ATP & Photosynthesis Honors Biology

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1 ATP & Photosynthesis Honors Biology

2 ATP All cells need for life. Some things we use energy for are: Moving Thinking Sleeping Breathing Growing Reproducing ENERGY

3 Labeled Sketch: The principal chemical compound used by living things to store energy is: adenosine triphosphate (ATP). Adenine Ribose 3 Phosphate groups

4 Energy Storage/ Energy Release Energy Adenosine diphosphate (ADP) + Phosphate Energy Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) Partially charged battery Fully charged battery Energy can be stored by adding a phosphate group to ADP, creating ATP, (called phosphorylation) Release energy: Breaking the phosphate chemical bond in ATP making ADP.

5 ATP: ATP is used for ac=ve transport, movement of cell organelles and other basic func=ons (mitosis, etc) Glucose: sugar molecule that stores 90 times more energy than ATP. Glucose is used to regenerate ATP.

6 Why do we use ATP? Why not just get energy from sugar directly? ATP is small units of energy. Sugar is a very high energy molecule (if you burn it all at once spontaneous combusdon!)

7 Analogy: Power lines= sugar = tons of energy Wall socket = ATP = smaller units of energy

8 Photosynthesis Process by which plants use water, carbon dioxide, and energy from sunlight to produce sugar (and oxygen). Basic Equa=on 6CO2 + 6H 2 O à C 6 H 12 O 6 + 6O 2

9 Light and Pigments - Why are most plants green? - Are there plants / photosynthetic organisms that are other colors? -Why? The answer lies in: 1) Light Spectra 2) Pigments

10 Light and Pigments What is the light spectra? Visible light is just a small part of the electromagnetic spectrum

11 Light and Pigments The longest wavelengths have the lowest energies. (radio) As wavelengths decrease, the energy increases. (gamma)

12 Light and Pigments Different colors correspond to different wavelengths The colors of the rainbow are ROY G BIV: red orange yellow green blue indigo violet. red has the longest wavelength, and the lowest energy violet has the shortest wavelength, and the highest energy

13 Seeing color The color an object appears depends on the colors of light it reflects. For example, a red book only reflects red light: White light Homework Only red light is reflected

14 A pair of purple pants would reflect purple light (and red and blue, as purple is made up of red and blue): Purple light A white hat would reflect all seven colors: Homework White light

15 Using colored light If we look at a colored object in colored light we see something different. Shirt looks red White light Homework Shorts look blue

16 In different colors of light these clothes would look different: Red light Shirt looks red Shorts look black Blue light Homework Shirt looks black Shorts look blue

17 Light and Pigments Plants gather light spectra with light absorbing molecules called PIGMENTS The major pigment used by plants is chlorophyll There are two main chlorophyll types a and b

18 Light and Pigments Chlorophyll a and b absorb light very well in the violet/ blue and orange/red parts of the spectrum. But very poorly in the green part of the spectrum. This makes most plants green (remember, to see a color it needs to be reflected)

19 Light and Pigments Why do leaves change colors in fall? ar=cle Other pigments are also present in plants that use other wavelengths These include: - Beta-carotene (orange) - Xanthophyll (Lutein) (yellow)

20 Light and Pigments Autumn Leaves There is so much chlorophyll, it masks other pigment colors. Light regulates chlorophyll production, so shorter days means less chlorophyll is produced, and the green color fades. Anthocynanins, producing red color, are produced during the breakdown of chlorophyll.

21

22 Overview of Reac=ons 1) The Light Reaction Reactants H 2 O Light NADP+ ADP + P Products ATP NADPH O 2 2) The Calvin Cycle (AKA The Dark Reaction) Reactants CO 2 ATP NADPH Products Sugar NADP+ ADP + P

23 What is NADPH / NADP+? NADPH is a coenzyme that is an electron carrier. It exists in two forms: NADPH has the electrons NADP+ lacks the electrons

24 Photophosphoryla=on Definition: Using light energy to phosphorylate ADP to make ATP

25 Location of Reactions Thylakoid: Sac-like photosynthetic membranes, location of the light reaction Granum: A collection or stack of thylakoids Stroma: Gel-like space outside the thylakoid, location of the Calvin Cycle

26 Location of Reactions Water CO 2 Chloroplast Chloroplast NADP + ADP + P Light- Dependent Reactions ATP Calvin Cycle NADPH Thylakoid O 2 Sugars Stroma

27 Light Reac=on Overview 1. Photosystem II absorbs light energy 2. This light energy increases the energy level of electrons in pigments and they escape 3. Enzyme on the thylakoid breaks up water into 2 electrons, 2 H+, 1 Oxygen 4. The electrons replace those lost in the pigment 5. Oxygen is released out of the chloroplast 6. H+ stays inside the thylakoid membrane

28 Light Reaction Overview Animation

29 Light Reac=on Overview 1. Electron Transport chain 2. Electrons leave photosystem II, and are accepted by plastoquinone 3. Plastoquinone passes the electrons to the proton pump in b6- f complex 4. The proton pump moves protons (H+) from the stroma into the thylakoid 5. The thylakoid now has a high concentra=on of H+ compared to the stroma

30 Light Reaction Overview Animation

31 Light Reac=on Overview 1. Photosystem I absorbs light energy 2. This light energy increases the energy level of electrons passed from photosystem II 3. Electrons pass through ferrodoxin to NADP reductase enzyme 4. NADP reductase transfers 2 electrons and H+ to NADP+ to form NADPH 5. NADPH is used in the Calvin Cycle

32 Light Reaction Overview Animation

33 Light Reac=on Overview 1. ATP Forma=on 2. High concentra=on of H+ has been built up in the thylakoid 3. The thylakoid membrane contains ATP synthase, which allows H+ to pass through 4. As H+ passes through, it spins ATP synthase, binding ADP and P, crea=ng ATP 5. ATP is used in the Calvin Cycle

34 Light Reaction Overview Animation

35 Light ReacDon Review Video Photosynthesis Video Another video J

36 Calvin Cycle Where does the Calvin Cycle take place? Stroma Does the Calvin Cycle require light? Not directly, but without ATP and NADPH from light reacdon, it wouldn t work Why do plants need the Calvin Cycle? To make sugar and other molecules for growth and metabolism

37 Location of Reactions Water CO 2 Chloroplast Chloroplast NADP + ADP + P Light- Dependent Reactions ATP Calvin Cycle NADPH Thylakoid O 2 Sugars Stroma

38 Calvin Cycle Step A: 6 CO2 s enter from atmosphere combine with 6 5- carbon molecules = 12 3-carbon (PGA) A B C D

39 Calvin Cycle Step B: ATP and NADPH turn the carbon molecules into higher energy forms A B C D

40 Calvin Cycle Step C: 2 of the carbon molecules are used to make sugars (ie glucose), amino acids, lipids. For energy and growth A B C D

41 Calvin Cycle Step D: Remaining ten 3-carbon molecules changed back into six 5-carbon A B C D

42 Calvin Cycle What 3 factors affect the rate of photosynthesis? Amount of water temperature Too hot/too cold affects enzymes intensity of light As intensity increases

43 Review In the photosynthesis light reac=on: What is water needed for? To replace the electrons lost from the chlorphyll from photosystems I and II What product is released at the end of the light reacdon? 02 What two high energy molecules are produced by the light reacdon? ATP and NADPH

44 Review In photosynthesis the Calvin cycle: What is carbon dioxide needed for? To make glucose What product is made at the end of the Calvin Cycle? glucose What two low energy molecules are produced at the end of the Calvin Cycle: NADP+ and ADP

45 Review During Photosynthesis: What part of the chloroplast does the light reacdon take place in? Thylakoid membrane What part of the chloroplast does the Calvin Cycle take place in? Stroma Which part of photosynthesis requires energy from the sun? Light reacdon Which part of photosynthesis uses ATP to make energy? Calvin Cycle What kind of energy is made using the energy from ATP? Sugar (glucose)

46 Light Reac=on Calvin Cycle Needs (from environment) Light and H20 CO2 Uses ADP+P and NADP+ and H+ ATP and NADPH Makes O2, ATP and NADPH Sugar, ADP+P, NADP+ & H+

47 Which of these is considered food for a plant? Oxygen Nitrogen Chloroplast Carbon Dioxide Potassium Sodium Glucose Water Light Chlorophyll Mitochondria

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