Objectives, motivations and strategies of ecological restoration
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1 Objectives, motivations and strategies of ecological restoration James Aronson (CEFE / CNRS, Montpellier, France) CENTRE D ECOLOGIE FONCTIONNELLE & EVOLUTIVE CENTRE NATIONAL DE LA RECHERCHE SCIENTIFIQUE
2 Definición (Soc. Ecological Restoration International, Procesos de ayudar a la autoreparación de un ecosistema que ha sido degradado, dañado o destruido. (Mediterranean Socio-ecosystems
3 La restauration écologique : le processus d assister l auto-regénération des écosystèmes qui ont été dégradés, endommagés ou détruits. ( 2002)
4 Ecological restoration : the process of assisting the recovery of ecosystems that have been degraded, damaged or destroyed. ( 2002) Rehabilitation focuses on processes, functions; Restoration aims at restoring content (biodiversity) as well as processes.
5 L Homme peut-il refaire ce qu il a défait? Quelles références? Quels niveaux écologiques parcelle (m²), rive (km), bassin versant ou paysage (km²), écoregion, biosphère,.?
6 Les piliers I. Concepts, objectifs, modèles II. Outils de travail biologique et mécanique III. Méthodes d évaluation et de suivi de systèmes entiers et ouverts IV. Intégration, Cooperation,
7 WHY Restore? Approach-A: Recover a certain authenticity historical or natural. Drivers basically spiritual, cultural, aesthetic, pacific, etc.
8 (Source: Hobbs & Norton, 1996) Level of complexity/function Degraded state Desired state Continued decline Alternative states Subsequent decline Stays the same Time
9 Level of complexity (Natural Capital Value) NATURAL CAPITAL Original ecosystem Degraded state? After Hobbs & Norton (1996)? Rehabilitation Most biologically complex Restoration Rehabilitation Desired trajectory Subsequent Decline (failure) Continued decline Alternative states trajectories Stays the same Time (Aronson & Milton, in press)
10 Approach WHY Restore?? B: Preserve or even augment renewable natural capital, i.e., goods and services of natural and socio-ecological systems on which we all depend. >> Drivers pragmatic & idealistic, varying among cultures.
11 economic social Restoration of degraded ecosystems ecologic cultural (Jackson et al., 1995; Higgs, 1997)
12 RESTORING NATURAL CAPITAL: AN ECOLOGY/ECONOMICS CONSILIENCE PLATFORM J. Aronson, J. Blignaut, A. Clewell and R. Costanza
13 Ecosystems (incl. biodiv.) can also be called Natural Capital. Natural goods and services represent the interest (= flows) earned on Natural Capital (= stock).
14 NORTH Exporters of technology and manufactured goods. Exporters of economic models Colonizers of southern lands; old rich millions. High per-capita consumption; generators of greenhouse gas. Theory-driven research; scientific knowledge. Biodiversity poor. ECONOMIC DIVIDE Exporters of raw materials. Importers of economic development models Formerly colonized; young poor billions. Low per-capital consumption; recipients of climate change. Traditional knowledge and action-driven research. Biodiversity rich. SOUTH Aronson & Milton, in prep; modified from Kates et al. (2001).
15 Les piliers I. Concepts, objectifs, modèles II. Outils de travail biologique et mécanique III. Méthodes d évaluation et de suivi de systèmes entiers et ouverts IV. Intégration, Cooperation,
16 (Harris & Van Diggelen, 2005; Whisenant 1999) Abiotic Biotic Fullyfunctional Requires Physical Modification Requires Biological Modification Requires Improved Management 1 Ecosystem Attribute Reclamation Restoration Non-functional Degraded ECOSYSTEM STATE Intact
17 * Plantations multi-strate vs. mono-strate * Espèces «natives» vs. espèces introduites
18 Landscape perspective LAMB, TONGWAY, LUDWIG,.
19 RESTORATION Active management Intact (original) ecosystem Disturbance & transformation Emerging alternative ecosystem Prolonged and/or intensive disturbance & transformation Simplified ecosystem Local spp. Alien spp. Reintroduction of plants Reactivation of processes SETTING GOALS Future dynamics?? Value of ecosystem goods & services Slowly emerging ecosystem of some sort Degraded condition and loss of function Do nothing REHABILITATION LAND USE CHANGE (REALLOCATION) Transformed ecosystem Desertified system??? Cost of RNC Abandonment Aronson & Milton, in press
20 Source: Blondel & Aronson, 1999 INCREASING BIODIVERSITY INCREASING IMPORTANCE OF HUMAN DETERMINANTS
21 Some successional pathways in eastern Spain Dashed lines represent slow or rare pathways. (Vallejo, Aronson, Pausas & Cortina, 2005) Oak forest Biomass (Mg ha -1 ) Pine woodland Ulex shrubland Garrigue 20 Sward Species richness (100 m 2 )
22 Emerging ecosystems? Emerging ecosystems? "Wild" Intensive agriculture Degradation Invasion Abandonment R. Hobbs et al. (in review)
23 VALUE ($) TIME (Years) CONSUMPTION BIOL. INVASIONS TOURISM WARM ING V o SCIENCE (Figueroa, Aronson, Milton, in review) t 1 A B C??? RECREATION EXTRACTION CULTURE EM ERGING ECOSYSTEM POLLUTION POLITICS POPULATION SURPRISES AGRICULTURE WASTE t o BUILDING
24 Références.historiques et autres A fundamental aspect of ecosystem restoration is learning how to discover the past and bring it forward into the present. Egan & Howell (2001) The Historical Ecology Handbook: A Guide for Restorationists
25 Brusquet Valley, southern France, before and after a RTM project (Restauration de Terres de Montagne (1877) and a century later (1995) (photos: D. Vallauri WWF-France)
26 ? Which reference system?
27 Four types of ecological references (White & Walker 1997) Different place, same time (refuges) Same time, different time (archeology) Different place, different time Same place, same time (auto référence)
28 Reference dynamics: Reconstructing ecological processes to restore natural variability Don Falk Laboratory of Tree-Ring Research University of Arizona Tucson, Arizona, USA
29 (Source: Aronson & Van Andel, in press)?????? Natural capital Reference C Reference B Reference A A B C TIME Initiation of restoration
30 Biosphere Protection Sustainable use Natural capital persistence Restoration Milton and Aronson in review. Restoring Natural Capital: Views from the South. Island Press.
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