Data Mining and Data Warehousing Henryk Maciejewski Data Warehousing and OLAP
|
|
- Charlene Russell
- 8 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Data Mining and Data Warehousing Henryk Maciejewski Data Warehousing and OLAP
2 Part II Data Warehousing Contents OLAP Approach to Data Analysis Database for OLAP = Data Warehouse Logical model Physical models (ROLAP, MOLAP, HOLAP) Querying multidimensional data DW project methodologies
3 Further Reading J. Han, M. Kamber, Data Mining: Concepts and Techniques, Second Edition, Elsevier W. Inmon: Building the data warehouse, Wiley F. Silvers: Building and maintaining a data warehouse, CRC Press
4 From DBMS to Analytical Systems... The 1960s: first IT systems The 1970s: DBMS systems On-line transactional processing systems (OLTP) The 1990s: On-line analytical processing (OLAP), data warehousing, data mining Business Intelligence (BI), DSS
5 IT Systems Generate Data Deluge IT Systems in: Retail trade bar codes, credit cards, Banking, insurance, telecoms, healthcare, etc. etc. Science (biology, weather/earth monitoring, sky surveys,...) Data Deluge WalMart: 20 million transactions per day Mobil: ca. 100 TB of data (exploration of oil reserves) Human Genome Project: ~GB of data NASA Earth Observing System: 50 GB per hour (!) DISS solar energy plant monitoring: ~ 800 numbers / 5 secs
6 How to Get Information out of Data Efficient technologies available to gather and store data Simple approaches to data analysis prove inefficient Spreadsheet based, SQL query based,... Technologies + tools needed for efficient data analysis / knowledge extraction from data Hence OLAP, KDD (Knowledge Discovery in Databases), DM emerged Information data in context; data that have meaning, relevance and purpose
7 Various Approaches to Data Analysis Discovering relationships in data E.g., Customer profiles, Models to assess credit risk, etc. Data Mining Data Warehouse / OLAP SQL Multidimensional data model: y(w 1,w 2,...w n ) Database for OLAP Integrated data (ETL Extract-Transform-Load) SQL queries to raw data
8 Data Analysis Techniques SQL Queries Data source SQL Data source SQL Report Cross-sectional question Data source SQL Programmer DB admin generates an SQL program Drawbacks: Considerable coding effort Heavy load on OLTP servers Multiple versions of the truth
9 Data Warehouse (W. Inmon 1992) Source data Source data Data Warehouse Data Mart Source data Specific structure of database optimized for OLAP OLAP / DSS (MDDB, snowflake, star schema, ROLAP, MOLAP, HOLAP) ETL: Data access Data integration (cleaning, transformation)
10 Why OLAP Technology is Becoming Indispensable Getting information of out historical data Integration of data sources in the enterprise Cross-sectional analyses of enterprise data discovering relationships / patterns in large amounts of data trend analysis data mining
11 OLAP/Data Warehouse Key Data organization Design Issues Multidimensional data model (facts seen as a function of dimensions) Physical data storage that allows for fast (online) analysis of vast data volumes Data integration Ensure high quality of analytical data Taming the data chaos Single version of the truth
12 OLAP vs. OLTP Different Applications and Data Model OLTP operational data automation of day-to-day operations of organization: phone-call billing, orders / invoices processing, banking / credit card transactions, etc., etc. OLAP analytical data getting information for decision support Who are our best customers (characteristics)? Churn analysis How does increase in sales correlate with quality of service?
13 OLAP vs. OLTP Summary Problem OLTP OLAP Main applications Time horizon for data retention Automation of operations of organization: - entering data on routine day-to-day transactions - fixed structure reports / summaries created on regular basis (daily, monthly, etc.) Usually short term (90 days, 1 year) Decision support - multidimensional statistical analyses, forecasting, ad hoc queries, - advanced reporting Long term data retention, to support historic data analyses, comparative reports, trend analysis over time Data updates On the fly, during individual transaction Static data, updated on regular basis (e.g., monthly), data collected over time (time-stamped) Data access Frequent access to small portions of data (a few or tens of records) Simple, well structured queries Rare access involving large amounts of data Complex queries, ad-hoc
14 Schedule OLAP Approach to data analysis OLAP vs OLTP OLAP data integration Database for OLAP = Data Warehouse Logical data model multidimensionality Physical data models (ROLAP, MOLAP, HOLAP)
15 Data chaos Why it is Hard to Run Analytics Based on OLTP Main obstacles for building successful OLAP on top of transactional data: Data awareness Data understanding Data variability Data redundancy (and hence consistency) Data islands in disparate transactional systems
16 Data Chaos Example Faculty of EE Teachers DB Notes DB Courses DB Tutors DB Faculty of Architecture Exam results DB Problems / difficulties: how to find data how to extract data understand the meaning clean the data Recruitment DB Courses DB Data warehouse
17 Business Intelligence Based on How to get to the data in the DB? How to locate the right table / column? How to understand the meaning of the data? How to clean the data? OLTP? 17
18 Dedicated System for BI (OLAP) ETL (Extract Transform Load) Connect to source DB Integrate / clean Transform to the multidimensional model Multidimensional model of data (facts vs. dimensions)
19 Example: Multidimensional Model Cubes: Over-hours Availability Fuel consumption
20 Example: ETL Process ETL for the cube Availability
21 Data Warehouse Definition Date Warehouse subject-oriented, integrated, time-varying, non-volatile collection of data that is used primarily in organizational decision making. Subject oriented data is organized around subjects of interest to data analyst (e.g., customer, product, supplier); transactional systems are process-oriented (e.g., order processing). Integrated data warehouse integrates data from several data sources; data characteristics (attributes) must be coded in a consistent way (e.g., consistent coding of SEX ( male - female, m - f, 0-1)). Non-volatile data loaded into data warehouse is a snapshot of operational data at a specific point in time; once loaded, data in warehouse cannot be changed. Time-varying data elements in warehouse are time-stamped to facilitate analysis of changes / trends over time.
22 Summary of This Part Concept of OLTP and OLAP Different use, different requirements for Data organization (data model) Database design Need for data integration Overcoming data chaos Ensuring high quality of analytical data in warehouse
23 Example: OLAP for Student Notes 23
24 Example: OLAP for Student Notes
25 Example: OLAP for Student Notes
26 Example: IBM Tivoli Monitoring Data Monitoring agents keep 24 h detailed data Data Warehouse aggregated, timestamped data drawn from agents Warehouse
27 Example: IBM Tivoli Monitoring Data Warehouse Agent Monitoring Agent for Windows OS Monitoring Agent for UNIX Monitoring Agent for Linux Monitoring Agent for DB2 Default attribute group Network_Interface NT_Processor NT_Logical_Disk NT_Memory NT_Physical_Disk NT_Server NT_System Disk System Linux_CPU Linux_CPU_Averages Linux_CPU_Config Linux_Disk Linux_Disk_IO Linux_Disk_Usage_Trends Linux_IO_Ext Linux_Network Linux_NFS_Statistics KUDDBASEGROUP00 KUDDBASEGROUP01 KUDBUFFERPOOL00 KUDINFO00 KUDTABSPACE
28 Schedule Multidimensional Model of OLAP Data Why OLAP Doesn t Like Normalized DB Relational OLAP (ROLAP) Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP) Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP)
29 OLAP: Multidimensional Model of Data OLAP = multidimensional analysis of data Multidimensional model of data: Measure as a value in multidimensional space of dimensions Numeric measures objects of analysis, also referred to as facts Dimensions variables on which the measure depends / that uniquely determine the measure E.g., measure: sales [$] dimensions: product, shop, date
30 OLAP: Multidimensional Model of Data Dimension hierarchies, e.g., Geographical hierarchy: shop city region country Time hierarchy: day of week week month year Product hierarchy: item type group
31 Example Model Built in Lab Multidimensional model for analysis of students notes: Measure: Student s grade (note) Dimensions: Characteristics of students Characteristics of teachers Characteristics of courses (group of courses, type of courses, etc.) Time hierarchy: calendar semester year Workload of students / teachers, etc. Various statistics will be of interest, e.g., average grade, number of grades, std deviation, distribution,...
32 Useful Concepts Aggregation: e.g., computing total sales by year based on more detailed data Drill-down: create more detailed view (i.e., decrease level of aggregation) Rollup: increase level of aggregation Slice-and-dice: reduce dimensionality of data: fix values of some dimensions and observe how data depends on the remaining dimensions
33 Schedule Multidimensional Model of OLAP Data Why OLAP Doesn t Like Normalized DB Relational OLAP (ROLAP) Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP) Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP)
34 Normalized DB (a Reminder) Database design for OLTP uses Entity Relationship diagrams and normalization techniques Normalized DB: No data redundancy Many tables with many-to-one relationships Optimized for easy / fast updates of data Efficient for constantly changing data Efficient for OLTP
35 Normalized DB - Example Contact Product Product ID Product name Product type... Order item Order ID Order item ID Product ID Quantity Task answer the following OLAP query: Shipment Shipment ID Status Order ID Order item ID Customer ID Order Order ID Customer ID Order date Sales rep ID Customer Customer ID Customer name Address City... Sales rep Sales rep ID Sales rep name District ID Contact ID Customer ID Contact name Contact type District District ID District name manager Which products were sold to a particular group of customers within specified time frame?
36 Normalized DB Problems with OLAP Queries Many join operations on tables low efficiency of SQL queries Circular join paths a query can be answered in two different ways different results possible Complicated database scheme SQL code difficult to build / maintain
37 OLAP: Requirements for Database Design Simplicity of database scheme Efficiency of multidimensional queries Consistency and accuracy of data Database schemes to meet these requirements Relational OLAP (ROLAP) Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP) Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP)
38 Schedule Multidimensional Model of OLAP Data Why OLAP Doesn t Like Normalized DB Relational OLAP (ROLAP) Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP) Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP)
39 Relational OLAP Warehouse data stored using a relational database server Multidimensional data model represented by a star-schema database or snowflake-schema database Star schema: Single fact table Single table for each dimension A fact table entry consist of: Aggregate value of the measure Foreign keys to dimension tables (composite key of the fact table)
40 Relational OLAP Warehouse data stored using a relational database server Multidimensional data model represented by a star-schema database or snowflake-schema database Snowflake schema: Variant of star schema with (some) dimension tables normalized (for easier maintenance of dimension data)
41 Example Star Schema Sales person Sales person ID Name Region Division Office Date Date ID Date Year Month Day Sales (fact table) Sales person ID Product ID Date ID Customer ID Number sold amount Product Customer Customer ID Name Sex Age Job name Product ID Prod code Prod name Prod type Prod category
42 Sales person Sales person ID Name Region Division Office Date Date ID Sales (fact table) Sales person ID Product ID Date ID Customer ID Number sold amount Example Snowflake Schema Customer Product Customer ID Product ID Prod code Prod name Prod type Prod category Job Code Date Year Month Day Name Sex Age Job ID Job ID Job name Job category
43 ROLAP Example of OLAP Query OLAP query: How many products were sold to a specific group of customers in a given time frame? Translates into the following SQL query: select sum(number_sold) as number_sold from fact_sales a, dimension_date b, dimension_customer c where b.date = 21jan2001 d and c.sex = F and a.dateid = b.dateid and a.customerid = c.customerid ;
44 Schedule Multidimensional Model of OLAP Data Why OLAP Doesn t Like Normalized DB Relational OLAP (ROLAP) Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP) Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP)
45 Multidimensional OLAP Warehouse data stored in a multidimensional database (MDDB) MDDB Specialized storage facility that directly reflects multidimensional model of data MDDB can be viewed as an N-dimensional (hyper)cube in which values of numerical measure (object of analysis) are stored Data stored in MDDB is presummarized, i.e., values stored in cross sections of dimensions have been aggregated at the MDDB build time (thus performance of multidimensional (OLAP) queries is high)
46 MDDB Idea Sample base table: Analysis variable (fact): note Classification variables (dimensions): attributes of students, attributes of teachers, semester, year, faculty, etc.
47 MDDB Idea select sum(note) as SUM, count(*) as N, spec, semester, year from base_table where spec='inf and semester=8 and year=2001 group by spec, semester, year
48 MDDB Data Aggregation Each crossing of the cube contains specified statistics for the analysis variable(s) Distributive measures can be stored in cube, such as N, SUM, SUMWGT, UWSUM, NMISS, USS, MIN, MAX Algebraic measures can be computed from stored measures, such as AVG=SUM/N
49 MDDB Data Aggregation Problem with holistic measures, ie. measures for which no algebraic aggregate function exists. E.g., MEDIAN In large cube applications approximate values of holistic measures are computed using algebraic measures
50 Cubes and Subcubes OLAP queries related to a subset of dimensions Result is aggregated at query time from the NWAY cube E.g., report on sales of all products over subsequent years sum for all products and all months needs to be computed at run time If there are many dimensions with high cardinality, this can be lengthy Subcubes are used to speed up performance for queries (related to subsets of dimensions) that users are likely to ask most frequently
51 Which Subcubes to Store? Idea: find categories which will be used most frequently, with smallest cardinality Starnet (spiral) model: put categories in ascending order of cardinality Draw spiral starting with YEAR (most frequent use anticipated, lowest cardinality) lists of categories = subcubes YEAR SECTOR REGION GRP_SUPP MONTH GRP SHOP SUPPLIER FAMILY DAY ARTICLE YEAR SECTOR REGION GRP_SUPP MONTH GRP SHOP SUPPLIER FAMILY DAY... YEAR SECTOR YEAR
52 Example: Building MDDB (SAS) proc mddb data=grades out=grades_mddb label='mddb for analysis of grade data'; class year sem sex faculty institute exam type id_title; var note /n sum min max; hierarchy year sem /name= Time Hierarchy"; hierarchy faculty institute /name= Affiliation Hierarchy"; run; NOTE: SAS/MDDB(R) Server Software has been initialized. NOTE: N-way complete cells=1455. NOTE: Time Hierarchy" computed from "NWAY" cells=10. NOTE: Affiliation Hierarchy" computed from "NWAY" cells=26. NOTE: PROCEDURE MDDB used: real time 1:26.54 cpu time 1:19.82
53 Example: Building MDDB (SAS) DATA specify base table for the MDDB CLASS statement specify classification variables (i.e., NWAY cube dimensions) VAR statement specify analysis variables (with statistics to be stored in MDDB distributive aggregate functions) HIERARCHY statements specify subcubes to include in MDDB Subcubes can be added / removed (ADDHIER, REMOVEHIER statements)
54 ROLAP vs. MOLAP MOLAP Very high query performance Easy maintenance Less scalable (fixed max size of a cube) ROLAP Very scalable Lower query performance Design and maintenance more difficult Problem with dimensions with very high cardinality Problem with constantly growing database Rule of thumb : use MOLAP as long as possible, then switch to... HOLAP
55 Schedule Multidimensional Model of OLAP Data Why OLAP Doesn t Like Normalized DB Relational OLAP (ROLAP) Multidimensional OLAP (MOLAP) Hybrid OLAP (HOLAP)
56 HOLAP Data Model MDDB Relational DB Star schema Multidimensional data provider (MDP) cache viewer Viewer (OLAP applications) sees a logical MDDB (or a proxy or virtual MDDB) which is presented by the MDP
57 HOLAP Techniques Racking individual MDDBs for different values of one dimension (e.g., separate MDDBs for subsequent years) Stacking different subcubes stored in separate MDDBs or tables (e.g., YEAR*COUNTRY*PRODUCT local MDDB, YEAR*COUNTRY*PRODUCT*MONTH on remote server) year= Multidimensional data provider (MDP)
58 When to Use HOLAP? Too much data for one MDDB Access to existing ROLAP solutions Ensuring scalability with growing data volume Flexible integration of distributed data sources Improved performance distributed processing of queries Price: HOLAP metadata must be maintained
59 DW Architectures MOLAP RDBMS Server MDDBS Server MOLAP Engine RDB Flat files ERP ETL DW (ODS) Create/ store cubes MDDBs MDX XML/A OLTP Data Sources Data Layer OLAP Application Layer Presentation Layer
60 DW Architectures ROLAP RDBMS Server Analytical Server RDB Flat files ERP ETL DW (ODS) Complex SQL queries MDX XML/A OLTP Data Sources Data Layer OLAP Application Layer Presentation Layer
61 MS SQL Storage Settings Proactive caching MOLAP best performance; possible data latency (recent data changes not seen) ROLAP recent changes in data seen immediately; price poor performance Proactive caching: build MOLAP cache to boost performance? How frequently MOLAP cube should be rebuilt? Should outdated MOLAP be queried while cube is rebuilt? Rebuild cubes on schedule or based on changes in data Minimize latency vs maximize performance Partitions Vertical: cubes based on subsets of rows in fact table Horizontal: cubes based on separate fact tables (e.g. for subsequent years)
62 MS SQL Server Analysis Services Storage Settings
63 Standarizing Access to OLAP Data Sources XML/A XML for Analysis (XML/A) Standard API between OLAP client and OLAP data provider Design goals: Open standards based, not bound to any language or technology Optimized for the Web: minimize round-trip transactions and stateless Client server communicate using XML, HTTP, SOAP
64 Standarizing Access to OLAP Data Sources XML/A XML/A Methods: Discover retrieve information (metadata) from provider, such as list of available cubes and their properties Execute request a command execution by server (MDX language command e.g., OLAP MDX SELECT)
65 Multidimensional Expressions Language (MDX) Introduced by Microsoft in OLE DB for OLAP Now considered de facto standard for querying multidimensional data in OLAP cubes Simple form of MDX query expression: SELECT axis_specs ON COLUMNS, axis_specs ON ROWS FROM cube WHERE slicer_specs
66 MDX By Examples Examples based on cube built in lab A tuple uniquelly identifies a cell in a cube defined by a combination of attribute members for different attributes if some attribute is not specified its All (default) member is used if measure is not specified, the first (default) measure defined in the cube is used
67 MDX Tuples [Measures].[Note Count] is a tuple To identify a cell, the All member of other attributes was used
68 MDX Tuples Tuple points to male (M) students in Student Group (Studiengang) A Use ( ) to identify a tuple
69 MDX Sets of Tuples Two tuples (Note Avg and Note Count) form a set Use { } to identify a set of tuples
70 MDX Cartesian Products More axes Cartesian product.members MDX function lists members of an attribute on columns axis 0 on rows axis 1 (up to 128 axes)
71 MDX Cartesian Products Now set of tuples is used in Axis 0 (columns) specification Each cell is produced as an intesection of its attribute members
72 MDX Slicer Axis (WHERE) WHERE clause used to specify set, tuple or member that restrict the members returned for rows and columns
73 MDX Slicer Axis (WHERE) WHERE clause used to specify set, tuple or member that restrict the members returned for rows and columns
74 MDX Slicer Axis (WHERE) WHERE clause used to specify set, tuple or member that restrict the members returned for rows and columns
75 Data Warehouse Project Methodology(-ies) SAS Rapid Data Warehouse Methodology IBM DW / BI Project Methodology Purpose: Ensure disciplined, iterative, approach in the management and implementation of data warehousing projects Enable successful business and technical implementation of the data warehouse
76 DW Project Methodology - Phases Assessment Determine whether there exists a realistic need and opprotunity to develop a successful DW Project definition stage (team, sponsor, criteria for success, expectations) Initial assessment of IT infrastructure (is project feasibile?) Outcome: formal document Requirements Requirements gathering (in-depth interviews with business people) Reconciliation stage (analyze gap between expectations and IT capabilities) Outcome: Requirements Definition Document (logical and physical data model; data extraction paths from source OLTP systems; transformations required; DW update schedule) Desing / Implementation / deployment Implement logical data model Build ETL processes (validate, clean, integrate) Load data to DW Design, implement data analysis interfaces Train users Review
77 DW Specific Requirements - Remarks Analytical needs in company Types of reports, time schedules (daily / weekly etc.) Hierarchies of data / hierachies of reports Identification of data sources Updates of data in DW Data integration rules; handling missing / wrong data Time schedule for DW updates Data latency / performance Recent changes in OLTP seen immediately in OLAP? What latency is acceptable? OLAP query performance
78 Data Integration Analyze source OLTP systems Determine DBMS systems / data formats Select most appropriate sources / columns (cleanest) Analyze required integration Ensure the same coding conventions ( m-w, male-female, 0-1 ) Identify synonyms, homonyms, analogies Ensure data quality (integrity, accuracy, completeness) data value integrity data structure integrity Define exception handling rules / missing data handling / default values Finally, define data integration rule/algorithm for each variable
79 Example Synonyms, Homonyms, Analogies Define how to resolve name conficts between data sources / columns: Homonyms: same name but different meaning, e.g., Type in one source reffers to model of a car ( AURIS, CLIO, etc.), and in another source to category ( picup, truck, passenger, etc. ) Synonyms: different names but the same meaning, e.g., PersonID in one source, EmployeeCode in another Analogies: attributes describe the same object, but differently, e.g., PaymentMethod in one source refers to cash, check, credit card, and in another to VISA, MasterCard, USD etc.
80 Example Data Integrity Specify legal relationships between data values Employee Temporary Permanent Name + + Date of birth + + Contract final date + -- Anniversary date o + (+ required; -- not allowed; o optional) Number of values in a relationship Student can have 0,1 or n diplomas Undergraduate 0 Graduate 1 or n
81 Summary Build dedicated database for OLAP data mart / warehouse Data integration Data quality assurance Database organization Multidimensional model of data Physical data organization Denormalization Aggregation Benefits from user s perspective Integrated overall picture of the enterprise Easy access to historical data Trustworthy information returned (single version of the truth) DSS queries with no impact on transactional systems DW Methodology to ensure successful implementation
Data Warehousing. Paper 133-25
Paper 133-25 The Power of Hybrid OLAP in a Multidimensional World Ann Weinberger, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC Matthias Ender, SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC ABSTRACT Version 8 of the SAS System brings powerful
More informationHybrid OLAP, An Introduction
Hybrid OLAP, An Introduction Richard Doherty SAS Institute European HQ Agenda Hybrid OLAP overview Building your data model Architectural decisions Metadata creation Report definition Hybrid OLAP overview
More informationBussiness Intelligence and Data Warehouse. Tomas Bartos CIS 764, Kansas State University
Bussiness Intelligence and Data Warehouse Schedule Bussiness Intelligence (BI) BI tools Oracle vs. Microsoft Data warehouse History Tools Oracle vs. Others Discussion Business Intelligence (BI) Products
More informationData Warehouse: Introduction
Base and Mining Group of Base and Mining Group of Base and Mining Group of Base and Mining Group of Base and Mining Group of Base and Mining Group of Base and Mining Group of base and data mining group,
More information1. OLAP is an acronym for a. Online Analytical Processing b. Online Analysis Process c. Online Arithmetic Processing d. Object Linking and Processing
1. OLAP is an acronym for a. Online Analytical Processing b. Online Analysis Process c. Online Arithmetic Processing d. Object Linking and Processing 2. What is a Data warehouse a. A database application
More informationData Warehousing and Data Mining
Data Warehousing and Data Mining Part I: Data Warehousing Gao Cong gaocong@cs.aau.dk Slides adapted from Man Lung Yiu and Torben Bach Pedersen Course Structure Business intelligence: Extract knowledge
More informationData Warehousing Systems: Foundations and Architectures
Data Warehousing Systems: Foundations and Architectures Il-Yeol Song Drexel University, http://www.ischool.drexel.edu/faculty/song/ SYNONYMS None DEFINITION A data warehouse (DW) is an integrated repository
More informationIST722 Data Warehousing
IST722 Data Warehousing Components of the Data Warehouse Michael A. Fudge, Jr. Recall: Inmon s CIF The CIF is a reference architecture Understanding the Diagram The CIF is a reference architecture CIF
More informationDATA WAREHOUSING AND OLAP TECHNOLOGY
DATA WAREHOUSING AND OLAP TECHNOLOGY Manya Sethi MCA Final Year Amity University, Uttar Pradesh Under Guidance of Ms. Shruti Nagpal Abstract DATA WAREHOUSING and Online Analytical Processing (OLAP) are
More informationMDM and Data Warehousing Complement Each Other
Master Management MDM and Warehousing Complement Each Other Greater business value from both 2011 IBM Corporation Executive Summary Master Management (MDM) and Warehousing (DW) complement each other There
More informationData Warehousing: Data Models and OLAP operations. By Kishore Jaladi kishorejaladi@yahoo.com
Data Warehousing: Data Models and OLAP operations By Kishore Jaladi kishorejaladi@yahoo.com Topics Covered 1. Understanding the term Data Warehousing 2. Three-tier Decision Support Systems 3. Approaches
More informationData Warehousing. Jens Teubner, TU Dortmund jens.teubner@cs.tu-dortmund.de. Winter 2015/16. Jens Teubner Data Warehousing Winter 2015/16 1
Jens Teubner Data Warehousing Winter 2015/16 1 Data Warehousing Jens Teubner, TU Dortmund jens.teubner@cs.tu-dortmund.de Winter 2015/16 Jens Teubner Data Warehousing Winter 2015/16 13 Part II Overview
More informationWeek 3 lecture slides
Week 3 lecture slides Topics Data Warehouses Online Analytical Processing Introduction to Data Cubes Textbook reference: Chapter 3 Data Warehouses A data warehouse is a collection of data specifically
More informationLecture Data Warehouse Systems
Lecture Data Warehouse Systems Eva Zangerle SS 2013 PART A: Architecture Chapter 1: Motivation and Definitions Motivation Goal: to build an operational general view on a company to support decisions in
More informationBusiness Intelligence Solutions. Cognos BI 8. by Adis Terzić
Business Intelligence Solutions Cognos BI 8 by Adis Terzić Fairfax, Virginia August, 2008 Table of Content Table of Content... 2 Introduction... 3 Cognos BI 8 Solutions... 3 Cognos 8 Components... 3 Cognos
More informationOLAP and OLTP. AMIT KUMAR BINDAL Associate Professor M M U MULLANA
OLAP and OLTP AMIT KUMAR BINDAL Associate Professor Databases Databases are developed on the IDEA that DATA is one of the critical materials of the Information Age Information, which is created by data,
More informationDATA WAREHOUSING - OLAP
http://www.tutorialspoint.com/dwh/dwh_olap.htm DATA WAREHOUSING - OLAP Copyright tutorialspoint.com Online Analytical Processing Server OLAP is based on the multidimensional data model. It allows managers,
More informationPart 22. Data Warehousing
Part 22 Data Warehousing The Decision Support System (DSS) Tools to assist decision-making Used at all levels in the organization Sometimes focused on a single area Sometimes focused on a single problem
More informationEmerging Technologies Shaping the Future of Data Warehouses & Business Intelligence
Emerging Technologies Shaping the Future of Data Warehouses & Business Intelligence Appliances and DW Architectures John O Brien President and Executive Architect Zukeran Technologies 1 TDWI 1 Agenda What
More informationBuilding Cubes and Analyzing Data using Oracle OLAP 11g
Building Cubes and Analyzing Data using Oracle OLAP 11g Collaborate '08 Session 219 Chris Claterbos claterbos@vlamis.com Vlamis Software Solutions, Inc. 816-729-1034 http://www.vlamis.com Copyright 2007,
More informationThe Art of Designing HOLAP Databases Mark Moorman, SAS Institute Inc., Cary NC
Paper 139 The Art of Designing HOLAP Databases Mark Moorman, SAS Institute Inc., Cary NC ABSTRACT While OLAP applications offer users fast access to information across business dimensions, it can also
More informationUnderstanding Data Warehousing. [by Alex Kriegel]
Understanding Data Warehousing 2008 [by Alex Kriegel] Things to Discuss Who Needs a Data Warehouse? OLTP vs. Data Warehouse Business Intelligence Industrial Landscape Which Data Warehouse: Bill Inmon vs.
More informationPresented by: Jose Chinchilla, MCITP
Presented by: Jose Chinchilla, MCITP Jose Chinchilla MCITP: Database Administrator, SQL Server 2008 MCITP: Business Intelligence SQL Server 2008 Customers & Partners Current Positions: President, Agile
More informationIntroduction to Data Warehousing. Ms Swapnil Shrivastava swapnil@konark.ncst.ernet.in
Introduction to Data Warehousing Ms Swapnil Shrivastava swapnil@konark.ncst.ernet.in Necessity is the mother of invention Why Data Warehouse? Scenario 1 ABC Pvt Ltd is a company with branches at Mumbai,
More informationCopyright 2007 Ramez Elmasri and Shamkant B. Navathe. Slide 29-1
Slide 29-1 Chapter 29 Overview of Data Warehousing and OLAP Chapter 29 Outline Purpose of Data Warehousing Introduction, Definitions, and Terminology Comparison with Traditional Databases Characteristics
More informationMario Guarracino. Data warehousing
Data warehousing Introduction Since the mid-nineties, it became clear that the databases for analysis and business intelligence need to be separate from operational. In this lecture we will review the
More informationDesigning a Dimensional Model
Designing a Dimensional Model Erik Veerman Atlanta MDF member SQL Server MVP, Microsoft MCT Mentor, Solid Quality Learning Definitions Data Warehousing A subject-oriented, integrated, time-variant, and
More informationOLAP and Data Mining. Data Warehousing and End-User Access Tools. Introducing OLAP. Introducing OLAP
Data Warehousing and End-User Access Tools OLAP and Data Mining Accompanying growth in data warehouses is increasing demands for more powerful access tools providing advanced analytical capabilities. Key
More informationData Warehousing. Read chapter 13 of Riguzzi et al Sistemi Informativi. Slides derived from those by Hector Garcia-Molina
Data Warehousing Read chapter 13 of Riguzzi et al Sistemi Informativi Slides derived from those by Hector Garcia-Molina What is a Warehouse? Collection of diverse data subject oriented aimed at executive,
More informationWhen to consider OLAP?
When to consider OLAP? Author: Prakash Kewalramani Organization: Evaltech, Inc. Evaltech Research Group, Data Warehousing Practice. Date: 03/10/08 Email: erg@evaltech.com Abstract: Do you need an OLAP
More informationData Warehousing Concepts
Data Warehousing Concepts JB Software and Consulting Inc 1333 McDermott Drive, Suite 200 Allen, TX 75013. [[[[[ DATA WAREHOUSING What is a Data Warehouse? Decision Support Systems (DSS), provides an analysis
More informationBUILDING BLOCKS OF DATAWAREHOUSE. G.Lakshmi Priya & Razia Sultana.A Assistant Professor/IT
BUILDING BLOCKS OF DATAWAREHOUSE G.Lakshmi Priya & Razia Sultana.A Assistant Professor/IT 1 Data Warehouse Subject Oriented Organized around major subjects, such as customer, product, sales. Focusing on
More informationSQL Server Analysis Services Complete Practical & Real-time Training
A Unit of Sequelgate Innovative Technologies Pvt. Ltd. ISO Certified Training Institute Microsoft Certified Partner SQL Server Analysis Services Complete Practical & Real-time Training Mode: Practical,
More informationUniversity of Gaziantep, Department of Business Administration
University of Gaziantep, Department of Business Administration The extensive use of information technology enables organizations to collect huge amounts of data about almost every aspect of their businesses.
More informationChapter 5. Warehousing, Data Acquisition, Data. Visualization
Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, Seventh Edition Chapter 5 Business Intelligence: Data Warehousing, Data Acquisition, Data Mining, Business Analytics, and Visualization 5-1 Learning Objectives
More information2074 : Designing and Implementing OLAP Solutions Using Microsoft SQL Server 2000
2074 : Designing and Implementing OLAP Solutions Using Microsoft SQL Server 2000 Introduction This course provides students with the knowledge and skills necessary to design, implement, and deploy OLAP
More informationChapter 5 Business Intelligence: Data Warehousing, Data Acquisition, Data Mining, Business Analytics, and Visualization
Turban, Aronson, and Liang Decision Support Systems and Intelligent Systems, Seventh Edition Chapter 5 Business Intelligence: Data Warehousing, Data Acquisition, Data Mining, Business Analytics, and Visualization
More informationDimodelo Solutions Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence Concepts
Dimodelo Solutions Data Warehousing and Business Intelligence Concepts Copyright Dimodelo Solutions 2010. All Rights Reserved. No part of this document may be reproduced without written consent from the
More informationWeek 13: Data Warehousing. Warehousing
1 Week 13: Data Warehousing Warehousing Growing industry: $8 billion in 1998 Range from desktop to huge: Walmart: 900-CPU, 2,700 disk, 23TB Teradata system Lots of buzzwords, hype slice & dice, rollup,
More informationOLAP Systems and Multidimensional Expressions I
OLAP Systems and Multidimensional Expressions I Krzysztof Dembczyński Intelligent Decision Support Systems Laboratory (IDSS) Poznań University of Technology, Poland Software Development Technologies Master
More informationCourse 803401 DSS. Business Intelligence: Data Warehousing, Data Acquisition, Data Mining, Business Analytics, and Visualization
Oman College of Management and Technology Course 803401 DSS Business Intelligence: Data Warehousing, Data Acquisition, Data Mining, Business Analytics, and Visualization CS/MIS Department Information Sharing
More informationSAS BI Course Content; Introduction to DWH / BI Concepts
SAS BI Course Content; Introduction to DWH / BI Concepts SAS Web Report Studio 4.2 SAS EG 4.2 SAS Information Delivery Portal 4.2 SAS Data Integration Studio 4.2 SAS BI Dashboard 4.2 SAS Management Console
More informationDATA WAREHOUSE CONCEPTS DATA WAREHOUSE DEFINITIONS
DATA WAREHOUSE CONCEPTS A fundamental concept of a data warehouse is the distinction between data and information. Data is composed of observable and recordable facts that are often found in operational
More informationOLAP & DATA MINING CS561-SPRING 2012 WPI, MOHAMED ELTABAKH
OLAP & DATA MINING CS561-SPRING 2012 WPI, MOHAMED ELTABAKH 1 Online Analytic Processing OLAP 2 OLAP OLAP: Online Analytic Processing OLAP queries are complex queries that Touch large amounts of data Discover
More informationAn Introduction to Data Warehousing. An organization manages information in two dominant forms: operational systems of
An Introduction to Data Warehousing An organization manages information in two dominant forms: operational systems of record and data warehouses. Operational systems are designed to support online transaction
More informationORACLE OLAP. Oracle OLAP is embedded in the Oracle Database kernel and runs in the same database process
ORACLE OLAP KEY FEATURES AND BENEFITS FAST ANSWERS TO TOUGH QUESTIONS EASILY KEY FEATURES & BENEFITS World class analytic engine Superior query performance Simple SQL access to advanced analytics Enhanced
More informationThis tutorial will help computer science graduates to understand the basic-toadvanced concepts related to data warehousing.
About the Tutorial A data warehouse is constructed by integrating data from multiple heterogeneous sources. It supports analytical reporting, structured and/or ad hoc queries and decision making. This
More informationDelivering Business Intelligence With Microsoft SQL Server 2005 or 2008 HDT922 Five Days
or 2008 Five Days Prerequisites Students should have experience with any relational database management system as well as experience with data warehouses and star schemas. It would be helpful if students
More informationCHAPTER 5: BUSINESS ANALYTICS
Chapter 5: Business Analytics CHAPTER 5: BUSINESS ANALYTICS Objectives The objectives are: Describe Business Analytics. Explain the terminology associated with Business Analytics. Describe the data warehouse
More informationMS 50511A The Microsoft Business Intelligence 2010 Stack
MS 50511A The Microsoft Business Intelligence 2010 Stack Description: This instructor-led course provides students with the knowledge and skills to develop Microsoft End-to-End business solutions using
More informationBusiness Intelligence for SUPRA. WHITE PAPER Cincom In-depth Analysis and Review
Business Intelligence for A Technical Overview WHITE PAPER Cincom In-depth Analysis and Review SIMPLIFICATION THROUGH INNOVATION Business Intelligence for A Technical Overview Table of Contents Complete
More informationOverview. DW Source Integration, Tools, and Architecture. End User Applications (EUA) EUA Concepts. DW Front End Tools. Source Integration
DW Source Integration, Tools, and Architecture Overview DW Front End Tools Source Integration DW architecture Original slides were written by Torben Bach Pedersen Aalborg University 2007 - DWML course
More informationBusiness Intelligence, Analytics & Reporting: Glossary of Terms
Business Intelligence, Analytics & Reporting: Glossary of Terms A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z Ad-hoc analytics Ad-hoc analytics is the process by which a user can create a new report
More informationAdvanced Data Management Technologies
ADMT 2015/16 Unit 2 J. Gamper 1/44 Advanced Data Management Technologies Unit 2 Basic Concepts of BI and Data Warehousing J. Gamper Free University of Bozen-Bolzano Faculty of Computer Science IDSE Acknowledgements:
More informationFluency With Information Technology CSE100/IMT100
Fluency With Information Technology CSE100/IMT100 ),7 Larry Snyder & Mel Oyler, Instructors Ariel Kemp, Isaac Kunen, Gerome Miklau & Sean Squires, Teaching Assistants University of Washington, Autumn 1999
More informationData Warehousing and OLAP Technology for Knowledge Discovery
542 Data Warehousing and OLAP Technology for Knowledge Discovery Aparajita Suman Abstract Since time immemorial, libraries have been generating services using the knowledge stored in various repositories
More information14. Data Warehousing & Data Mining
14. Data Warehousing & Data Mining Data Warehousing Concepts Decision support is key for companies wanting to turn their organizational data into an information asset Data Warehouse "A subject-oriented,
More informationTurning your Warehouse Data into Business Intelligence: Reporting Trends and Visibility Michael Armanious; Vice President Sales and Marketing Datex,
Turning your Warehouse Data into Business Intelligence: Reporting Trends and Visibility Michael Armanious; Vice President Sales and Marketing Datex, Inc. Overview Introduction What is Business Intelligence?
More informationSQL SERVER BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE (BI) - INTRODUCTION
1 SQL SERVER BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE (BI) - INTRODUCTION What is BI? Microsoft SQL Server 2008 provides a scalable Business Intelligence platform optimized for data integration, reporting, and analysis,
More informationHybrid Support Systems: a Business Intelligence Approach
Journal of Applied Business Information Systems, 2(2), 2011 57 Journal of Applied Business Information Systems http://www.jabis.ro Hybrid Support Systems: a Business Intelligence Approach Claudiu Brandas
More informationDatabase Applications. Advanced Querying. Transaction Processing. Transaction Processing. Data Warehouse. Decision Support. Transaction processing
Database Applications Advanced Querying Transaction processing Online setting Supports day-to-day operation of business OLAP Data Warehousing Decision support Offline setting Strategic planning (statistics)
More informationData Warehouse Snowflake Design and Performance Considerations in Business Analytics
Journal of Advances in Information Technology Vol. 6, No. 4, November 2015 Data Warehouse Snowflake Design and Performance Considerations in Business Analytics Jiangping Wang and Janet L. Kourik Walker
More informationData Warehouse design
Data Warehouse design Design of Enterprise Systems University of Pavia 21/11/2013-1- Data Warehouse design DATA PRESENTATION - 2- BI Reporting Success Factors BI platform success factors include: Performance
More informationEstablish and maintain Center of Excellence (CoE) around Data Architecture
Senior BI Data Architect - Bensenville, IL The Company s Information Management Team is comprised of highly technical resources with diverse backgrounds in data warehouse development & support, business
More informationMS 20467: Designing Business Intelligence Solutions with Microsoft SQL Server 2012
MS 20467: Designing Business Intelligence Solutions with Microsoft SQL Server 2012 Description: This five-day instructor-led course teaches students how to design and implement a BI infrastructure. The
More informationIBM Cognos 8 Business Intelligence Analysis Discover the factors driving business performance
Data Sheet IBM Cognos 8 Business Intelligence Analysis Discover the factors driving business performance Overview Multidimensional analysis is a powerful means of extracting maximum value from your corporate
More informationMigrating a Discoverer System to Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition
Migrating a Discoverer System to Oracle Business Intelligence Enterprise Edition Milena Gerova President Bulgarian Oracle User Group mgerova@technologica.com Who am I Project Manager in TechnoLogica Ltd
More informationFoundations of Business Intelligence: Databases and Information Management
Chapter 5 Foundations of Business Intelligence: Databases and Information Management 5.1 Copyright 2011 Pearson Education, Inc. Student Learning Objectives How does a relational database organize data,
More informationCHAPTER 4: BUSINESS ANALYTICS
Chapter 4: Business Analytics CHAPTER 4: BUSINESS ANALYTICS Objectives Introduction The objectives are: Describe Business Analytics Explain the terminology associated with Business Analytics Describe the
More informationMoving Large Data at a Blinding Speed for Critical Business Intelligence. A competitive advantage
Moving Large Data at a Blinding Speed for Critical Business Intelligence A competitive advantage Intelligent Data In Real Time How do you detect and stop a Money Laundering transaction just about to take
More informationA Critical Review of Data Warehouse
Global Journal of Business Management and Information Technology. Volume 1, Number 2 (2011), pp. 95-103 Research India Publications http://www.ripublication.com A Critical Review of Data Warehouse Sachin
More informationBusiness Intelligence: Effective Decision Making
Business Intelligence: Effective Decision Making Bellevue College Linda Rumans IT Instructor, Business Division Bellevue College lrumans@bellevuecollege.edu Current Status What do I do??? How do I increase
More information70-467: Designing Business Intelligence Solutions with Microsoft SQL Server
70-467: Designing Business Intelligence Solutions with Microsoft SQL Server The following tables show where changes to exam 70-467 have been made to include updates that relate to SQL Server 2014 tasks.
More informationCHAPTER 4 Data Warehouse Architecture
CHAPTER 4 Data Warehouse Architecture 4.1 Data Warehouse Architecture 4.2 Three-tier data warehouse architecture 4.3 Types of OLAP servers: ROLAP versus MOLAP versus HOLAP 4.4 Further development of Data
More informationData Warehousing OLAP
Data Warehousing OLAP References Wei Wang. A Brief MDX Tutorial Using Mondrian. School of Computer Science & Engineering, University of New South Wales. Toon Calders. Querying OLAP Cubes. Wolf-Tilo Balke,
More informationMonitoring Genebanks using Datamarts based in an Open Source Tool
Monitoring Genebanks using Datamarts based in an Open Source Tool April 10 th, 2008 Edwin Rojas Research Informatics Unit (RIU) International Potato Center (CIP) GPG2 Workshop 2008 Datamarts Motivation
More informationwww.ijreat.org Published by: PIONEER RESEARCH & DEVELOPMENT GROUP (www.prdg.org) 28
Data Warehousing - Essential Element To Support Decision- Making Process In Industries Ashima Bhasin 1, Mr Manoj Kumar 2 1 Computer Science Engineering Department, 2 Associate Professor, CSE Abstract SGT
More informationFoundations of Business Intelligence: Databases and Information Management
Foundations of Business Intelligence: Databases and Information Management Content Problems of managing data resources in a traditional file environment Capabilities and value of a database management
More informationData Warehousing. Overview, Terminology, and Research Issues. Joachim Hammer. Joachim Hammer
Data Warehousing Overview, Terminology, and Research Issues 1 Heterogeneous Database Integration Integration System World Wide Web Digital Libraries Scientific Databases Personal Databases Collects and
More informationEuropean Archival Records and Knowledge Preservation Database Archiving in the E-ARK Project
European Archival Records and Knowledge Preservation Database Archiving in the E-ARK Project Janet Delve, University of Portsmouth Kuldar Aas, National Archives of Estonia Rainer Schmidt, Austrian Institute
More informationSQL Server 2012 End-to-End Business Intelligence Workshop
USA Operations 11921 Freedom Drive Two Fountain Square Suite 550 Reston, VA 20190 solidq.com 800.757.6543 Office 206.203.6112 Fax info@solidq.com SQL Server 2012 End-to-End Business Intelligence Workshop
More informationDATA CUBES E0 261. Jayant Haritsa Computer Science and Automation Indian Institute of Science. JAN 2014 Slide 1 DATA CUBES
E0 261 Jayant Haritsa Computer Science and Automation Indian Institute of Science JAN 2014 Slide 1 Introduction Increasingly, organizations are analyzing historical data to identify useful patterns and
More informationBENEFITS OF AUTOMATING DATA WAREHOUSING
BENEFITS OF AUTOMATING DATA WAREHOUSING Introduction...2 The Process...2 The Problem...2 The Solution...2 Benefits...2 Background...3 Automating the Data Warehouse with UC4 Workload Automation Suite...3
More informationDATA WAREHOUSE E KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY
DATA WAREHOUSE E KNOWLEDGE DISCOVERY Prof. Fabio A. Schreiber Dipartimento di Elettronica e Informazione Politecnico di Milano DATA WAREHOUSE (DW) A TECHNIQUE FOR CORRECTLY ASSEMBLING AND MANAGING DATA
More informationCS2032 Data warehousing and Data Mining Unit II Page 1
UNIT II BUSINESS ANALYSIS Reporting Query tools and Applications The data warehouse is accessed using an end-user query and reporting tool from Business Objects. Business Objects provides several tools
More informationSterling Business Intelligence
Sterling Business Intelligence Concepts Guide Release 9.0 March 2010 Copyright 2009 Sterling Commerce, Inc. All rights reserved. Additional copyright information is located on the documentation library:
More informationUsing distributed technologies to analyze Big Data
Using distributed technologies to analyze Big Data Abhijit Sharma Innovation Lab BMC Software 1 Data Explosion in Data Center Performance / Time Series Data Incoming data rates ~Millions of data points/
More informationChapter 6 FOUNDATIONS OF BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE: DATABASES AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT Learning Objectives
Chapter 6 FOUNDATIONS OF BUSINESS INTELLIGENCE: DATABASES AND INFORMATION MANAGEMENT Learning Objectives Describe how the problems of managing data resources in a traditional file environment are solved
More informationFoundations of Business Intelligence: Databases and Information Management
Foundations of Business Intelligence: Databases and Information Management Problem: HP s numerous systems unable to deliver the information needed for a complete picture of business operations, lack of
More informationOracle OLAP What's All This About?
Oracle OLAP What's All This About? IOUG Live! 2006 Dan Vlamis dvlamis@vlamis.com Vlamis Software Solutions, Inc. 816-781-2880 http://www.vlamis.com Vlamis Software Solutions, Inc. Founded in 1992 in Kansas
More informationFoundations of Business Intelligence: Databases and Information Management
Chapter 6 Foundations of Business Intelligence: Databases and Information Management 6.1 2010 by Prentice Hall LEARNING OBJECTIVES Describe how the problems of managing data resources in a traditional
More informationLost in Space? Methodology for a Guided Drill-Through Analysis Out of the Wormhole
Paper BB-01 Lost in Space? Methodology for a Guided Drill-Through Analysis Out of the Wormhole ABSTRACT Stephen Overton, Overton Technologies, LLC, Raleigh, NC Business information can be consumed many
More informationOptimizing Your Data Warehouse Design for Superior Performance
Optimizing Your Data Warehouse Design for Superior Performance Lester Knutsen, President and Principal Database Consultant Advanced DataTools Corporation Session 2100A The Problem The database is too complex
More informationCourse 103402 MIS. Foundations of Business Intelligence
Oman College of Management and Technology Course 103402 MIS Topic 5 Foundations of Business Intelligence CS/MIS Department Organizing Data in a Traditional File Environment File organization concepts Database:
More informationMeta-data and Data Mart solutions for better understanding for data and information in E-government Monitoring
www.ijcsi.org 78 Meta-data and Data Mart solutions for better understanding for data and information in E-government Monitoring Mohammed Mohammed 1 Mohammed Anad 2 Anwar Mzher 3 Ahmed Hasson 4 2 faculty
More informationBusiness Benefits From Microsoft SQL Server Business Intelligence Solutions How Can Business Intelligence Help You? PTR Associates Limited
Business Benefits From Microsoft SQL Server Business Intelligence Solutions How Can Business Intelligence Help You? www.ptr.co.uk Business Benefits From Microsoft SQL Server Business Intelligence (September
More informationData W a Ware r house house and and OLAP II Week 6 1
Data Warehouse and OLAP II Week 6 1 Team Homework Assignment #8 Using a data warehousing tool and a data set, play four OLAP operations (Roll up (drill up), Drill down (roll down), Slice and dice, Pivot
More informationSQL Server Administrator Introduction - 3 Days Objectives
SQL Server Administrator Introduction - 3 Days INTRODUCTION TO MICROSOFT SQL SERVER Exploring the components of SQL Server Identifying SQL Server administration tasks INSTALLING SQL SERVER Identifying
More informationIntegrating SAP and non-sap data for comprehensive Business Intelligence
WHITE PAPER Integrating SAP and non-sap data for comprehensive Business Intelligence www.barc.de/en Business Application Research Center 2 Integrating SAP and non-sap data Authors Timm Grosser Senior Analyst
More informationData Warehousing and Data Mining in Business Applications
133 Data Warehousing and Data Mining in Business Applications Eesha Goel CSE Deptt. GZS-PTU Campus, Bathinda. Abstract Information technology is now required in all aspect of our lives that helps in business
More information