MAPPING + DATA VISUALIZATION A PORTFOLIO OF WORK BY THE HELP MAPPING TEAM

Transcription

1 MAPPING + DATA VISUALIZATION A PORTFOLIO OF WORK BY THE HELP MAPPING TEAM Human Early Learning Partnership University of British Columbia For more information: jennifer.harvey@ubc.ca

2

3 Contents Choropleth Maps... Cartogram Maps... 4 Dorling Cartograms... 5 Flow Maps... 5 Google Earth Overlays... 6 Interactive EDI Map... 7 Ecumene Maps... 8 Dasymetric Maps... 9 Starplot Symbols... 0 Bar Chart Symbols... Pie Chart Symbols... Custom Symbols... Line Charts... 4 Bar Charts... 4 High-Low Plots... 5 EDI Data Tables... 6 Illustrative Diagrams... 7 Stacked Layer Maps... 8 Community Asset Maps... 9 Aboriginal Language Mapping... 0 Road Network Analysis... International EDI Maps...

4 JENNIFER HARVEY JAY DOUILLARD ANTHONY SMITH JEREMY ALEXANDER EMILIA WALTON We thank and acknowledge the contributions of past members of the HELP Mapping Unit: Peter Schaub, Lorraine Gibson, Wayne Geary, Kate Trafford, Eric Hertzman, Carlos Silva, Ellen Larcombe and Cristobal Cahis

5 The help MAPPING + DATA VISUALIZATION TEAM The primary responsibility of our team is to disseminate the results of the Early Development Instrument (EDI) to academic, government and community partners throughout the Province. Our goal is to provide the data clearly, accurately and in multiple ways so that childhood vulnerability in BC can be discussed and understood by researchers, policy makers and the public alike. To visualize the data we use maps, symbols, tables, charts, words and illustrations, while always searching for new and innovative techniques. This portfolio is a collection of our maps and data visualizations, provided as a record of our achievements and as inspiration for future projects.

6

7 Choropleth Maps Choropleth maps are the most common type of map produced by our organization, and comprise the standard EDI map package that HELP produces for each wave of data collection. Data are aggregated to the neighbourhood level - the boundaries of which have been developed in consultation with local communities across the Province. Neighbourhoods on the map are coloured according to set quintile breaks so that child vulnerability rates can be compared across geography and time. Choropleth maps are easy to produce and provide a simple geographical view of the data, however they can be misleading when comparing neighbourhoods that vary widely in population count or geographical size. HELP map packages also include a map of EDI student counts and a map of permanently inhabited areas to aid in the interpretation of vulnerability rates.

8 represents 00 children below five years of age (i.e. Stikine has a child population of approx. 00) Cartogram Maps Cartogram maps show an alternative view of data and geography which balances the representation of geographical shape and location along with population size. Cartograms are often used to minimize the visual over-emphasis of very large areas with relatively small populations. The cartogram above sizes school districts by their child population. 4

9 Dorling Cartograms Like a regular cartogram, the Dorling cartogram uses colour and size to show two data variables. Instead of resizing areas themselves to represent population size, the Dorling cartogram replaces a geographic shape with a symbol, often a circle which is placed in relative location on the map. The circle size aids in the interpretation of rates when the geographic units have large variations in population. Vancouver Island North 89 Vancouver Island West Campbell River 77 Alberni 0 Courtenay 485 Qualicum 85 Nanaimo 788 Sooke Lake Cowichan 4 Ladysmith Cowichan 450 Greater Victoria,5 78 Gulf Islands Saanich 40 Mobility from Vancouver to Other School Districts 99/00 to 06/07 Number of Children Flow Maps Flow maps show movement from one location to another such as migration, cash flows or travel patterns. In addition to indicating what is moving, a flow map also shows the direction and magnitude of flow. In the example above, the flow map is overlaid on a cartogram map of the Province which skews geographic size and distance for the benefit of representing population size and easier placement of the flow lines. 5

10 Google Earth Overlays Google Earth overlays are an easy way to map neighbourhood names, boundaries and EDI results on top of wayfinding information such as roads and satellite imagery. The map is stored as a KMZ file which can be shared and viewed by anyone who has downloaded the free Google Earth software. 6

11 File Edit View History Bookmarks Tools Help maps/earlylearning.ubc.ca/ Google Done Interactive EDI Map An interactive atlas was designed so users can quickly view EDI and socioeconomic data. It allows users to explore the data and generate custom views that they can share via bookmarks. >> 7

12 Ecumene Maps The population ecumene refers to areas that are permanently inhabited. This GIS data layer integrates several variables including census population, road network density, land elevation and slope, and classified satellite imagery. HELP developed this visualization approach because researchers and community groups wanted to know where people live within neighbourhoods - especially in largely unpopulated rural areas. 8

13 CHOROPLETH DASYMETRIC Dasymetric Maps Using the population ecumene we can produce dasymetric maps. Dasymetric maps are similar to choropleth maps however they show the data only where it is meaningful - where people actually live. Dasymetric maps portray a more accurate representation of data such as EDI results, because they do not overemphasize the visual importance of very large rural neighbourhood areas. 9

14 Black Creek/ Merville Glacierview/Vanier Emotional Starplot Percent vulnerable on each EDI scale 0 Social 50 5 Physical Valleyview Lazo Language 0 0 Communication How to Read the Starplot: Each scale of the EDI is represented by a triangle. Larger triangles represent higher vulnerability & smaller triangles represent lower vulnerability for each scale of the EDI. West Courtenay South Courtenay Comox West C o m o x H a r b o u r Comox 0 Starplot Starplot Symbols Percent vulnerable on each EDI scale Social 50 Starplot maps have become a staple in the EDI map package because they are a concise summary of all the EDI scales. Each triangle represents one of the five EDI scales, while the size of the triangle represents the rate of vulnerability. For example, a larger triangle represents higher vulnerability. Looking at the map one can compare vulnerability on different scales within a neighbourhood and between neighbourhoods. Physical

15 Cariboo - Chilcotin Revelstoke 4 Waves North Okanagan - Shuswap Kamloops / Thompson Gold Trail Vernon Arrow Lakes Rocky Mountain Central Okanagan Nicola - Similkameen Okanagan - Skaha Kootenay Lake Boundary Kootenay - Columbia Southeast Kootenay Okanagan - Similkameen Bar Chart Symbols Comparing four waves of data on one map in a meaningful way is a difficult task, but bar chart maps can achieve this. This map uses the height and colour of the bars to show the relative vulnerability for each school district across ten years of data, providing insight into local changes and geographic patterns within an entire region.

16 # of Students MDI Well-Being Index (00) Low Medium/High Very High West End Vancouver - Downtown Strathcona Grandview - Woodlands Hastings - Sunrise Fairview Mount Pleasant Pie Chart Symbols Using pie charts as map symbols is a way to visualize geographic patterns for percentage data. Pie charts show the relative percentage of classes within a given variable, and can be sized to represent a second variable such as population. For additional complexity these symbols can be overlaid on a third variable represented by a traditional choropleth map.

17 University Lands Dunbar - Southlands Arbutus - Ridge Shaughnessy South Cambie Riley Park Oakridge Types of Assets Presence Kerrisdale Su Adult Relationships Peer Relationships After School Activities Nutrition and Sleep Highest Average Lowest Marpole Custom Symbols Representing multiple variables on one map without visual clutter or confusion can be solved with custom symbols. The example above maps data about social capital within neighbourhoods, represented by the presence of different kinds of assets. To visualize this dataset, our team developed a custom puzzle piece symbol that represents the four types of assets, placed against a choropleth map of socioeconomic status.

18 School District 40 - New Westminster Line Charts 5 Physical Emotional Social Lang. & Cog. Communication + Scales + Scales - Excluding Communication Scale Sometimes the best way to show trends in data is not on a map. Line charts such as this one are a simple and effective way to see how different types of vulnerability are changing in a school district or neighbourhood over time. PERCENT VULNERABLE Bar Charts Wave Wave Wave Wave 4 Neighbourhoods in School District 40 - New Westminster There are many ways to employ bar charts when visualizing data. In this multi-bar, multi-wave, multi-scale example, one can look at any scale for a particular school district and see the relative number of neighbourhoods that fall into each vulnerability colour class (red = high vulnerability, green = low vulnerability), and how that distribution has changed over time. W W W W4 W W W W4 W W W W4 W W W W4 W W W W4 W W W W4 Physical Health and Well-Being Scale Social Competence Scale Emotional Maturity Scale Languageand Cognitive Development Scale Communication Skills and General Knowledge Scale One or More Scales 4

19 60.0 High-Low Plots This data visual provides another way to show how vulnerability rates have changed over time within neighbourhoods or school districts. The four waves of EDI scores for each neighbourhood are plotted on the percent vulnerable axis. Upward, downward and stable trends can be identified, as well as percent change which does not follow any trend over time. School District 5 - Langley Wave Wave Wave Wave Murrayville Walnut Grove West Willoughby Langley City South Fort Langley Walnut Grove East Milner - Hopington Fernridge Brookswood Langley City North Rural South Langley Aldergrove 5

20 EDI Data Table SD 8, 0 & 0 West Kootenay Physical Health Social Emotional Language & Communication Vuln. on One EDI Count & Well-Being Competence Maturity Cognitive Dev. Skills or More Scales SD 8 W W W W4 W W W W4 W W W W4 W W W W4 W W W W4 W W W W4 W W W W4 Kootenay Lake Creston Nelson Slocan - Thrums Salmo SD 0 W W W W4 W W W W4 W W W W4 W W W W4 W W W W4 W W W W4 W W W W4 Arrow Lakes SD 0 W W W W4 W W W W4 W W W W4 W W W W4 W W W W4 W W W W4 W W W W4 Rossland/Warfield Trail Robson/Thrums Castlegar Beaver Valley Source: EDI (Human Early Learning Partnership) W - Wave ( ), W - Wave ( ), W - Wave ( ), W4 - Wave 4, Year One (009-00) EDI Data Tables Data tables can be overwhelming, but when organized, labeled and colour coded correctly, they not only serve as a detailed data reference but also highlight patterns and trends in the data. EDI data tables are included with every map package to show the precise rate of vulnerability in each neighbourhood and as a supplementary way to compare scores. 6

21 Illustrative Diagrams WHAT IS VULNERABILITY Sometimes images speak louder than words, or at least make words easier to understand. Complex ideas are often explained best with the help of diagrams. TYPES OF COMMUNITIES Bottom 0% of W scores set the vulnerability cutoff Vulnerability is defined by the distribution of EDI scores in Wave of data collection (00/0-0/04) Top 90% of W scores said to be not vulnerable GEOCODING EDI DATA How are EDI data geocoded and aggregated? Individual Postal code Neighbourhood Example : A Typical Urban Community C D A 5 6 EDI DATA B note: fictitious data used in this example. 7

22 West Vancouver North Vancouver Victoria Vancouver Burnaby New West. Coquitlam Maple Ridge - Pitt Meadows Richmond Surrey Delta Langley West Vancouver North Vancouver Victoria Vancouver Burnaby New West. Coquitlam Maple Ridge - Pitt Meadows Richmond Surrey Delta Langley West Vancouver North Vancouver Vancouver Burnaby New West. Coquitlam Maple Ridge - Pitt Meadows Victoria Richmond Surrey Delta Langley 8 Stacked Layer Maps We often want to compare maps - whether they represent unique variables or points in time - to identify differences or change. Research shows that humans are worse at comparing things they have seen in the past than at comparing things that are in their current field of view (Munzner, 009). Stacked layer maps allow people to compare neighbourhoods across multiple variables or points in time, without having to test their memory or flip pages back and forth.

23 Port Moody South Glenayre n l e t PE CFD Harbour Chines/ Moody Centre C Newport/ Eagle Ridge Chineside/ Ranch Park Glen Westwood 7 CFD River Springs/ Oxford/ Burke Coast Meridian Rd PE Imperial Park/ Birchland PE Burquitlam C Lougheed/ Maillardville Blue Mountain St PE CFD C Como Lake Poirier/ Rochester Park PE PE Como Lake Ave PE Trans - Canada Highway Austin Ave Cape Horn/ Dartmoor Mariner Way Brunette Ave Lougheed Highway United Blvd River Heights 7 PE Central/ Mary Hill Citadel Heights/ Kilmer Park Castle Park Mary Hill Bypass Lougheed Highway S Va Community Asset Maps We have worked with several communities to develop inventories of various community resources available to children and their families. Whether assets have already been identified or if the exercise takes place as community workshop, the data that is collected can be turned into informative graphics or asset maps. These products can be shared with families or used to facilitate discussions about new programs and services. F r a s e r R i v e r 9

24 Aboriginal Language Mapping To make our maps more relevant to First Nations Groups and their children, we have worked closely with HELP s Aboriginal Steering Committee to delineate indigenous language family areas. We now utilize these pre-colonial boundaries to map custom EDI data along with community locations and assets. 0

25 Road Network Analysis To classify areas along an Urban-Rural continuum, our team has constructed a Remoteness Index by calculating the driving distances from km grid points to services such as hospitals, dentists and schools across BC. In addition to measuring remoteness, we hope to extend this type of network analysis to a variety of other research questions.

26 International EDI Maps HELP is a global knowledge hub in the field of early childhood research and has internationally recognized expertise in mapping the EDI. In addition to consulting on EDI mapping best practices, we have worked with partners in Chile to produce locally informed maps for two waves of data collection. Canada Región Metropolitana 5 57 United States 008 Santiago and Cordillera Vulnerable on One or More Scales Percent of Children Vulnerable Puente Alto La Florida Estación Central La Pintana Maipú 68 Maipú 7 R í o 70 M a p o c h o Estación Central Mexico Ecuador Jamaica Notes EDI sample size Source: EDI data provided by xxxx. Data processed by Lisa Chen. Spatial data 6 modified and vectorized by Cristóbal Cahis. Total EDI count is 046 for 005 and 40 for Area displayed are provinces of Santiago and Cordillera within Región Metropolitana. Colour Classification based on Canadian EDI. Cartogram Sizes of circles are proportional to the number of children surveyed on the EDI. These circles are then shaded according to their values La Pintana La Florida Puente Alto Chile CC - HELP - April 009

27 Germany Sweden Turkey Tajikistan Kyrgyzstan Holland Moldova Kosovo China Taiwan Iran Philippines Jordan Brazil Egypt Kenya Bangladesh Indonesia Madagascar Australia Mozambique EDI has been piloted or implemented Considering or planning to use EDI New Zealand

28