TB at Edendale Hospital: Operational Guidelines for Doctors and Nurses. Dr. Michael Clark Medical Officer Edendale Hospital
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1 TB at Edendale Hospital: Operational Guidelines for Doctors and Nurses Dr. Michael Clark Medical Officer Edendale Hospital
2 The Burden What? Tuberculosis (TB) HIV/TB co-infection Drug resistance Where? South Africa KwaZulu Natal (KZN) Edendale Hospital (EDH)
3 TB in South Africa (2006) (WHO, 2008)
4 Paediatric TB in South Africa (2000) (Nelson and Wells, 2004)
5 (WHO, 2008)
6 MDR TB in South Africa (2006) (WHO, 2008)
7 TB in South Africa by province (2006) per 100, EC FS Gau KZN Lim Mpu NW NC WC (Department of Health, 2009)
8
9
10 Edendale Hospital Leading cause of death at EDH (in-hospital statistics) Among those who die, 44% do so within 2 days of admission (Alvarez et al., 2004) 81% of tested TB patients HIV positive in (TB Team Office) 50% of adults years had culture-proven TB at time of death in post-mortem study (Cohen et al., 2010)
11 (Alvarez et al., 2004)
12 XDR TB at Edendale Hospital
13 TB at Edendale Hospital: Perspective Setting Year Number of cases South Africa ,000 KwaZulu Natal ,705 Edendale Hospital Canada WHO, Department of Health, TB Team Office, EDH 4 Health Canada, 2009
14 400 Number of TB cases by month ( ) Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct (TB Team Office)
15 HIV among tested TB patients ( ) 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct (TB Team Office)
16 South Africa Summary The Burden Highest TB rate in the world Highest rate of HIV-infected TB cases in the world KwaZulu Natal Highest TB rate in South Africa Epicentre of MDR and XDR TB Edendale Hospital More TB cases in one year than Canada 50% of all young adult deaths have culture + TB
17 Diagnosis and Management Case finding Targets South Africa Edendale Hospital Treatment success Targets South Africa Edendale Hospital
18
19 South African Targets Detect 70% of cases 100% bacteriological coverage Cure 85% of newly detected SS+ TB cases Achieve treatment success in > 85% of cases Screen all HIV patients for TB Test all TB patients for HIV (Department of Health, 2009)
20 (WHO, 2008)
21 Treatment outcomes in South Africa (2005) (WHO, 2008)
22
23
24 100 Bacteriological coverage by quarter ( ) st 2nd 3rd 4th 1st 2nd 3rd 4th (Health District Office, Umgungundlovu)
25 Paediatrics High burden More outpatient cases than Canada 183 cases in 2009! TB in children aged 0-4 years (2008) EDH (outpatients) 73 Canada 38* * Health Canada, 2009 Diagnostic difficulties Gastric washings done once in outpatients No sputum inductions in children < 5 years
26 Leakage (Loveday et al., 2008)
27 (Audit, 2009) 25%!
28 Proportion of TB cases tested for HIV 100% 80% 60% 40% 20% 0% Jan Apr Jul Oct Jan Apr Jul Oct (TB Team Office)
29 Themes: Organization of care Interpretation of wellness Financial burden Knowledge, attitudes, and beliefs Law and immigration Personal characteristics Side effects Family and community ADHERENCE TO TB TREATMENT IS COMPLICATED!
30 WHAT CAN WE DO? Edendale must be regarded as a country, and not just a hospital: Burden of a developed nation in one institution Tiny fraction of the resources Shift to public health focus to control TB: Dedicated, centralized support for Medicine and Paediatrics Leadership for TB control: TB TEAM
31 TB Team Organogram District Office, Umgungundlovu Department of Medicine Services / Support HAST Committee, EDH TB PMO, EDH Services / Support Department of Paediatrics Head Nurse, TB Team Office TB Nursing Staff TB Data Capturer TB Tracer TB Clerk
32 Organization of TB Patient Care 1) Diagnosis 2) Consultation 3) Education 4) Medication 5) Registration 6) Transfer 7) Discharge
33 1) Diagnosis Use guidelines DOCTORS Smear microscopy
34 Inpatients If PTB highly suspected, and patient cannot expectorate sputum SPUTUM Use the warriors iteach (4523) SPUTUM INDUCTION Outpatients TB Team (4663) TB Team Office 09h00 13h00 Monday Friday (4663) PLEASE CALL FIRST!
35 All sputa sent for AFB / TB MC&S must be recorded for FOLLOW-UP Inpatients: iteach Outpatients: TB TEAM Suspect Register GW 20/13
36 Screen all HIV patients for TB Test all TB patients for HIV
37 Children Use guidelines: Risk assessment: Mycobacteriology: Gastric washings Wednesday mornings in POPD (4170) Child must be NPO overnight before Sputum induction Remember that older children often expectorate SI currently done in children aged 5+ years (4663)
38 Complicated cases Monoresistance? Drug-induced hepatitis? IRIS? Complicated drug interactions? Sequelae (TBM, pericarditis)? Speak with senior doctor Or TB PMO (6318)
39 2) Consultation Look inside BLUE CARD DOCTORS Clinic/Hospital Card GW 20/12 BLUE CARD
40 TB STARTER PACK These are supplied to the wards by TB TEAM (4663)
41 Put in TB TEAM box CONSULTATION FORM Record name, ID and date in DOM record book
42
43 Collect from TB TEAM box TB TEAM Record name, ID and date in TB TEAM record book
44 3) Education Standard Accurate Clear TB TEAM Treatment buddy
45 TB TEAM BAG Record book Education tool Red stickers TB TEAM stamp
46 4) Medication TB PRESCRIPTION Look inside BLUE CARD Patient Treatment Card GW 20/15 GREEN CARD
47 See TB PRESCRIPTION Dosing Adult and childhood dosing Record for doctors and pharmacists Follows patient to PHCs Questions about dosing? Pharmacy (4317) Senior doctor or TB PMO (6318)
48 5) Registration TB TEAM Tuberculosis Register GW 20/11
49 6) Transfer 1) MDR TB patient Call TB TEAM (4663) Transfer to Doris Goodwin Hospital, with: Pink form and doctor-to-doctor LETTER! Copies of results (including HIV tests) and CXRs 2) Stable TB patient needs inpatient care Call TB TEAM (4663) Transfer to Richmond TB Hospital, with: Pink form and doctor-to-doctor LETTER! Copies of results (including HIV tests) and CXRs 3) Stable TB patient discharging home...
50 Transfer to PHC is vital! Patient Referral Form GW 20/14 PINK FORM TB TEAM EDH PHC
51 7) Discharge TB TEAM At the time of discharge, please look for this in the patient file
52 DISCHARGE SUMMARY DOCTORS Please ensure patient has been seen by TB TEAM before discharging! If you have questions, call 4663
53 TB TEAM Sticker indicates TB diagnosis made in hospital This is a reminder to ensure that: 1) Medication has been dispensed 2) Transfer to clinic has been arranged for patient
54 ROLES AND RESPONSIBILITIES Diagnosis Doctors TB Team Ward nurses Pharmacy Medical records Consultation Education Medication Registration Transfer Discharge
55 QUESTIONS? Diagnosis? Senior doctor or TB PMO (6318) Sputum? Inpatients: iteach (4523) Outpatients: TB TEAM (4663) Medications? Pharmacy (4137) Senior doctor or TB PMO (6318) Anything else? TB TEAM (4663) ESPECIALLY IF YOU ARE UNSURE ABOUT SOMETHING AT THE TIME OF DISCHARGE
56 References Alvarez GG et al. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8: Cohen T et al. PLoS Med. 2010;7:e Department of Health. National Tuberculosis Management Guidelines, Gandhi NR et al. NEJM. 2006;368: Health Canada. Tuberculosis in Canada, 2008 (published in 2009). Loveday M et al. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2008;12: Munro SA et al. PLoS Med. 2007;4:e238. Nelson LJ, Wells CD. Int J Tuberc Lung Dis. 2004;8: Singh JA et al. PLoS Med. 2007;4:e50. Wilson et al. NEJM. 2009;360: World Health Organization. Global Tuberculosis Control: Surveillance, Planning, Financing: WHO Report 2008.
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