CHAPTER 6: PHOTOSYNTHESIS CAPTURING & CONVERTING ENERGY
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1 CHAPTER 6: PHOTOSYNTHESIS CAPTURING & CONVERTING ENERGY
2 2 PROCESSES OF PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis is actually 2 processes: light reactions - convert solar energy (sunlight) to chemical energy (ATP & NADPH) dark reactions (Calvin cycle) - light independent reactions; use energy produced & stored during light reactions (ATP & NADPH) & incorporates CO 2 from air into organic molecules (PGAL), which are converted to sugar (glucose) 2
3 PHOTOSYNTHESIS Photosynthesis takes place in chloroplast organelle. contains photosynthetic membranes that contain chlorophyll light reactions take place in photosynthetic membranes (thylakoids) dark reactions take place outside photosynthetic membranes (stroma) 3
4 copyright cmassengale 4
5 LIGHT REACTIONS can be divided into 4 basic processes: light absorption electron transport oxygen production ATP formation Use H 2 O, ADP, & NADP + to produce O 2, ATP, & NADPH 5
6 LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION copyright cmassengale 6
7 LIGHT REACTIONS: LIGHT ABSORPTION Thylakoid contains photosystems (clusters of pigment molecules) that are able to capture sunlight energy. 2 photosystems in green plants: photosystem I (PSI) & photosystem II (PSII) contain chlorophyll molecules + other pigments absorbs light energy & passes it from 1 pigment molecule to another until it reaches special pair of chlorophyll molecules in reaction center here high energy electrons are released & passed to 1 st of many electron carriers 7
8 LIGHT REACTIONS: ELECTRON TRANSPORT upon release from reaction center, high-energy electrons transferred along series of electron carriers (electron transport chain) in photosynthetic membrane move electrons to NADP+ to form NADPH 8
9 LIGHT REACTIONS: OXYGEN PRODUCTION so chlorophyll doesn t run out of electrons when forming NADPH, thylakoid has a system that takes electrons from H 2 O. bi-product of reaction is oxygen molecules (O 2 ) which eventually get released into the air 9
10 LIGHT REACTIONS: ATP FORMATION uses energy generated by hydrogen ion (H + ) gradient to produce ATP hydrogen ions (H + ) H + left behind when H 2 O are released inside thykaloid in addition, as electrons are passed from chlorophyll to NADP +, more H + are pumped across membrane membrane fills up with H + ions, making outside of photosynthetic membrane - charge & inside + charge ß source of energy enzyme in thylakoid makes use of this energy. Attaches phosphate molecule to ADP à ATP 10
11 WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS? 11
12 LIGHT DEPENDENT REACTION copyright cmassengale 12
13 LIGHT REACTION SUMMARY Reactants: H 2 O Light Energy Energy Products: ATP NADPH copyright cmassengale 13
14 LIGHT- INDEPENDENT REACTIONS THE CALVIN CYCLE ATP & NADPH can only store the chemical energy for a few minutes The Calvin cycle uses the energy from ATP & NADPH to make high-energy compounds that can store the energy longer (sugars) Light independent reaction = does NOT require light
15 DARK REACTIONS Calvin cycle name given to the cycle of dark reactions in photosynthesis Inorganic molecule CO 2 is used to make a complex organic molecules (i.e. glucose). enzyme (rubisco) speeds up this reaction. this complex organic molecule can be considered a building block that can be used to make other biologically important molecules, including glucose 15
16 DARK REACTIONS Use ATP & NADPH produced in light reaction main purpose of dark reactions (Calvin cycle) is to produce chemical building block PGAL (phosphoglyceraldehyde) makes other compounds too like amino acids, lipids, other carbs etc. 16
17 LIGHT INDEPENDENT REACTION ATP & NADPH from light reactions used as energy Atmospheric C0 2 is used to make sugars like glucose and fructose Six-carbon Sugars made during the Calvin Cycle Occurs in the stroma copyright cmassengale 17
18 18
19 WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS? 19
20 WHAT IS PHOTOSYNTHESIS? 20
21 copyright cmassengale 21
22 ATP AND GLUCOSE Short Term ATP Transfers energy very quickly Can t store energy very long. (breaks down to ADP and loses energy) Glucose Long Term Storage Takes longer to get energy out Can store energy very well. 1 molecule of glucose can hold 90x more energy than ATP.
23 Photosynthesis Concept Map Photosynthesis includes use Lightdependent reactions take place in takes place in Calvin cycle uses Energy from sunlight Thylakoid membranes Stroma ATP NADPH to produce of to produce ATP NADPH O 2 Chloroplasts High-energy sugars
24 24
25 SECTION 6-1: PHOTOSYNTHESIS 25
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