BMBF China-Germany Workshop Garmisch Partenkirchen, 20 th -21 fst September 2009
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1 BMBF China-Germany Workshop Garmisch Partenkirchen, 20 th -21 fst September 2009 Automated size fractioned optical particle analysis for sea salt ( water soluble ), geogenic ( transparent ) and anthropogenic ( black ) particles dp > 2.5 µm Volker Dietze 1, Uwe Kaminski 1 Stefan Norra 2, Nina Schleicher 2, Doris Stüben 2, Kuang Cen 3 1 Deutscher Wetterdienst, Freiburg i.br, 2 Universität Karlsruhe, 3 China University of Geoscience, Beijing
2 Motivation Instruments and Methods Results Soluble aerosol particles µm ( sea salt ) Mineral aerosol particles µm ( aeolian dust events ) Black aerosol particles µm ( anthropogenic ) Summary Conclusion
3 Motivation to measure coarse particles Measurement of the PM10 fraction represents only a small part of all coarse mode particles. Traffic-caused dust suspension of PM10 will be significantly underestimated (e.g. road and tire abrasion). Biological particles are only partially (spores) sampled in the PM10 fraction, or not at all (pollen). At coastside areas sea salt particles (dp µm) are a substantial contribution of the PM10 fraction depending on meteorological conditions. Sporadic Saharan/Asian dust events may lead to particulate concentrations that exceed the air quality standard (e.g. PM 10 50µg/m³ 24h mean). Saharan/Asian dust aerosols have an influence on nutrient dynamics and biogeochemical cycling of terrestrial and oceanic ecosystems.
4 Instruments and Methods
5 Sigma-2 passive sampling device according to guideline: VDI 2119 / 4
6 Single particle analysis obtained with a motorized transmitted light microscope (200x mag). Using an adapted scanning stage, digital autofocus, CCD-Digital Camera and automated Image Processing System.
7 tire abrasion coarse ash Ambient air aerosol sample (Sigma-2) Automated microscopy analysis: mineral 1. Particle detection pollen fungal spore 2. Size measurement 3. Densitometric measurement 4. Concentration and size distribution calculation Transparent mineral (without pollen) and black anthropogenic (BC) components.
8 Typical size distribution of transparent (geogenic) and black (anthropogenic) atmospheric particles, dp > 2,5 µm for two different locations in a German health resort. Transparent (geogenic) Roadside Rural Black (anthropogenic) concentration, µg/m³ concentration, µg/m³ Roadside Rural geom. particle diameter dp µm geom. particle diameter dp µm
9 M a r i t i m e A e r o s o l Measurement of sea salt particles (dp µm) Size distribution => Maximum 3 10 µm [ L. Morawska et al.,1999 ] Settling rate > 1 cm/s => Sedimentation sampler Increasing distance from the coast line => Decrease in concentration => Decrease in size Analytics => Microscopic particle analysis -> Particles > 2,5 µm => Ion Chromatography analysis -> Total Particles
10 Sample of sea salt particles (Westerland/Sylt, exposure time ) Embedded in an anhydrous immersion medium Embedded in an aqueous immersion medium Calculation method of anhydrous and aqueous embedded aerosol samples 36 µg/m³ 2 µg/m³ = 34 µg/m³ soluble particles ( NaCl )
11 Results
12 40 concentration, Konzentration, µg/m³/ log dp Westerland Horumersiel Hamburg Berlin Partikeldurchmesser, µm geom. particle diameter dp, µm Smoothed average size distribution of water soluble atmospheric particles dp > 2,5 µm ( NaCl ) sampled at four different locations from
13 High pressure situation with low wind speeds Autumn storm with southwesterly winds Winter storm with northwesterly winds Size distribution of atmospheric water soluble particles ( NaCl ) sampled at two different coastal locations from depending on different meteorological conditions. Size intervals: 2.5-3, 3-4, 4-6, 6-10, µm
14 One year sea salt measurements Started , scheduled end: For seven islands and one mainland location Total of 17 sample stations 8
15 Spring storm ( SW-NW wind directions) concentration dcm, µg/m³ "NaCl" Norderney ( rural ) Baltrum ( rural ) Langeoog ( center ) Mainland ( kerbside ) geom. particle diameter dp, µm concentration dcm, µg/m³ "NaCl" Average Norderney ( rural ) Baltrum ( rural ) Langeoog ( center ) Mainland ( kerbside ) Size distribution spring storm event of atmospheric water soluble particles ( NaCl ) sampled at four different island locations and one mainland station from geom. particle diameter dp, µm Average size distribution of atmospheric water soluble particles ( NaCl ) sampled at four different island locations and one mainland station from
16 Saharan Dust Events Mineral aerosol particles dp µm d p > 2.5 µm Saharan Dust Events Canary Islands Atlantic Ocean
17 CW 12/2007 Expo Dust event: CW 41/2008 Expo Dust event: Concentration chart [ µg/m³] for transparent (mineral) particles in the size range 2,5 10 µm for two different Saharan dust events. Data based on rural location sample sides, German health resorts.
18 Freiburg (Klimagarten) Mineral (transparent) particles µm 6x HaFilter Time Series Mineral Particles 2,5 dp <10 µm 10 µg/m³ From: (7d exposure time) Location: Freiburg (roadside) 0 Jan-08 Feb-08 Mar-08 Apr-08 May-08 Jun-08 Jul-08 Aug-08 Sep-08 Oct-08 Nov-08 Dec-08 Jan-09 Feb-09 Mar-09 Apr-09 May-09 Jun-09 Jul Mineral (transparent) particles 5-10µm Freiburg (Klimagarten) 6x HaFilter 6x HaFilter * 1.5 Mineral Particles 5 dp <10 µm Jan-08 Feb-08 Mrz-08 Apr-08 Mai-08 Jun-08 Jul-08 Aug-08 Sep-08 Okt-08 Nov-08 Dez-08 Jan-09 Feb-09 Mrz-09 Apr-09 Mai-09 Jun-09 Jul-09 µg/m³ Calculated dynamic threshold-line1 to detect significant aeolian dust events. 1 [ (6xHaFilter) *1,5 ]
19 concentration dcm, µg/m³ ( transparent ) Freiburg 35.0 m AGL ( urban roadside ) ) Freiburg 1.5 m AGL ( kerbside )) Freiburg 1.5 m AGL ( urban roadside ) ) geom. particle diameter dp, µm Average size distribution of transparent (mineral) particles 2,5 dp <10 µm sampled at three different locations in Freiburg from concentration dcm, µg/m³ ( transparent ) Freiburg 35.0 m AGL ( urban roadside ) ) Freiburg 1.5 m AGL ( kerbside ) 11.0 Freiburg 1.5 m AGL ( urban roadside ) ) geom. particle diameter dp, µm Saharan-Dust-Event size distribution ( ) of transparent (mineral) particles 2,5 dp <10 µm sampled at three different locations in Freiburg.
20 Mineral (transparent) particles µm Institut of Geoscience (Beijing) 6x HaFilter Time Series Mineral Particles 2,5 dp <10 µm From: (3 & 4 d exposure time) 50 0 Location: Beijing (Institut of Geoscience) Apr-05 Mai-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-05 µg/m³ Okt-05 Nov-05 Dez-05 Jan-06 Feb-06 Mrz-06 Apr-06 Mai-06 Jun-06 Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Okt-06 Nov-06 Dez-06 Jan-07 Feb-07 Mrz-07 Apr Mineral (transparent) particles 5-10µm Institut of Geoscience (Beijing) 6x HaFilter 6x HaFilter * 1.5 Mineral Particles 5 dp <10 µm 200 µg/m³ Calculated dynamic threshold-line1 to detect significant aeolian dust events. 0 Apr-05 Mai-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-05 Okt-05 Nov-05 Dez-05 Jan-06 Feb-06 Mrz-06 Apr-06 Mai-06 Jun-06 Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Okt-06 Nov-06 Dez-06 Jan-07 Feb-07 Mrz-07 Apr-07 1 [ (6xHaFilter) *1,5 ]
21 Institut of Geoscience, Beijing 160 µg/m³ ( transparent ) particle diameter dp, µm Average size distribution of transparent (mineral) particles 2,5 dp <10 µm sampled at the Institut of Geoscience (Beijing) from
22 Institut of Geoscience, Beijing 160 µg/m³ ( transparent ) particle diameter dp, µm Asian-Dust-Event size distribution of transparent (mineral) particles 2,5 dp <10 µm sampled at the Institut of Geoscience (Beijing) from
23 Anthropogenic ( black ) particles in the size range µm (e.g. combustion residues, soot, fly ash, coarse ash, tire abrasion)
24 Anthropogenic (black) particles µm Anthropogenic ( black ) Particles Institut of Geoscience (Beijing) 6x HaFilter 2,5 dp <10 µm From: (3 & 4 d exposure time) Location: Beijing (Institut of Geoscience) 0 Anthropogenic (black) particles 10-80µm Institut of Geoscience (Beijing) 6x HaFilter Anthropogenic ( black ) particles dp <80 µm Apr-05 Mai-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-05 Okt-05 Nov-05 Dez-05 Jan-06 Feb-06 Mrz-06 Apr-06 Mai-06 Jun-06 Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Okt-06 Nov-06 Dez-06 Jan-07 Feb-07 Mrz-07 Apr-07 Apr-05 Mai-05 Jun-05 Jul-05 Aug-05 Sep-05 Okt-05 Nov-05 Dez-05 Jan-06 Feb-06 Mrz-06 µg/m³ Apr-06 Mai-06 Jun-06 Jul-06 Aug-06 Sep-06 Okt-06 Nov-06 Dez-06 Jan-07 Feb-07 Mrz-07 Apr-07 µg/m³
25 Institut of Geoscience, Beijing µg/m³ ( black ) particle diameter dp, µm
26 Institut of Geoscience, Beijing (Midwinter) 14 Institut of Geoscience, Beijing (Midsummer) 12 µg/m³ ( black ) particle diameter dp, µm
27 Summary: Sigma-2 passive sampler in operational work ( 17 stations) for sea salt sampling. Size distribution calculation (maritime aerosol) from automated optical single particle analysis. First approach to detect significant Saharan/Asian dust events by dynamic threshold values in the transparent (mineral) 5 10 µm size fraction. Significant change in the size distribution as an indicator for long distance transport mechanism (mineral particles) in the size range d p µm. Time series and size distributions of black (anthropogenic) particles indicating seasonal trends in the and µm size fraction for the sampling side at the Institut of Geoscience in Beijing.
28 C o n c l u s i o n
29 More qualitative and quantitative single particle analysis SEM/EDS for detailed identification of anthropogenic particles
30 Additionally Synchrotron Radiation for high sophisticated chemical informations about single particles, collected by the passive sampler technique Sigma-2
31 Particle sampling side at the Institut of Geoscience, Beijing (China) THE END
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