machines) a commercial refrigerator that cools bottled or canned beverages and dispenses the bottled or canned beverages on payment. MEPS 10 CFR Uniform test method for the measurement of energy consumption of refrigerated bottled or canned beverage vending machines. Subpart Q Refrigerated Bottled or Canned Beverage Vending Machines 10 CFR ANSI/ASHRAE Standard , Methods of Testing for Rating Vending Machines for Bottled, Canned, and Other Sealed Beverages. Maximum daily energy consumption (kilowatt hours per day) MEPS update for August 2009 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 131

146 Commercial Refrigeration Equipment USA (Automatic ice makers)) a factory-made assembly (not necessarily shipped in 1 package) that (1) Consists of a condensing unit and ice-making section operating as an integrated unit, with means for making and harvesting ice; and (2) May include means for storing ice, dispensing ice, or storing and dispensing ice. MEPS 10 CFR Uniform test methods for the measurement of energy consumption and water consumption of automatic commercial ice makers. Subpart H Automatic Commercial Ice Makers Energy Conservation Standards 10 CFR (1) Air-Conditioning and Refrigeration Institute (ARI) Standard , Performance Rating of Automatic Commercial Ice- Makers. (2) American National Standards Institute (ANSI)/American Society of Heating, Refrigerating and Air-Conditioning Engineers (ASHRAE) Standard (RA 2005), Methods of Testing Automatic Ice Makers. Maximum energy use (kwh/100 lbs ice) Maximum condenser water use* (gal/100 lbs ice) MEPS update for January 2015 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 132

147 Table A-11. Water heaters Water Heaters Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China (Electric storage water heaters) Household electric storage water heaters MEPS and mandatory and voluntary energy labelling GB ; GB/T GB IEC : 1997 Heat loss per 24 hours China (Electric storage water heaters) Domestic electric storage water heaters MEPS and mandatory energy labelling GB annex GB IEC : 1997 IEC Heat loss per 24 hours China (Solar water heaters) Solar water heaters Voluntary energy labelling GB/T GB/T NA NA China (Residential heat pump water heaters) China (Commercial heat pump water heaters) Residential heat pump water heaters Commercial heat pump water heaters Under development GB/T Under development NA NA Under development GB/T Under development NA NA Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 133

148 Water Heaters China (Gas- water heaters and combiboilers) Domestic gas instantaneous water heaters and gas fired heating and hot water combi-boilers MEPS and mandatory energy labelling GB CJ/T 228 GB JIS JIS S NA EU (Electric storage water heaters) NA None. Energy labelling under consideration pren50440 EN-IEC None. EUP study completed which could lead to the Commission proposing MEPS NA Heat loss per 24 hours EUP study completed which could lead to the Commission proposing MEPS EUP study completed EU (Gas storage and instantaneous water heaters) NA None. EUP study completed EN EN None. EUP study completed which could lead to the Commission proposing MEPS EUP study completed which could lead to the Commission proposing MEPS EU (Gas-fired water heaters) NA None. EUP study completed EN13203: EN13203: None. EUP study completed which could lead to the Commission proposing MEPS EUP study completed which could lead to the Commission proposing MEPS Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 134

149 Water Heaters EU (Solar thermal water heaters) NA None. EUP study completed EN None. EUP study completed which could lead to the Commission proposing MEPS EUP study completed which could lead to the Commission proposing MEPS EU (Gas and oilfired boilers for space heating) Water heaters with outputs in the range 4 to 400 kw. Note, these are for space heating or combiboiler purposes and not principally for sanitary hot water MEPS (1992) EN303 (boilers) EN304 (oil boilers) EN483 (gas boilers type C) EN656, pren13836 (gas boilers type B) EN677 (gas condensing boilers) EU Directive: 92/42/EEC European standards not harmonised with ISO or IEC standards Full and part-load efficiency EUP study completed which could lead to the Commission proposing revised MEPS India Stationary storage type electric water heaters up to a rated capacity of 200 liters being manufactured, imported, or sold in Voluntary energy labelling IS 2082: 1993 (for performance) IS : 1992 (for safety) Schedule-10 Stationary Storage Type Water Heaters IEC & IEC harmonised Heat loss per 24 hours India Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 135

150 Water Heaters Japan (Gas water heaters) Gas water heaters, except the following: 1) ones of water storage type, 2) ones for industrial use, 3) ones using gases other than either those of City Gas 13A group or liquefied petroleum gas for fuel, 4) bathtub water heaters installed inside of a bathroom, having an oxygen depletion safety shut-off device, 5) direct vent type bathtub gas water heaters whose air supply/exhaust outlet is connected to a duct. Top Runner requirements and mandatory (binary type) energy label JIS S2109 Top Runner programme. Manufacturer s products are required to reach a fleet average efficiency level by 2006 and each subsequent FY. For hot water supply sections and bath tub gas water heaters, energy consumption efficiency is heat efficiency (%) measured as specified by JIS S2109. For space heating sections, energy consumption efficiency is heat efficiency (%) when water temperature difference between outward flow and inward flow in a hot water circulation becomes the specified level. For bathtub gas water heaters (with hot water supply functions), energy consumption efficiency is the weighted average value obtained by a 1:3.3 ratio (1 for bath section heat efficiency, 3.3 for hot Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation water Page 136 supply section heat efficiency).

151 Water Heaters Japan (Oil water heaters) Oil water heaters, except the following, 1) bathtub gas water heaters with pottype burners, 2) ones for industrial use, 3) ones having a structure Top Runner requirements and mandatory (binary type) energy label JIS S3031 Top Runner programme. Manufacturer s products are required to reach a fleet average efficiency level by 2006 and each subsequent FY. Heat efficiency (%) for burning firewood, and 4) hot water boilers whose gauge pressure exceeds 0.1 MPa. USA (Water heaters (Residential)) Definition provided in footnote 7 MEPS 10 CFR (b) Appendix E to Subpart B of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Water Heaters 10 CFR (d) Research required Energy factor calculated as a function of volume MEPS due March 2010 TP Standby and Off- Mode March Water heater means a product which utilizes oil, gas, or electricity to heat potable water for use outside the heater upon demand, including (a) Storage type units which heat and store water at a thermostatically controlled temperature, including gas storage water heaters with an input of 75,000 Btu per hour or less, oil storage water heaters with an input of 105,000 Btu per hour or less, and electric storage water heaters with an input of 12 kilowatts or less; (b) Instantaneous type units which heat water but contain no more than one gallon of water per 4,000 Btu per hour of input, including gas instantaneous water heaters with an input of 200,000 Btu per hour or less, oil instantaneous water heaters with an input of 210,000 Btu per hour or less, and electric instantaneous water heaters with an input of 12 kilowatts or less; and (c) Heat pump type units, with a maximum current rating of 24 amperes at a voltage no greater than 250 volts, which are products designed to transfer thermal energy from one temperature level to a higher temperature level for the purpose of heating water, including all ancillary equipment such as fans, storage tanks, pumps, or controls necessary for the device to perform its function. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 137

152 Table A-12. Space heaters Space Heaters Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China (Gas water heaters and combiboilers) Domestic gas instantaneous water heaters and gas fired heating and hot water combi-boilers MEPS and mandatory energy labelling GB CJ/T 228 GB JIS JIS S NA EU (Gas and oilfired boilers for space heating) Water heaters with outputs in the range 4 to 400 kw. Note, these are space heaters or combiboilers MEPS (1992) EN303 (boilers) EN304 (oil boilers) EN483 (gas boilers type C) EN656, pren13836 (gas boilers type B) EN677 (gas condensing boilers) EU Directive: 92/42/EEC European standards not harmonised with ISO or IEC standards Full and part-load efficiency EUP study completed which could lead to the Commission proposing revised MEPS EU (Electric and fossil-fuelled heating equipment) Central heating products using hot air to distribute heat (other than CHP) None. EUP study underway. None. EUP study underway which could lead to the Commission proposing MEPS India None None None None None None Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 138

153 Space Heaters Japan (Space heaters) Space heaters using gas or oil for fuel, except the following: 1) ones of unvented type, 2) ones using gases other than either those of City Gas 13A group or liquefied Top Runner requirements and mandatory (binary type) energy label JIS S2122 or S3031 Top Runner programme. Manufacturer s products are required to reach a fleet average efficiency level by 2006 and each subsequent FY. Heat efficiency (%) petroleum gas for fuel, 3) vented gas space heaters, 4) vented oil space heaters with maximum fuel consumption of over 4.0L/h, and 5) direct vent type oil space heaters with maximum fuel consumption of over 2.75L/h Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 139

154 Space Heaters Japan (Toilet heaters) Warm-water-shower toilet seats and warm toilet seats except the followings: (1) Warm water is supplied from other hot-water supply equipment (centralized hotwater supply system) Top Runner requirements and mandatory (binary type) energy label Defined in the regulation Top Runner programme. Manufacturer s products are required to reach a fleet average efficiency level by 2006 and each subsequent FY to 2011; then from 2012 and each subsequent FY. Annual power consumption (kwh/year) estimated via a duty cycle that ascribes energy use in operating, recovery and standby modes (2) Toilet seats equipped with a warm-water-shower function only (3) Electric toilet seats for caring use, among portable ones (4) Electric toilet seats for the exclusive use on railway cars USA (Direct heating equipment) Research required 10 CFR (b) Research required Research required Research required Research required MEPS due March 2010 TP Standby and Off- Mode March 2010 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 140

155 Space Heaters USA (Pool heaters) an appliance designed for heating nonpotable water contained at atmospheric pressure, including heating water in swimming pools, spas, hot tubs and similar applications. MEPS Appendix P to Subpart B of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Pool Heaters 10 CFR (k) Research required Thermal efficiency (percent) MEPS due March 2010 TP Standby and Off- Mode March 2010 USA (Furnace fans) MEPS Under development Under development n/a n/a MEPS due December 2013 TP due December 2012 USA (Residential furnaces, small furnaces, mobile home furnaces, residential boilers) Definition provided in footnote 8 MEPS Appendix N to Subpart B of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Furnaces and Boilers 10 CFR (e) Research required Annual Fuel Utilization Efficiency (percent) MEPS due May 2011 TP Standby and Off- Mode Sept Furnace means a product which utilizes only single-phase electric current, or single-phase electric current or DC current in conjunction with natural gas, propane, or home heating oil, and which (a) Is designed to be the principal heating source for the living space of a residence; (b) Is not contained within the same cabinet with a central air conditioner whose rated cooling capacity is above 65,000 Btu per hour; (c) Is an electric central furnace, electric boiler, forced-air central furnace, gravity central furnace, or low pressure steam or hot water boiler; and (d) Has a heat input rate of less than 300,000 Btu per hour for electric boilers and low pressure steam or hot water boilers and less than 225,000 Btu per hour for forced-air central furnaces, gravity central furnaces, and electric central furnaces, gravity central furnaces, and electric central furnaces. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 141

156 Table A-13. Fluorescent lamp ballasts Lighting fluorescent lamp ballasts Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China Limited values of energy efficiency and evaluating values of energy conservation of ballasts for tubular fluorescent lamps test procedures vary for electronic and magnetic ballasts MEPS and voluntary energy labelling GB/T GB/T (magnetic ballasts); GB/T ; GB/T ; GB/T ; GB/T (electronic ballasts) GB IEC 60923:2006; IEC 60901:2002; IEC 60921:2002 ANSI C78.389:2004 CAN/CSA-C 654-M 91 (electronic ballasts) Ballast energy efficiency index IEC (magnetic ballasts) EU Ballasts to drive fluorescent lamps MEPS (2010, 2012, 2017) EN EN EU Directive: 2005/32/EC and regulation IEC IEC Ballast energy efficiency index Detailed new regulations come into force /245/EC India None None None None None None Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 142

157 Lighting fluorescent lamp ballasts Japan (see Fluorescent lamps) USA a device which is used to start and operate fluorescent lamps by providing a starting voltage and current and limiting the current during normal operation. MEPS Appendix Q to Subpart B of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts 10 CFR (m) American National Standard Institute (ANSI), titled American National Standard for Fluorescent Lamp Ballasts Method of Measurement, 1984, and designated as ANSI C Ballast Efficacy Factor (BEF) Standby and Offmode TP due September 2009 TP due June 2011 MEPS review due June 2011 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 143

158 Table A-14. Linear fluorescent lamps Linear Fluorescent Lamps Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China Double-capped tubular fluorescent lamps for general lighting service MEPS plus mandatory and voluntary energy labelling GB/T GB IEC Initial efficacy (lm/w) EU Fluorescent lamps (some exceptions but include doublecapped T5, T8, T9, T5 circular; and non- CFLn single capped types) without integrated ballasts MEPS (2010, 2012) EN EN EN EU Directive: 2005/32/EC and regulation 2009/245/EC IEC IEC Efficacy (lm/w) India 4 feet tubular fluorescent lamps with input power up to 40W Voluntary energy labelling IS 2418(Part 1) & (Part 2): 1977 Schedule 2 Tubular Fluorescent Lamps IEC Initial efficacy (lm/w) Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 144

159 Linear Fluorescent Lamps Japan (Fluorescent lighting equipment) Lighting equipment using fluorescent light only as a main light source, except the following: 1) ones of explosionproof type, 2) ones of heat-resistant type, 3) ones of dustproof type, 4) ones of anti-corrosion type, 5) ones designed for vehicles and other transports, and 6) ones using fluorescent Top Runner requirements and mandatory (binary type) energy label JIS C7601 JISC 8105 Top Runner programme. Manufacturer s products are required to reach a fleet average efficiency level by 2005 and each subsequent FY. Energy consumption efficiency is a numeric value expressing total luminous flux measured in the manner stipulated by JIS C7601 and ballast lumen factor and temperature correction factor in lumens divided by power consumption (W) measured in the manner stipulated under the JISC lights of less than 40 watts (excluding pendant and built-in type fluorescent lighting equipments for household and fluorescent desk lamps). Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 145

160 Linear Fluorescent Lamps USA Definition provided in footnote 9 10 CFR (b) Appendix R to Subpart B of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring Average Lamp Efficacy (LE), Color Rendering Index (CRI), and Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) of Electric Lamps 10 CFR (n) Research required Minimum average lamp efficacy (lm/w) and minimum CRI Table A-15. Compact fluorescent lamps Compact Fluorescent Lamps 9 Fluorescent Lamp means a low pressure mercury electric-discharge source in which a fluorescing coating transforms some of the ultraviolet energy generated by the mercury discharge into light, including only the following: (1) Any straight-shaped lamp (commonly referred to as 4-foot medium bipin lamps) with medium bipin bases of nominal overall length of 48 inches and rated wattage of 25 or more; (2) Any U-shaped lamp (commonly referred to as 2-foot U-shaped lamps) with medium bipin bases of nominal overall length between 22 and 25 inches and rated wattage of 25 or more; (3) Any rapid start lamp (commonly referred to as 8-foot high output lamps) with recessed double contact bases of nominal overall length of 96 inches; (4) Any instant start lamp (commonly referred to as 8-foot slimline lamps) with single pin bases of nominal overall length of 96 inches and rated wattage of 52 or more; (5) Any straight-shaped lamp (commonly referred to as 4-foot miniature bipin standard output lamps) with miniature bipin bases of nominal overall length between 45 and 48 inches and rated wattage of 26 or more; and (6) Any straight-shaped lamp (commonly referred to 4-foot miniature bipin high output lamps) with miniature bipin bases of nominal overall length between 45 and 48 inches and rated wattage of 49 or more. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 146

161 Compact Fluorescent Lamps Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China (CFLi) Single-capped fluorescent lamps with integrated ballasts MEPS plus mandatory and voluntary energy labelling GB/T GB (CFLi); IEC 60969:2000 China (CFLn) Single-capped fluorescent lamps MEPS plus mandatory and voluntary energy labelling GB/T GB (CFLn) IEC 60901:2000 EU (CFLn) Single capped fluorescent lamps without integrated ballasts MEPS (2010, 2012) Energy label Not stated MEPS: 2005/32/EC and regulation 2009/245/EC Efficacy (lm/w) Eco-label Energy labelling: 1998/11/EC Eco-labelling Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 147

162 Compact Fluorescent Lamps EU (CFLi) Non-directional household lamps with unique nonefficacy requirements for CFLi MEPS ( ) Energy label Eco-label EN 50285:1999 EN 60969:1993 MEPS: 2005/32/EC and regulation 2009/244/EC Energy labelling: IEC Efficacy (lm/w) but more importantly quality & performance limits for: lifetime, Lamp start time/warm-up time, lumen maintenance, CRI, power factor 6 staged approach: 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, /11/EC Eco-labelling India None None None None None None Japan (see Linear fluorescent lamps) Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 148

163 Compact Fluorescent Lamps USA an integrally ballasted fluorescent lamp with a medium screw base, a rated input voltage range of 115 to 130 volts and which is designed as a direct replacement for a general service incandescent lamp; however, the term does not include [list of exclusions] 10 CFR (b) Appendix W to Subpart B of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Medium Base Compact Fluorescent Lamps 10 CFR (u) DOE's ENERGY STAR Program Requirements for CFLs, Version dated August 9, 2001 Minimum Efficacy, Lumen Maintenance, etc. MEPS review due January 2017 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 149

164 Table A-16. General service and reflector lamps General Service and Reflector Lamps Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China None None NA None NA NA EU (Nondirectional household lamps) Wide range of nondirectional household lamps including both GLS, CFLs and LEDs (with exceptions) Staged withdrawal of GLS lamps, introduction of MEPS for others Energy label EN EN EN EN (MEPS) EU Directive: 2005/32/EC and implementing measures Commission Regulation (EC) No 244/2009, IEC IEC IEC IEC metrics variously apply 6 staged approach: 2009, 2010, 2011, 2012, 2013, 2016 Eco-label (Energy labelling) Directive 98/11/EC (Eco-labelling) Regulation (EC) No. 1980/2000 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 150

165 General Service and Reflector Lamps EU (Directional household lamps) Directional household lamps Currently under review in EU NA None NA NA EUP study underway which could lead to the Commission proposing MEPS India None None None None None None Japan None None None None None None USA (General service incandescent lamps) a standard incandescent or halogen type lamp that is intended for general service applications; has a medium screw base; has a lumen range of not less than 310 lumens and not more than 2,600 lumens; and is capable of being operated at a voltage range at least partially within 110 and 130 volts; however this definition does not apply to the following incandescent lamps [list of 18 types] MEPS Appendix R to Subpart B of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring Average Lamp Efficacy (LE), Color Rendering Index (CRI), and Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) of Electric Lamps 10 CFR (x) Research required Maximum rate wattage and minimum rate lifetime for a lumen range MEPS review due January 2017 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 151

166 General Service and Reflector Lamps USA (General service LEDs and OLEDs) LED means a p-n junction solid state device of which the radiated output, either in the infrared region, the visible region, or the ultraviolet region, is a function of the physical construction, material used, and exciting current of the device. OLED means a thin-film light-emitting device that typically consists of a series of organic layers between 2 electrical contacts (electrodes). MEPS Not started yet Not started yet n/a n/a MEPS due January 2017 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 152

167 General Service and Reflector Lamps USA (Incandescent reflector lamps) any lamp in which light is produced by a filament heated to incandescence by an electric current, which: is not colored or designed for rough or vibration service applications that contains an inner reflective coating on the outer bulb to direct the light; has an R, PAR, ER, BR, BPAR, or similar bulb shapes with an E26 medium screw base; has a rated voltage or voltage range that lies at least partially in the range of 115 and 130 volts; has a diameter that exceeds 2.25 inches; and has a rated wattage that is 40 watts or higher. MEPS Appendix R to Subpart B of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring Average Lamp Efficacy (LE), Color Rendering Index (CRI), and Correlated Color Temperature (CCT) of Electric Lamps 10 CFR (n)(4) and (5) Research required Minimum average lamp efficacy (lm/w) MEPS review due January 2017 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 153

168 Table A-17. High intensity lamps and ballasts High Intensity Lamps and Ballasts Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China (HPS lamps) High pressure sodium lamps MEPS and voluntary energy labels GB/T GB ANSI C Efficacy (lm/w) China (Metal halide lamps) Metal halide lamps from 175W~1500W MEPS and voluntary energy labels GB QB/T2511 GB ANSI ANSLG C Efficacy (lm/w) China (HPS ballasts) High pressure sodium lamp ballasts MEPS and voluntary energy labels GB/T GB IEC 60901:2002 Ballast efficiency factor (W/W) China (Metal halide ballasts) Metal halide lamp ballasts MEPS and voluntary energy labels QB/T GB IEC ANSI C Ballast efficiency factor (W/W) EU (HID lamps) HID lamps (includes single or double ended, HPS, LPS, MH, MV types) MEPS (2010, 2012, 2017) EN (HPS) EN (MH) EU Directive: 2005/32/EC and regulation 2009/245/EC IEC IEC Efficacy (lm/w) Detailed new regulations come into force 2010 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 154

169 High Intensity Lamps and Ballasts EU (HID ballasts) Ballasts to drive HID lamps MEPS (2010, 2012, 2017) EN EU Directive: 2005/32/EC and regulation IEC Ballast energy efficiency index Detailed new regulations come into force /245/EC India None None None None None None Japan None None None None None None USA (Highintensity discharge lamps) MEPS Pending determination Pending determination n/a n/a Determination due June 2010 USA (Metal halide lamp fixture) a light fixture for general lighting application designed to be operated with a metal halide lamp and a ballast for a metal halide lamp. MEPS Under development 10 CFR Based on ANSI C Percent efficiency of the metal halide lamp ballast TP due September 2009 MEPS due January 2012 USA (Mercury vapor lamp ballasts) a device that is designed and marketed to start and operate mercury vapor lamps intended for general illumination by providing the necessary voltage and current. MEPS (Design ban) n/a 10 CFR n/a MV lamp ballasts shall not be manufactured or imported Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 155

170 Table A-18. Other lighting products Other Lighting Products Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions EU (Linear fluorescent lamp luminaires) Linear fluorescent lamp luminaires MEPS (2010, 2012, 2017) EU Directive: 2005/32/EC and regulation 2009/245/EC IEC compatible Power limits based on sum of separate lamp and ballast power limits Detailed new regulations come into force 2010 EU (HID luminaires) HID luminaires MEPS (2010, 2012, 2017) EU Directive: 2005/32/EC and regulation 2009/245/EC IEC compatible Power limits based on sum of separate lamp and ballast power limits Detailed new regulations come into force 2010 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 156

171 Other Lighting Products USA (Ceiling light kits) fan equipment designed to provide light from a ceiling fan that can be (1) Integral, such that the equipment is attached to the ceiling fan prior to the time of retail sale; or (2) Attachable, such that at the time of retail sale the equipment is not physically attached to the ceiling fan, but may be included inside the ceiling fan at the time of sale or sold separately for subsequent attachment to the fan. MEPS Appendix V to Subpart B of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Ceiling Fan Light Kits 10 CFR (s) Requires research Design requirements Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 157

172 Other Lighting Products USA (Exit signs) a sign that (1) Is designed to be permanently fixed in place to identify an exit; and (2) Consists of an electrically powered integral light source that (i) Illuminates the legend EXIT and any directional indicators; and (ii) Provides contrast between the legend, any directional indicators, and the background. MEPS 10 CFR Uniform test method for the measurement of energy consumption of illuminated exit signs. 10 CFR Environmental Protection Agency ENERGY STAR Program Requirements for Exit Signs, Version 2.0 issued January 1, 1999 Maximum watts per face USA (Torchieres) a portable electric lamp with a reflector bowl that directs light upward to give indirect illumination. MEPS n/a (design standard) 10 CFR (t) n/a Maximum wattage consumption, current limiting device Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 158

173 Other Lighting Products USA (Traffic signal modules and pedestrian modules) Pedestrian module means a light signal used to convey movement information to pedestrians. Traffic signal module means a standard 8-inch (200 mm) or 12-inch (300 mm) traffic signal indication that (1) Consists of a light source, a lens, and all other parts necessary for operation; and (2) Communicates movement messages to drivers through red, amber, and green colors. MEPS 10 CFR Uniform test method for the measurement of energy consumption for traffic signal modules and pedestrian modules. 10 CFR (1) Environmental Protection Agency, ENERGY STAR Program Requirements for Traffic Signals, Version 1.1 issued February 4, (2) Institute of Transportation Engineers (ITE), Vehicle Traffic Control Signal Heads: Light Emitting Diode (LED) Circular Signal Supplement, June 27, A nominal wattage and maximum wattage, no greater than Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 159

174 Table A-19. Distribution transformers Distribution transformers Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China Three-phase oilimmersed power distribution transformers 6kVA to 500kVA MEPS GB ; GB 6450 GB IEC IEC IEC 50(421):1990 Losses (%) (W/kWA) EU Distribution transformers EUP study underway NA None IEC60076 (wet) IEC60726 (dry) NA Potential future MEPS under the EUP directive India Oil immersed, naturally air cooled, three phase, and double wound non sealed type outdoor distribution transformers form 11 kva to 200 kva. Voluntary energy labelling IS 1180(Part 1) & (Part 2):1989 Schedule 5 Distribution Transformer Harmonised with IEC Losses (W) as a function of kva Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 160

175 Distribution transformers Japan Transformers that run on alternating current and whose rated primary voltage is over 600V up to 7,000V, except the following: 1) ones using gas for insulation, 2) ones using H type insulation material, 3) ones with Scott connection, 4) ones having 3 or more windings, 5) ones installed on utility poles, 6) single-phase transformers whose Top Runner requirements and mandatory (binary type) energy label JIS C4304 JIS C4306 Top Runner programme. Manufacturer s products are required to reach a fleet average efficiency level by: FY 2006 for Oil-filled transformers, FY 2007 for Molded transformers. Energy consumption efficiency is the total loss (W) acquired through the no-load loss and load loss measured using the method stipulated by JIS C4304 and C4306. rated capacity is up to 5 kva or over 500 kva, 7) triple-phase transformers whose rated capacity is up to 10 kva or over 2,000 kva, 8) triple-phase transformers using resinous insulation material and intended to transform triplephase AC to singlephase AC and triple- Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 161 phase AC, 9) ones whose rated

176 Distribution transformers USA 10 Low-voltage Drytype - a distribution transformer that (1) Has an input voltage of 600 volts or less; (2) Is aircooled; and (3) Does not use oil as a coolant. 10 CFR (b) Appendix A to Subpart K of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Distribution Transformers Subpart K Distribution Transformers 10 CFR (a) [research required, TP was issued on Apr 27, 2006; revisions currently underway] Percent efficiency at 35% of nameplate load 10 Distribution transformer means a transformer that (1) Has an input voltage of 34.5 kv or less; (2) Has an output voltage of 600 V or less; (3) Is rated for operation at a frequency of 60 Hz; and (4) Has a capacity of 10 kva to 2500 kva for liquid-immersed units and 15 kva to 2500 kva for dry-type units; but (5) The term distribution transformer does not include a transformer that is an (i) Autotransformer; (ii) Drive (isolation) transformer; (iii) Grounding transformer; (iv) Machine-tool (control) transformer; (v) Nonventilated transformer; (vi) Rectifier transformer; (vii) Regulating transformer; (viii) Sealed transformer; (ix) Special-impedance transformer; (x) Testing transformer; (xi) Transformer with tap range of 20 percent or more; (xii) Uninterruptible power supply transformer; or (xiii) Welding transformer. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 162

177 Distribution transformers Distribution transformers (defined in footnote below) Medium-voltage Dry-Type (a distribution transformer in which the core and coil assembly is immersed in a gaseous or drycompound insulating medium, and which has a rated primary voltage between 601 V and 34.5 kv.) and Liquid-Immersed (a distribution transformer in which the core and coil assembly is immersed in an insulating liquid.) MEPS Appendix A to Subpart K of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Distribution Transformers Subpart K Distribution Transformers 10 CFR (b) and (c) [research required, TP was issued on Apr 27, 2006; revisions currently underway] Percent efficiency at 50% of nameplate load Review MEPS and publish by October 1, 2011, either: (1) a determination that standards do not need to be amended, or (2) a NOPR proposing amended standards, and a final rule no later than Oct 1, Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 163

178 Table A-20. Electric motors Electric motors Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China (Three-phase electric motors) Small and medium three-phase asynchronous motors from 0.55kW-315kW MEPS plus mandatory and voluntary energy labelling GB/T GB IEC :1972 IEC IEEE 112 Method B Efficiency (%), (output power divided by input power) Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 164

179 Electric motors EU (Three-phase electric motors) Electric single speed, three-phase 50 Hz or 50/60 Hz, squirrel cage induction motor that: has 2 to 6 poles, has a rated voltage of up to 1000 V, has a rated output P N between 0,75 kw and 375 kw, is rated on the basis of continuous duty operation MEPS (2009), from June 2011, motors shall not be less efficient than the IE2 level from January 2015: (i) motors with a rated output of 7,5-375 kw shall not be less efficient than the IE3 efficiency level, as defined in Annex I, point 1, or meet the IE2 efficiency level, as EN EU Directive: 2005/32/EC and implementing measure 2009/640/EC IEC This standard now harmonises the previously different international standards into a single global standard. EN is now harmonised with it. Efficiency (%), (output power divided by input power) as a function of output power. IE2 (from June 2011) MEPS change to IE3 in 2015 with relaxations if VSD fitted defined in Annex I, point 1, and be equipped with a variable speed drive from 1 January 2017: (i) all motors with a rated output of 0, kw shall not be less efficient than the IE3 efficiency level, as defined in Success Annex and CO2 I, point Savings 1, or from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 165 meet the IE2 efficiency level, as

180 Electric motors India Three phase squirrel cage induction motor in 2 Pole and 4 Pole for continuous duty (S1) operation at suitable for voltage and frequency variation as per IS 12615:2004 with the following output rating Voluntary energy labelling IS 12615: 2004; IS: reaffirmed 2002; IS 325: 1996 including all amendments. Schedule 6 Energy Efficient Induction Motors- Three Phase Squirrel Cage IEC IEC Efficiency (%), (output power divided by input power) 0.75 kw, 1.1 kw, 1.5 kw, 2.2 kw, 3.7 kw, 5.5 kw, 7.5 kw, 9.3 kw, 11 kw and 15 kw Japan None None None None None None USA (Electric motors) 1 to 500 horsepower; three phase and three digit frame MEPS Appendix B to Subpart B of Part 431 Uniform Test Method for Measuring Nominal Full Load Efficiency of Electric Motors Subpart B Electric Motors 10 CFR IEEE Standard Test Method B; NEMA Standards Publication MG1; CSA Standard C Test Method (1) Percent efficiency Test Procedure revisions Sept 2010 MEPS revision Dec 2012 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 166

181 Electric motors USA (Small electric motors) a NEMA general purpose alternating current single-speed induction motor, built in a two-digit frame number series in accordance with NEMA Standards Publication MG1 1987, including IEC metric equivalent motors. MEPS 10 CFR Test procedures for the measurement of energy efficiency. [to be determined] IEEE Std , IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Polyphase Induction Motors and Generators; IEEE Std , IEEE Standard Test Procedure for Single-Phase Induction Motors, CSA C747 and CSA C390. Percent efficiency MEPS regulation issued in February 2010 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 167

182 Table A-21. Electric pumps Electric Pumps Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China (Centrifugal pump for fresh water) Centrifugal Pump for Fresh Water MEPS plus voluntary energy labelling GB/T GB ISO 2548:1973 ISO 9908: 1993 EU (Electric pumps) Electric pumps used for clean water duty MEPS (expected 2010) ISO class 2. EU Directive: 2005/32/EC and implementing measure (currently under discussion) ISO Defined by formulae Best in class efficiency label under consideration, Further change in MEPS expected 4 years after introduction (all requirements currently under discussion in EU) EU (Circulators) Impeller pump 1W- 2500W for use in heating or cooling systems MEPS (2013) Fully detailed in the Regulation EU Directive: 2005/32/EC and implementing measure Not known EEI, Fully detailed in the Regulation MEPs change in 2015 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 168

183 Electric Pumps India (Pump sets) Three phase open well submersible pump sets; Three phase submersible pump sets; Three phase Monoset pumps. All having 2 poles. Voluntary energy labelling IS 9079 : 2002 for Electric Mono set pumps for clear, cold water and water supply purposes, IS 8034: 2002 for Submersible pump sets, IS 14220: 1994 Open well submersible pump sets and IS 11346:2004 for testing purposes of the above mentioned pump sets Schedule 7 Pump Sets Overall efficiency of the pump set is including the efficiency factor for induction motors. The overall efficiency is calculated as per IS 14220:1998, IS 8034:2002 and IS 9079: 2002 for pump sets and IS 12615: 2004, IS: , IS 325: 1996 for induction motors Japan None None None None None None USA None None None None None None Table A-22. Electric fans Electric Fans Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 169

184 Electric Fans China (Fans) Electric fans with blade spans of from 200 to 1800mm MEPS plus voluntary energy labelling GB/T GB/T GB ISO ISO m3/(min W) China (Fans - residential) MEPS plus voluntary energy labelling GB/T GB IEC 60879:1986 China (Range hoods and ventilation fans) Range Hoods & Electric Ventilation Fans MEPS plus voluntary energy labelling IEC 60665: 1980 GB/T IEC 60665: 1980 EU (Electric fans) 125W-500kW MEPS (expected 2010) ISO 13348:2006 EU Directive: 2005/32/EC and implementing measure (currently under discussion) ISO 5801,13347 (noise) and 13348:2006 MEL defined by formulae for 8 categories of fans Further change in MEPS expected 2012, 2020 (all requirements currently under discussion in EU) Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 170

185 Electric Fans India (Ceiling fans) ceiling fans covering 1200mm sweep Voluntary labelling energy IS 374: 1979 Schedule 8 Ceiling Fans All ceiling fans covered under this standard shall comply with minimum Air Delivery of 210 cu m/min IEC Test protocol is harmonized with IEC except the air delivery readings are taken up to 15 m/s. The specific values of power input, air delivery and service values are based on the Indian standard since IEC does not specify performance values. Service value as per IS 374:1979 Japan None None None None None None USA (Ceiling fans) a non-portable device that is suspended from a ceiling for circulating air via the rotation of fan blades. MEPS Appendix U to Subpart B of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Ceiling Fans 10 CFR (s) EPA's ENERGY STAR Testing Facility Guidance Manual: Building a Testing Facility and Performing the Solid State Test Method for ENERGY STAR Qualified Ceiling Fans, Version 1.1, December 9, 2002 Design requirements Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 171

186 Table A-23. Standby power, external power supplies and electronics Standby Power, External Power Supplies and Electronics Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China None None None None None None (Standby) EU (Standby) Horizontal requirements applicable to electrical and electronic household and office equipment. MEPS (2009) To be determined by CENELEC EU Directive: 2005/32/EC and implementing measure Not known 1W (reactivation function), 2W (information/status display (can be combined with reactivation function)). MEPs change in 2013 and power management requirements introduced Off or standby mode must be provided India None None None None None None (Standby) Japan None None None None None None (Standby) Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 172

187 Standby Power, External Power Supplies and Electronics USA (Standby) For the US, standby is incorporated into each product s test procedure and is taken into account in each MEPS regulation. MEPS See various product test procedures See various products MEPS Often bespoke, but based on IEC Varies Will continue to be updated and revised, along with TPs and MEPS. China (External Power Supplies) single voltage external AC-DC and AC-AC power supplies MEPS plus voluntary energy labelling GB appendix GB NA EU (External power supplies) Single output (AC or DC) external power supplies with an output power up to 250 W (@<6v, >550ma) MEPS (2009) corresponding to US Federal Regs (2008) To be determined by CENELEC EU Directive: 2005/32/EC and implementing measure Energy Star Measure no load then efficiency at 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% rated output 2 nd stage corresponding to Energy Star Version 2 in 2011 India None None None None None None (External power supplies) Japan None None None None None None (External power supplies) Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 173

188 Standby Power, External Power Supplies and Electronics USA (External power supplies) Class A External Power Supply 11 MEPS Appendix Z to Subpart B of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of External Power Supplies 10 CFR (w) EPA/CEC Test Method for Calculating the Energy Efficiency of Single-Voltage External Ac-Dc and Ac-Ac Power Supplies, August 11, 2004 Measurement of noload mode (in watts) and active mode (in percent efficiency). TP due July 2011 MEPS update due July 2011 USA (External power supplies) Non-Class A External Power Supply MEPS Appendix Z to Subpart B of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of External Power Supplies (No MEPS rulemaking unless Determination is positive) EPA/CEC Test Method for Calculating the Energy Efficiency of Single-Voltage External Ac-Dc and Ac-Ac Power Supplies, August 11, 2004 (No MEPS rulemaking unless Determination is positive) Determination due Dec 2009 TP due July Class A external power supply (1) Means a device that (i) Is designed to convert line voltage AC input into lower voltage AC or DC output; (ii) Is able to convert to only one AC or DC output voltage at a time; (iii) Is sold with, or intended to be used with, a separate end-use product that constitutes the primary load; (iv) Is contained in a separate physical enclosure from the end-use product; (v) Is connected to the end-use product via a removable or hard-wired male/female electrical connection, cable, cord, or other wiring; and (vi) Has nameplate output power that is less than or equal to 250 watts; (2) But, does not include any device that (i) Requires Federal Food and Drug Administration listing and approval as a medical device in accordance with section 513 of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (21 U.S.C. 360(c)); or (ii) Powers the charger of a detachable battery pack or charges the battery of a product that is fully or primarily motor operated. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 174

189 Standby Power, External Power Supplies and Electronics USA (Battery Chargers) A device that charges batteries for consumer products, including battery chargers embedded in other consumer products. MEPS Appendix Y to Subpart B of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Battery Chargers Under development. Under development. Under development. TP due July 2011 MEPS due July 2011 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 175

190 Table A-24. PCs, Monitors and ICT PCs, Monitors and ICT Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China (Computers) Desktop computers and PCs MEPS and voluntary energy label under development NA CCEC/T under development NA NA China (Monitors) Computer monitors (CRTs and LCDs) MEPS plus mandatory and voluntary energy labelling GB annex GB/T GB ; CCEC/T NA Power per unit resolution area(m2nit/w) and luminous efficacy (cd/w) and standby power (W) China (Copiers) Copying machines of less than 16A input current MEPS plus mandatory and voluntary energy labelling GB GB/T GB/T GB NA Typical energy consumption (kwh), defined through a duty cycle of energy use under different modes (off, active, ready, sleep, autooff) and standby power (W) Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 176

191 PCs, Monitors and ICT China (Fax machines) Fax machines MEPS (awaiting adoption) and voluntary energy labelling CCEC/T appendix CCEC/T USB,IEEE1394; ISO/IEC8360:2007 ISO/IEC 10561:1999 Typical energy consumption (kwh) (defined through a duty cycle of energy use under different modes (off, active, ready, sleep, autooff) and standby power (W)) per unit speed China (Printers) Printers MEPS (awaiting adoption) and voluntary energy labelling CCEC/T appendix Awaiting adoption USB, IEEE1394; ISO/IEC 28360:2007 Typical energy consumption (kwh) (defined through a duty cycle of energy use under different modes (off, active, ready, sleep, autooff) and standby power (W)) per unit speed China (MFDs) Multi-function devices Voluntary energy labelling CSC/T NA NA China (Servers) Computer servers Under development Under development Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 177

192 PCs, Monitors and ICT Regulation EU (Imaging equipment) Copiers, faxes, printers, scanners, multifunctional devices Currently under review in EU (EC) No 2422/2001 of the European Parliament and of the Council of 6 November 2001 on a Community energy efficiency labelling programme for office equipment Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 178

193 PCs, Monitors and ICT Regulation (EC) No 2422/2001 of the European Parliament and EU (Computers) Personal computers (desktops and laptops) and computer monitors Currently under review in EU of the Council of 6 November 2001 on a Community energy efficiency labelling programme for office equipment (Eco-labelling) Regulation (EC) No. 1980/2000 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 179

194 PCs, Monitors and ICT Digital central processing units (CPUs) and personal computers (PCs) stipulated by the Japan Standard Commodity Classification, except the following: Top Runner requirements and mandatory (binary type) energy label NA Top Runner programme. Manufacturer s products are required to reach a fleet average efficiency level by 2007 and each subsequent FY. 1) ones whose processing units, main memory units, input/output controllers and power supplies are Japan (Computers) structurally multiplexed, 2) ones whose theoretical operation* is 50,000 MTOPS or more, 3) ones capable of computation using a processing unit composed of over 256 processors, 4) ones with 512 or more NA Value obtained by driving average power consumption (W) in idle state and in low power mode, by theoretical operation (MTOPS). input/output signal transmission channels (limited to those whose maximum data transfer rate is 100 Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 180 megabit or more per second), 5) ones whose theoretical

195 PCs, Monitors and ICT Japan (Magnetic hard disks) Magnetic disk units stipulated by the Japan Standard Commodity Classification, except the following: 1) ones whose memory capacity is less than 1 GB, 2) ones whose disks size is less than 40 mm in diameter, and 3) ones whose maximum data transfer rate is over 70 GB/second Top Runner requirements and mandatory (binary type) energy label NA Top Runner programme. Manufacturer s products are required to reach a fleet average efficiency level by 2007 and each subsequent FY. NA Energy consumption efficiency is a numeric value obtained by dividing power consumption (W) by memory capacity (GB). Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 181

196 PCs, Monitors and ICT Japan (Copiers) Dry process, indirect electrostatic copying machines mainly used at offices, except the following: 1) ones capable of color copying, 2) ones capable of copying onto A2 or larger paper, 3) ones capable of copying 86 sheets or more per minute, 4) ones structurally combined with printing device, and 5) ones structurally combined with facsimile device Top Runner requirements and mandatory (binary type) energy label EnergyStar Top Runner programme. Manufacturer s products are required to reach a fleet average efficiency level by 2006 and each subsequent FY. EnergyStar Energy consumption efficiency E (Wh) is a numeric value calculated with the following formula: E = (A+7_B) / 8. Here, A indicates energy consumption (Wh), which is measured for one hour after the machine is turned on. B indicates energy consumption (Wh), which is measured for another one hour after the measurement of A. USA 10 CFR (b) EnergyStar Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 182

197 Table A-25. TVs and home entertainment equipment TVs and Home Entertainment Equipment Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China (Televisions) Colour televisions MEPS and voluntary energy labelling GB/T GB replaces GB IEC GB/T ; China (Flat screen Televisions) Flat screen televisions (both LCD and Plasma) MEPS and voluntary energy labelling (under development) GB/T 14857; GB/T ; GB ; SJ/T ; SJ/T ; SJ/T ; Under development IEC Energy efficiency index based on a duty cycle that includes the operating efficiency of the screen (cd/w) and standby power W (different thresholds apply for LCD and plasma TVs) compared with an average model SJ/T ; Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 183

198 TVs and Home Entertainment Equipment China (Digital set top boxes) Simple DTA type MEPS under development, voluntary energy labelling Under consideration ISO/IEC : 1996 ITU-TH.262:1995 IEC China (VCRs and DVDs) VCRs and/or DVDs Voluntary energy labelling US EnergyStar, EU Energy Star CCEC/T US EnergyStar, EU Energy Star EU (Televisions) Products designed primarily for the display and reception of Audio visual signals. May include additional components for data storage and/or display Labelling and MEPS (2012) To be determined by CENELEC EU Directive: 2005/32/EC and implementing measure IEC EEI based on energy per screen area MEPs change in 2013/14 and 2017 EU (Digital set top boxes) Digital conversion (simple DTA type) MEPS (2010) To be determined by CENELEC EU Directive: 2005/32/EC and implementing measure Not known Power consumption by standby and active modes Auto shut down from 2011, MEPs change in 2013, complex boxes to be covered at a later date Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 184

199 TVs and Home Entertainment Equipment IEC 62301, Ed 1.0: Household Electrical Appliances Measurement of Colour television including CRT, IS (Part 1):1992 Standby Power India (Televisions) LCD and Plasma technologies being manufactured, imported, or sold in India for household and similar use Voluntary energy labelling IS (Part 2):1997 IEC 62301, Ed 1.0 Draft IEC 62087, Ed 2.0 Schedule-11 Colour Televisions Draft IEC 62087, Ed 2.0: Methods of Measurement for the Power Consumption of Audio, Video and Related Equipment, Section 11, Energy consumption (kwh/year) as a function of screen area Measuring conditions of television sets for On (average) mode. India None None None None None None (Digital set top boxes) Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 185

200 TVs and Home Entertainment Equipment CRT, LCD, or plasma TV sets except: 1) ones for industrial use, 2) CRT sets with a horizontal frequency exceeding 33.8 khz Top Runner requirements and mandatory (binary type) energy label JIS C (1998) for CRT on mode IEC62087 Ed.2.0 for LCD and Plasma TV on mode Top Runner programme. Manufacturer s products are required to reach a fleet average efficiency level by FY 2003 for CRT sets and FY 2008 for LCD and plasma TV sets. Japan (Televisions) supporting multiscanning, 3) ones intended for visitors from overseas, 4) ones of rear projection type, 5) ones of 10 size, 10 V size or less, 6) ones of wireless type, 7) LCD TV sets without direct-viewtype fluorescent-tube backlighting, 8) plasma TV sets having 1080 or more pixels in the vertical direction and IEC62087 Ed.2.0 for LCD and Plasma TV on mode IEC 62087:2008 Energy consumption efficiency is annual energy consumption (kwh/year) that is measured based on the assumption that a TV set operates for 4.5 hours per day and stays in standby mode for the rest 1920 or more pixels in the horizontal direction, and 9) computer displays having TV broadcast receiving function. Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 186

201 TVs and Home Entertainment Equipment Japan (DVD recorders) DVD recorders that run on alternating current, except the followings: 1) ones for industrial use, 2) ones without video cassette recorder (VCR) or magnetic disk unit (HDD), 3) ones having game function, 4) ones having server function, and 5) ones whose laser beam used to write to or read from an optical disc has a wavelength of 600 nanometers or shorter (next generation recording equipment (Blue-ray disk recorders and HD DVD recorders)). Top Runner requirements and mandatory (binary type) energy label Defined in the regulation Top Runner programme. Manufacturer s products are required to reach a fleet average efficiency level by a target FY as follows. (1) Non DTB ([Digital Terrestrial Broadcasting) capable DVD recorders: FY 2008 and each subsequent fiscal year (2) DTB-capable DVD recorders: FY 2010 and each subsequent fiscal year None Energy consumption efficiency is annual energy consumption (kwh/year) obtained as follows. First, each of standby power, power consumption when operating DVD, VCR or HDD, and power consumption when acquiring EPG (electronic program guide) is multiplied by respective annual standby/operation hours, and then the resulting values are added together to obtain annual energy consumption Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 187

202 TVs and Home Entertainment Equipment Japan (VCRs) Video cassette recorders that run on alternating current, except the following: 1) ones for industrial use, 2) ones that process electronic audio and video signals in digital form, 3) ones that process electronic signals with 1,125 or more scanning lines, 4) ones structurally equipped only with playback functions, and 5) ones having built-in digital broadcasting receivers Top Runner requirements and mandatory (binary type) energy label Defined in the regulation Top Runner programme. Manufacturer s products are required to reach a fleet average efficiency level by 2003 and each subsequent FY. None Energy consumption efficiency is a numeric value obtained as follows. First, the difference in standby power (W) between with (clock, etc.) display ON and OFF is multiplied by 0.2, and then the result is subtracted from standby power with (clock, etc.) display ON to obtain energy consumption efficiency USA 10 CFR (b) (Televisions) USA (Digital set top boxes) Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 188

203 Table A-26. Other products Other Products Economy/ Product Scope Program Test Method Regulation Test Method Origin (harmonisation) Energy Efficiency Metric Future Directions China (Air compressors) Displacement air compressors MEPS and voluntary energy labelling GB/T GB GB ISO 1217:1996 NA China (Irons) Electric irons MEPS GB ; GB NA China (Radios) China (Showerheads) Radio Receiver/Recorder Showerheads MEPS GB NA Voluntary energy labelling China (Water dispensers) Water dispensers MEPS (under development); Mandatory and voluntary energy labelling CSC/T appendix CSC/T Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 189

204 Other Products China (AC contactors) EU (Industrial and laboratory furnaces and ovens) EU (Machine tools) EU (Network, data processing and data storing equipment) EU (Sound and imaging equipment) MEPS and mandatory energy labelling *Currently on EU indicative list working plan *Currently on EU indicative list working plan *Currently on EU indicative list working plan *Currently on EU indicative list working plan GB GB Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 190

205 Other Products EU (Water-using equipment) *Currently on EU indicative list working plan USA (Dehumidifier) a self-contained, electrically operated, and mechanically refrigerated encased assembly consisting of (1) A refrigerated surface (evaporator) that condenses moisture from the atmosphere; (2) A refrigerating system, including an electric motor; (3) An aircirculating fan; and (4) Means for collecting or disposing of the condensate. MEPS Appendix X to Subpart B of Part Uniform Test Method for Measuring the Energy Consumption of Dehumidifiers 10 CFR (v) Section 4, Test Criteria, of EPA's ENERGY STAR Program Requirements for Dehumidifiers, effective January 1, 2001 Minimum energy factor (liters/kwh) New MEPS standard becomes applicable on Oct Test Procedure for dehumidifier standby and offmode due Mar * These product areas may be further subdivided when the EC initiates preparatory studies Success and CO2 Savings from Appliance Energy Efficiency Harmonisation Page 191