K-Root Name Server Operations
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1 K-Root Name Server Operations Andrei Robachevsky 1
2 Outline Root Server System brief update Architecture Current locations Anycast deployment K.root-servers.net Server Major milestones Current status K-Anycast deployment 2
3 Root Server System Provides nameservice for the root zone Root DNS node with pointers to the authoritative servers for all top-level domains (gtlds, cctlds). Thirteen name server operators Selected by IANA Diversity in organisations and location 13 is a practical limit a.root-server.net m.root-server.net - equal publishers All thirteen are authoritative servers for the root zone An average client comes here < 8 times per week 3
4 Root servers and operators Thirteen nameservers, selected before 1997 a.root-servers.net Verisign b.root-servers.net USC-ISI c.root-servers.net Cogent Communications d.root-servers.net University of Maryland e.root-servers.net NASA f.root-servers.net ISC g.root-servers.net US DoD (DISA) h.root-servers.net US DoD (ARL) i.root-servers.net Autonomica j.root-servers.net Verisign k.root-servers.net RIPE NCC l.root-servers.net ICANN m.root-servers.net WIDE Project Look at 4
5 Location of 13 DNS Root Servers (pre-anycast era) 5
6 Evolution of Root System Architecture Public primary nameserver a.root-servers.net primary Other 12 are secondary NSI generates the zone (Verisign since 2000) Enhanced architecture (2002) Hidden distribution master All letter servers are equal Authenticated transactions between the servers (TSIG) Wide deployment of anycast (2003) 6
7 Anycasting Point-to-point communication between a single client and the nearest destination server Basics described in RFC 1546 in 1993 Cloning a server Multiple locations Same operator Same IP address belonging to the operator Identical data Benefits Distribution Performance Resilience Redundancy 7
8 Location of 13 DNS Root Servers (spot the differences) 8
9 Location of 13 DNS Root Servers (spot the differences) 9
10 K-root Milestones Operated by RIPE NCC since May 1997 Hosted by LINX in London Running NSD since February 2003 Increased software diversity and performance Anycast since July 2003 Two global instances: London and Amsterdam Wider anycast deployment (2004) 3-5 global nodes local nodes Frankfurt, 19 January
11 K-root Locations 11
12 K-root Statistics London Amsterdam Frankfurt 12
13 Local Mirror Instances Objectives Improving access to K for a significant ISP community Isolating impact of an external DDoS Localising impact of a local DDoS Location Well connected points with significant ISP community (IXP, etc.) Improved responsiveness for the members of the IX Improved resilience of the whole system for others Model Hosted by a neutral party Open peering policy Fully funded by a hosting party Operations Exclusively performed by the RIPE NCC 13
14 Global Mirror Instances Ideally located at topologically equidistant places In practice there are not so many choices Globally reachable But less preferable then local mirror instances Powerful in terms of connectivity and CPU Have to sustain DDoS and local nodes failures The same management model as for local nodes RIPE NCC is the operator Different funding model No distinguished group of local beneficiaries Costs are shared between the host and the RIPE NCC 14
15 More Information Root operators Root server analysis Anycasting Host Anycasting Service, RFC1546, Distributing Authoritative Name Servers via Shared Unicast Addresses. RFC3258, 15
16 More Information (cont.) K-root K-root anycasting Distributing K-Root Service by Anycast Routing of , RIPE- 268, General Requirements and Guidelines, Contact at 16
17 17
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