Business opportunities in Singapore as a Smart City

Transcription

1 Business opportunities in Singapore as a Smart City KuiperCompagnons

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3 Index 1 Brief description of Singapore as a smart city 4 2 What are the knowledge and skills needs for Singapore as a smart city? 5 3 Why and to what extent is the development of smart cities in Singapore promising for Dutch companies? 6 4 Investment and development plans of the Singapore government. 7 5 Incentives in relation to the smart city 8 6 Information on legislation: is there a specific law about smart cities or eco cities; are Dutch companies allowed to bid, certification, market access 13 7 Projects and tenders 14 8 DESTEP-analyses (demographic, economic, social/cultural, technological level, ecological, politics-juridical) 16 9 Trade fairs and exhibitions about smart cities (eco cities) or in the 6 themes 17 3 van 20

4 1 Brief description of Singapore as a smart city From transportation and public housing, to energy management and water treatment, Singapore has developed and adapted some of the world s most advanced urban solutions. Backed by a progressive leadership and firm commitment to sustainable development, the city has managed to turn the challenges of urban development into rewarding economic opportunities. Some of those solutions have been replicated and implemented successfully in other cities. Even though Singapore can already be regarded as a smart city, the government is actively exploring ways to make the city even smarter. Key elements in this approach are the integration of policies, the intelligent use of ICT, and the focus on liveability ; i.e. czeating a city in which people are happy to live. 4 van 20

5 2 What are the knowledge and skills needs for Singapore as a smart city? Singapore is a highly developed country which relies on good economic policies by the government, a highly skilled workforce, high productivity and cutting edge technology. Just like the Netherlands, its focus lies on innovation as an engine for growth. It therefore invests heavily in R&D. Singapore s growth in the last few decades is based on attracting Foreign Direct Investment. The Economic Development Board, responsible for FDI, has incentive programmes to attract companies in specific sectors. The EDB is mainly interested in companies with high productivity, cutting edge technology and large investments in R&D. Singapore is also very interested in foreign architecture and design. Singapore is always on the lookout for talent. It has special programmes to attract talented students and scholars from the region and beyond. 5 van 20

6 3 Why and to what extent is the development of smart cities in Singapore promising for Dutch companies? Singapore is a dynamic city which is constantly changing. The Singapore society is embracing innovative technological solutions, whether it is for personal use or to be applied on broader scale. New buildings are being build, the newest technologies are being applied and top rated universities educate the highly skilled workforce of the future. The country has a pro-business mentality, and offers business opportunities on many fronts. In the construction sector, there are opportunities for architects, designers, companies working in construction industry and companies specialized in green buildings and energy efficiency. Implementation of ICT solutions in all sectors brings many opportunities. The Dutch water sector is renowned in Singapore and actively offers solutions for Singapore s challenges in this field. The maritime sector offers opportunities in LNG, green shipping and port construction. Singapore is very interested in European design. In line with its desire to be a liveable city, new products should not only be functional, but also attractive. In the health sector, there is interest in technological telehealth solutions and other medical devices, and for creative solutions to prevent development of chronical illnesses, e.g. serious gaming. In this small country without natural sources of energy, there is a need for new methods of energy collection and storage. Smart grids are testbedded and universities develop methods for energy storage. The fact that Singapore likes to see itself as a Living Laboratory also offers opportunities. The city is open to test new concepts, develop and commercialise cutting-edge urban solutions, capitalising on Singapore s experience in systemslevel integration. It invites companies to partner government agencies, local companies and research institutes for a diversity of R&D activities, leveraging the excellent public infrastructure for test bedding activities. 6 van 20

7 4 Investment and development plans of the Singapore government. The Singapore Government pursues a pro-business, pro-foreign investment, export-oriented economic policy framework. Overall economic policy has been laid out in the Economic Strategy Committee Report This report proposed a shift towards productivity-driven growth, which would require major new investments in skills, expertise and innovative capabilities of people and businesses. The strategy was summarized as High-skilled People, Innovative Economy, Distinctive Global City. This approach filters through every aspect of government policy. For each sector, plans are being developed that have a long planning horizon. This leads to consistent and integrated city planning. Over the last decades, this has resulted in a city with excellent infrastructure, business climate and services. Efforts are underway to turn Singapore into an even smarter city. The Infocomm Development Authority (IDA) has set up a smart city programme office, to study the phenomenon and decide what needs to be done before Singapore can really call itself a smart city. Key elements will be a whole of government approach, integration of policies and intelligent and multi-purpose use of existing data. The team expects to finish its work over the next year. 7 van 20

8 5 Incentives in relation to the smart city a. Smart city planning One of the key features of Singapore is its intelligent and integrated city planning. The Urban Redevelopment Authority (URA) develops land use plans that guide Singapore's development for the next 40 to 50 years. The last Concept Plan dates from 2001 and is currently being reviewed. The concept plan is translated into a Master Plan which guides Singapore's development in the medium term over the next 10 to 15 years. It is reviewed every five years and translates the broad long-term strategies of the Concept Plan into detailed plans to guide development. The Master Plan shows the permissible land use and density for every parcel of land in Singapore. The Housing Development Board is responsible for the development of public housing projects. The organization aims to develop these projects in a sustainable manner. A good example is the Punggol Eco-Town (more information below). The HDB is also involved in the land reclamation projects of Singapore, for which the Netherlands offers its expertise. Singapore emphasises the need for a city not only to be business friendly, but also an endearing place to live. In 2008, an Inter-Ministerial Committee on Sustainable Development developed a Sustainable Development Blueprint, outlining that Singapore should be efficient, clean and green (preserving greenery). The Committee also set up the Centre for Liveable Cities, which organizes events and trainings on the topic. The main event is the two-yearly World Cities Summit, which last took place in July b. Smart use of ICT Developments in ICT and its application in key economic sectors play a major part in the development of Singapore as a smart city. The in2015 ( Intelligent Nation 2015 ) is a 10-year masterplan on ICT, implemented by the Infocomm Development Authority (IDA). The aims are to develop an ultra-high speed and globally competitive infocomm infrastructure and the transformation of key economic sectors, government and society through more sophisticated and innovative use of infocomm. Projects for future development will focus on Cloud Computing, Business analytics and Green ICT. The government applies ICT solutions to improve its services through the egovernment programme. The egov2015 programme guides public agencies in the implementation of new ICT programmes. Under this programme, the government has aligned all government web sites to offer a one-stop-shop for the public. Mobile and social apps will also be introduced to enable citizens to receive mobile alerts and provide their feedback and suggestions. 8 van 20

9 c. Smart ways to save energy and protect the environment. Since Singapore has no natural energy resources, it depends on imported fossil fuels to meet its energy demand. Its energy policy is therefore based on diversifying its energy sources and reducing the demand for energy. There are limited opportunities for alternative energy sources due to Singapore s size and location. Possible sources that are being explored are waste-to-energy, biofuels, solar energy and possibly nuclear energy. Singapore also focuses on the R&D of renewable energy options and presents itself as an R&D center and 'living lab' for new energy technologies in Asia. In March 2010, a bill was adopted aimed at reducing the energy intensity of the country by 35% in 2030 compared to The electricity consumption in buildings in Singapore can be attributed to the use of air conditioning (40-50 percent) and ventilation (20 percent). The government is working on comprehensive legislation for energy efficiency in buildings, such as giving energy labels. As one of the programmes aimed at reducing energy consumption, a multi-agency Electric Vehicle Taskforce was set up to test-bed EVs and assess the benefits and feasibility of adopting EVs in Singapore. The test-bed seeks to test the feasibility of EVs in Singapore and to develop related industry and R&D opportunities. There are business opportunities for Dutch companies in transport telematics and mobility solutions in this field. Singapore is very interested in smart grid technology. In 2011 one of the largest experimental test facilities for electricity networks in the world opened in Singapore: the Experimental Power Grid Centre (EPGC). Energy Market Authority The National Climate Change Secretariat (NCCS) was set up to coordinate Singapore's domestic and international policies on climate change. In June 2012, the Deputy Prime Minister launched the National Climate Change Strategy The NCCS-2012 describes the projections for carbon emissions up to the year 2020 and the plans to reduce emissions to meet Singapore s target of 7% to 11%. It also outlines the direction post-2020 as studies are undertaken into how to stabilise Singapore s long-term emissions. d. Smart and green buildings The plans and initiatives outlined above culminate in a series of efforts to make Singapore s buildings greener and smarter. The Building Energy Efficiency Master Plan (BEEMP), contains programmes and measures that span the whole life cycle of a building. It begins with a set of energy efficiency standards to ensure buildings are designed right from the start and continues with a programme of energy management to ensure their operating efficiency is maintained throughout their life span. There are business opportunities for Dutch companies in energy efficient building systems, such as smart building management systems. The Sustainable Singapore Blueprint led to the Green Buildings Master Plan. It 9 van 20

10 contains, inter alia, a Green Mark Incentive Scheme to encourage building owners to undertake improvements in energy efficiency. This system gives points on items such as energy efficiency, water efficiency and indoor environmental quality. Singapore set a target for 80% of existing build stock to achieve at least a Green Mark certified rating by As the Building Construction Authority s flagship R&D project under its Green Building Masterplan, an existing building at the BCA Academy was retrofitted into a Zero-Energy Building (ZEB). It houses green classrooms and offices, and also function as a test-bedding center for Green Building Technologies. e. Smart solutions to water challenges Being a small island with limited resources of fresh drinking water, Singapore has to be creative to fulfil its water needs. Throughout the country there are catchment areas, to optimise the use of rainwater. One of those, the Marina Barrage, was built with Dutch technology. One of the sources for drinking water is NEWater, reclaimed water produced from treated used water that is further purified using advanced membrane technologies and ultra-violet disinfection. Another technology-based water source is desalinated water. Singapore has one of Asia s largest seawater reverse-osmosis plant. The second desalinated plant will be completed in To tackle the issue of flooding after heavy rainfall, Singapore set up an 'Expert Panel on Drainage Design and Flood Protection Measures'. In January 2012, it recommended that Singapore develop a more integrated approach to the flooding. The country should use dynamic models and monitoring systems. Other suggestions pertained to better ways to deal with the excess water, such as green roofs and porous asphalt. The national water agency, PUB, has set aside Eur 450 million over the next 5 years to implement the recommendations. f. Smart education Singapore needs a highly skilled workforce, so it does not come as a surprise that this small country has four universities. The latest addition, the Singapore University for Technology and Design, was built upon a design of Dutch architect Ben van Berkel. The in2015 plan contains a special in2015 Education and Learning plan. The plan aims to improve its educational system through infocomm and to increase the attractiveness of Singapore s educational institutions for global talent. One of the flagship programmes, EdVantage aims to strategically deploy infocomm to provide a learner-centric, collaborative learning environment within and beyond the classroom, thereby enabling a diverse and vibrant schools landscape in the use of infocomm technologies (ICT). Ministry of Education 10 van 20

11 g. Smart healthcare Like so many developed countries, ageing population and increasing prevalence of chronical illnesses is a challenge for Singapore. Taking care of the elderly by family members instead of by professionals is an increasing burden, since the birth rate is dipping. Also, healthcare costs are rapidly increasing. Therefore, smartification of the healthcare system is required. Mobile apps to prevent chronical illnesses, like obesity and diabetes, are developed, use of telehealth tools are planned and IT solutions to improve logistics in hospitals are applied. Singapore is very interested in Dutch solutions in the context of aging. The goal of the in2015 Healthcare and Biomedical Sciences plan is to accelerate sectoral transformation through an infocomm-enabled personalized healthcare delivery system to achieve high quality clinical care, service excellence, costeffectiveness and strong clinical research. One of the programmes under the in2015 is the Integrated Health Information Systems (IHIS). It yielded innovative and productive outcomes for Singapore s 8 public hospitals to efficiently manage the medical, admin, financial and legal aspects of its public hospitals. Examples are the Electronic Medical Records Systems (e-medical records), filmless x-rays and mammograms, E-service onestop health and fitness training portal and online hospital pharmacy. Ministry of Health Health Promotion Board Infocomm Development Authority h. Smart transport solutions As a city state, Singapore is the second most densely populated country in the world. Today, roads take up 12 percent of total land area and the demands on the land transport system are set to increase by 60 percent. Singapore has made public transport the centrepiece of the land transport system to keep congestion in check and help protect the environment. The public transport alternatives include the Mass Rapid Transit (MRT) system, Light Rail Transit (LRT) system, buses and taxis. Taxis are less expensive than Dutch counterparts and part of daily public transport system. The Land Transport Authority adopted an Intelligent Transport System (ITS) to improve operational efficiency and road safety of Singapore s road network. It offers, inter alia: Real Time Traffic Information Systems, Expressway Monitoring Advisory System (EMAS monitors traffic along expressways, traffic accident alerts to motorists and rescuers), Green Link Determining (GLIDE) System (monitors, adjusts and optimizes green time along the main roads in response to changing traffic demand); Traffic Scans (use taxis as probes on the road network to provide motorists with information on the traffic conditions island-wide); Parking Guidance System (provides real-time information on parking spaces availability of participating building developments). An important factor in managing traffic, Singapore introduced an Electronic Road Pricing (ERP) system, with strategically placed gantries. Drivers pay ERP charges when they pass the gantry at certain times via the In-vehicle Unit (IU). Via this 11 van 20

12 method, driving at certain roads at certain times of high traffic volume is discouraged. The LTA is looking how to put in place a more effective system of congestion management. It is envisaged that the next generation of ERP will charge on the basis of distance along congested stretches of roads and expressways. This would be a more equitable and economically efficient system than the current point charging system where motorists are charged based on the number of gantries they drive through rather than distance travelled on a congested road. Ministry of Transport Land Transport Authority Energy Market Authority i. Smart logistics & maritime The ease of customs clearance in Singapore has been underpinned by a set of initiatives in improving trade facilitation called Trade-FIRST where businesses can streamline its application process for different trade schemes, resulting in time/management cost savings for companies. In addition, Singapore has an established electronic national single-window allowing for one-stop submission of documentation thus, reducing red tape for businesses. Civil Aviation Authority Singapore In the last few years, environmental issues in the maritime industry gained prominence with an increased awareness of the environmental footprints caused by shipping activities. At the same time, rising fuel costs had also led to a growing consciousness on energy efficiency in maritime operations. Singapore is building a Liquefied Natural Gas terminal, and is looking into Electric Propulsion, Energy Management Systems for Port/Shipping and Bio-fuel Singapore Maritime Institute Port Singapore Authority Maritime Port Authority 12 van 20

13 6 Information on legislation: is there a specific law about smart cities or eco cities; are Dutch companies allowed to bid, certification, market access There is no specific legislation on smart cities or eco cities. Singapore has been consistently acknowledged as a global business hub one that features developed infrastructure, political stability, open business policies, a skilled workforce, the use of English as the main working language and respect for intellectual property rights. Business owners all over the world regard Singapore as an ideal location to grow their businesses, with many of them using the country as a springboard to tap into other emerging markets in Asia. Foreign companies are usually allowed to bid for tenders, if this is not the case it will be clearly stated. All government tenders can be found on Information on setting up a business in Singapore: The economic Development Board has incentive schemes for companies in some sectors wishing to set up in Singapore: 13 van 20

14 7 Projects and tenders One of the projects announced in the master plan 2008, the development of the Jurong Lake District, has won a grant in IBM s Smarter Cities Challenge programme. The Singapore government has designated the area as a smart district, meaning it should use land and resources more efficiently, and provide a better environment for its workers, residents and visitors. New developments in the Jurong Gateway Precinct are required to meet one of Singapore s highest green building ratings, known as Green Mark Gold Plus. The Economic Strategy Report announced the progressive development of a new waterfront city at Tanjong Pagar once the existing port s lease will expire in No plans have been revealed yet for the new waterfront city, but it is expected that Singapore will rebuild this area according to the newest eco-friendly insights, similar to the new eco-town in Punggol. The Container Port Singapore will be translocated to the south-west side of Singapore. The Next Generation Container Port (NGCP) Challenge seeks to encourage greater partnerships between industry and academia to invent new concepts and ideas for the maritime sector. Registration for the international competition is open till 31 July Participants will have to submit their proposals by 31 December Submissions will be evaluated by an international panel, comprising representatives from the Singapore government and the maritime industry. In August 2011, Singapore had its very 1st Eco-Town: Punggol Eco-Town, a neighbourhood in the city-state s north-eastern corner, is a living lab for a total energy solutions pilot project for public housing. Ten flats in a housing block have been picked in an energy-saving field test slated to run from Jan 2012 till The eco-town is still being developed and there could be opportunities for foreign architects. Singapore Building and Construction Authority (BCA) encourages more building companies to use BIM- Building Information Modelling. These companies can apply to be subsidized by a $12 million government fund, set up to enhance efficiency and increases productivity for the building sector. The use of BIM will be mandatory for all projects with a gross floor area of more than 5000 sq.m. by Green Mark Incentive Schemes The BCA administers several programme to accelerate the adoption of green building technologies and design practices. The scheme provides cash incentives to developers, building owners, project architects and M&E engineers who achieve at least a BCA green mark gold rating in the design and construction of new buildings van 20

15 Research Fund for the Built Environment is a $50 million funding initiative by the Ministry of National Development (MND) and managed by BCA. Its objective is to encourage and support applied R&D that will raise the quality of life and make Singapore a distinctive global city. Some key focus areas include sustainable development projects such as integrating solar technologies into building facades. The Intelligent Energy System (IES) Pilot was launched in 2010 to bring capabilities of the power grid to the next level and ensure that the electricity infrastructure is ready for the future. The IES pilot will test and evaluate new applications and technologies around a smart grid. The success will enable Energy Market Authority to adopt and roll out workable solutions for Singapore s power system, to lower energy costs and reduced carbon emissions. A 50 hectare eco-business park named CleanTech Park was set up jointly by EDB and Jurong Town Council for green minded businesses. It will serve as a large scale integrated living lab for test bedding and demonstration of systems level clean technology solutions. Located next to the Nanyang Technological University it will house R&D activities from the University to promote collaborations between industry and academia. Other programmes to support clean energy adaption include the Clean Energy Research and Testbedding Programme (CERT), the Energy Research Development Fund Authority, the Solar Capability Scheme (SCS) by the EDB, the National Environmental Agency s Energy Efficiency Improvement Assistance Scheme (EASe), the Grant for Energy Efficiency Technologies (GREET) by NEA and the Design for Efficiency Scheme (DfE) by NEA. IDA just called for industry collaborators to propose for plans for Singapore s 1st Telecare Project. Singapore's Budget Terminal will be closed on September 25 and demolished to make way for the construction of a new Terminal 4 at Changi Airport. The construction of Terminal 4 will begin in 2013 and is expected to be ready by The new terminal will be a larger passenger building, with the capacity to handle 16 million passengers per annum. The Civil Aviation Authority of Singapore (CAAAS) and IDA (Infocomm Development Authority) selected three consortia in March 2012 to manage paperless airfreight process as part of the e-freight@singapore programme. The pilot will take one year and by 2013, the consortia will pilot deployment among their members before the solutions are rolled out to the industry by 2014.The efreight@ Singapore programme aims to take the paper out of the air cargo process and replace it with electronic data and messages through the use of ICT. Last but not least, there are numerous Government funding schemes to support the water industry such as: TechPioneer Scheme, Incentive for Research and Innovation Scheme and Fast-Track Environmental and Water Technologies Incubator Scheme van 20

16 8 DESTEP-analyses (demographic, economic, social/cultural, technological level, ecological, politics-juridical) Singapore is a small, stable, highly developed country with an elected parliamentary system of government. Singapore's resident population of over five million inhabitants comprises 75% Chinese, 14% Malay, 9% Indian, and 2% others. English is widely spoken. Criminal penalties are strict and law enforcement rigorous. Key figures for 2011: economic growth 4,9%, Gross Domestic Product S$326 billion, per capita income S$61,692, total trade S$974 billion. Within the EU, the Netherlands is the largest foreign direct investor, the second largest trading partner in services and the fourth in trade in goods. The government is actively negotiating several free trade agreements (FTAs), including one with the European Union. The EU-Singapore FTA is expected to be concluded soon. 16 van 20

17 9 Trade fairs and exhibitions about smart cities (eco cities) or in the 6 themes Medical Fair Asia 2012 : September Build Eco Expo Asia 2012 and International Green Building Conference October 2012: Annual SCM Logistics World Conference : October Annual Singapore International Energy Week : Oct 2012 : Offshore South East Asia (OSEA 2012) : 27 to 30 November : Second Water Research Conference: January 2013: Sustainable Energy and Environmental Sciences: February 2013: Annual Singapore Maritime Week: 7-12 April Metal Asia / Precision engineering Trade Show: 9-12 April 2013: Pharma-Nutrition 2013: April 2013: Cards Asia: April Singapore Construction Productivity Week: 7 May Semicon Singapore 2013: 7-9 May Broadcast Communic-Asia: mid June van 20

18 Mogelijke vervolgstappen: Mijn Agentschap NL Via 'Mijn Agentschap NL'kunt u zich aanmelden voor de nieuwsbrief van Agentschap NL.U ontvangt dan alle informatie over door u geselecteerde landen, sectoren en/of regelingen gebundeld in uw mailbox. Naast nieuwsberichten ontvangt u informatie over relevante handelsreizen, Challenges, seminars en vakbeurzen. Aanmelden: Ook kunt u via 'Mijn Agentschap NL' een inlogcode aanmaken waarmee u zelf gebruik kunt maken van een aantal van onze databanken: Landenpagina s Op de landenpagina s van de website van NL EVD Internationaal vindt u actuele informatie over belangrijke exportmarkten: nieuws, achtergrondinformatie (waaronder factsheet, wetgeving en benodigde documenten), interessante sectoren, evenementen, ervaringsverhalen, financiering, projecten en handige links. Zie: Informatie op maat Trajectbegeleiding naar een of meerdere markten voor Nederlandse bedrijven met serieuze internationaliseringsplannen. Mogelijke vormen: gesprek over internationale strategie landenvergelijking om keuze te maken voor een bepaalde markt aandragen van nuttige contactpersonen in Nederland of het buitenland overzicht van relevante dienstverlening en financieringsmogelijkheden Zakenpartnerscan Een zakenpartnerscan (voorheen marktscan) geeft u een overzicht van mogelijke zakenpartners in uw doelmarkt. Dit kunnen agenten of distributeurs zijn, maar ook productiepartners. De scan wordt uitgevoerd in samenwerking met de handelsmedewerkers van Nederlandse ambassades, consulaten en Netherlands Business Support Offices (NBSO's). Aan de hand van een vastgesteld profiel gaan zij op zoek naar potentiële partners. Deze worden vervolgens benaderd en er wordt gepeild of er interesse is om met u in gesprek te gaan. De scan is maatwerk dat uw marktentree kan vergemakkelijken. Kortom, met de zakenpartnerscan openen wij deuren voor u in het buitenland. Voor deze dienstverlening wordt een eigen bijdrage gevraagd van 500 euro. Meer informatie: Starters International Business (SIB) Starters International Business helpt u om in drie stappen tot een internationaliseringstrategie te komen. Wat zijn mijn sterktes? Welke markten bieden kansen? En wat moet ik doen om die kansen te pakken? Resultaat is een concreet stappenplan waarmee u direct aan de slag kunt. De enige voorwaarde is 18 van 20

19 dat u beschikt over tijd en middelen om succesvol buitenlandse markten te bewerken en dat u bereid bent om in het traject te investeren. Samen met een adviseur van de Kamer van Koophandel, Syntens of een van de Deelnemende Package4Growth (P4G) Biedt financiële ondersteuning voor MKB-bedrijven die kennis nodig hebben om de Chinese en Indiase markt te betreden. Bijvoorbeeld kennis op het gebied van productcertificering, marktonderzoek of fiscale/juridische zaken. Met deze informatie kunt u uw bedrijf beter positioneren in China of India. Voor meer informatie zie 19 van 20

20 Dit is een publicatie van: Agentschap NL Prinses Beatrixlaan AL Den Haag Postbus AC Den Haag Deze marktverkenning is opgesteld door het postennetwerk. Agentschap NL is een agentschap van het ministerie van Economische Zaken. Agentschap NL voert beleid uit voor diverse ministeries als het gaat om duurzaamheid, innovatie en internationaal. Agentschap NL is hét aanspreekpunt voor bedrijven, kennisinstellingen en overheden. Voor informatie en advies, financiering, netwerken en wet- en regelgeving. Agentschap NL streeft naar correcte en actuele informatie in dit dossier, maar kan niet garanderen dat de informatie juist is op het moment waarop zij wordt ontvangen, of dat de informatie na verloop van tijd nog steeds juist is. Daarom kunt u aan de informatie op deze pagina s geen rechten ontlenen. Agentschap NL aanvaardt geen aansprakelijkheid voor schade als gevolg van onjuistheden en/of gedateerde informatie. Binnen onze website zijn ook zoveel mogelijk relevante externe links opgenomen. Agentschap NL is niet verantwoordelijk voor de inhoud van de sites waarnaar wordt verwezen.