Application Note 82 Using the Dallas Trickle Charge Timekeeper
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1 Application Note 82 Using the Dallas Trickle Charge Timekeeper DESCRIPTION The Dallas Semiconductor/Maxim real-time clock (RTC) family contains a number of parts within an integrated trickle-charging circuit. This application note describes the operation of the DS1302 trickle charger. Most of the data in this note can be applied to other Dallas RTC trickle chargers, with a few circuit-specific changes. Figure 1. DS1302 PROGRAMMABLE TRICKLE CHARGER 1 of
2 TRICKLE CHARGER The trickle charge circuit is shown in Figure 1 along with the trickle charge register. To enable the trickle charger, the desired path through the circuit must be selected and the appropriate pattern written to the trickle charge register. The trickle charge select (TCS) bits (bits 4 to 7) control the selection of the trickle charger. In order to prevent accidental enabling, only a pattern of 1010 enables the trickle charger. All other patterns disable the trickle charger. The DS1302 powers up with the trickle charger disabled. The diode select (DS) bits (bits 2 to 3) select whether one diode or two diodes are connected between V CC2 and V CC1. If DS is 01, one diode is selected or if DS is 10, two diodes are selected. If DS is 00 or 11 the trickle charger is disabled independently of TCS. The RS bits (bits 0 to 1) select the resistor that is connected between V CC2 and V CC1. The resistor selected by the resistor select (RS) bits is as follows: RS BITS RESISTOR TYPICAL VALUE 00 None None 01 R1 2kΩ 10 R2 4kΩ 11 R3 8kΩ If RS is 00 the trickle charger is disabled independently of TCS. The user determines diode and resistor selection according to the maximum current desired for battery or super cap charging. The maximum charging current can be calculated as illustrated in the following example. Assume that a system power supply of 5V is applied to V CC2 a and a super cap is connected to V CC1. Also, assume that the trickle charger has been enabled with one diode and resistor R1 between V CC2 and V CC1. The maximum current I MAX would, therefore, be calculated as follows: I MAX = (5.0V - diode drop) / R1 ~(5.0V 0.7V) / 2kΩ ~2.2mA Obviously, as the super cap charges, the voltage drop between V CC2 and V CC1 decreased and, therefore, the charge current decreases. See curves in Trickle Charge Characteristics. POWER CONTROL The DS1302 can be powered in several different ways. The first method, shown in Figure 2, illustrates the DS1302 being supplied by only one power supply. In Figure 2a, the power supply is connected to V CC2 (pin 1) and in Figure 2b the power supply is connected to V CC1 (pin 8). In each case, the unused power pin, V CC1 or V CC2, is grounded. The second method, Figure 3, illustrates the DS1302 being backed up using a nonrechargeable battery connected to V CC1. In these two cases the trickle charge circuit has been disabled. In the final case, Figure 4, the DS1302 is being backed up by connecting a super cap, Figure 4a, or a rechargeable battery, Figure 4b, to V CC1. In this case, the trickle charge circuit has been enabled. 2 of 9
3 Figures 2a and 2b. SINGLE POWER SUPPLY OPTION Figure 3. NONRECHARGABLE BATTERY BACKUP Figures 4a and 4b. SUPER CAP OR RECHARGABLE BATTERY BACKUP 3 of 9
4 TRICKLE CHARGE CHARACTERISTICS Charging the Super Cap The maximum current, I MAX, required by the trickle charge circuit can be calculated by inserting the correct values selected in the trickle charge register into the following equation I MAX = (V CC2 - diode drop) / R Table 1 contains the values of I MAX for V CC2 values of 4.5V, 5.0V, and 5.5V; 1 diode drop and 2 diode drops; resistor values of 2000Ω, 4000Ω and 8000Ω. Also, the charging current can be modeled as a function of charge time. Both the super cap voltage and charging current as a function of time are represented in Figure 5. The equation to model the super cap voltage as a function of time is where V(t) = V MAX [1 - e (-t / RC) ] V(t) = Super Cap Voltage V MAX = (V CC2 - n Diode Drops), n = 1, 2 R = Internal Trickle-Charge Resistor C = Super Cap Capacitance The time needed to charge the super cap to 95% of V MAX is given in Table 2. Note that the time required to charge the super cap to 95% of the value of V MAX is independent of the value of V MAX. The equation, which models the charging current as a function of time, is given as where I(t) = V MAX / R x e (-t / RC) I(t) = Charging Current V MAX = (V CC2 - n Diode Drops), n = 1, 2 R = Internal Trickle-Charge Resistor C = Super Cap Capacitance 4 of 9
5 Discharging the Super Cap When modeling the DS1302 for the time to discharge the super cap, the DS1302 characterization data was used to observe that the I CC1T, timekeeping current through V CC1, was linear. This implies that it is proper to represent the DS1302 as a resistive load, R L, through which the super cap is discharged. Using the data sheet spec of I CC1T max of 0.3µA at 2.0 V CC1 gives a value for R L of 6.7MΩ. Then the equation modeling the discharging of the super cap is given by where V(t) = V MAX x e (-t / R L C) V(t) = Super Cap Voltage V MAX = (V CC2 - n Diode Drops), n = 1, 2 R L = DS1302 Load Resistance C = Super Cap Capacitance The calculated values for the time required to discharge the super cap to 2V are given in Table 3 and a sample of the super cap voltage as a function of discharge time is given in Figure 6. Figure 7 shows the typical I CC1T current versus voltage at +25 C. 5 of 9
6 Table 1. CALCULATED VALUES OF I MAX V CC2 (V) 2000W 4000W 8000W 1 diode 2 diodes 1 diode 2 diodes 1 diode 2 diodes UNITS ma ma ma Table 2. CHARGING TIME FOR SUPER CAP TO 95% OF V MAX CHARGE TIME 2000W 4000W 8000W UNITS Super Cap = minutes Super Cap = 0.47F minutes Super Cap = 1.5F minutes Table 3. SUPER CAP DISCHARGE TIME TO 2V V CC2 (V) 0.047F 0.47F 1.5F 1 diode 2 diodes 1 diode 2 diodes 1 diode 2 diodes UNITS hours hours hours 6 of 9
7 Figure 5. SUPER CAP CHARGING CHARACTERISTICS Charge Voltage (V) 7 of 9
8 Figure 6. SUPER CAP DISCHARGING CHARACTERISTICS 8 of 9
9 Figure 7. DS1302 AVERAGE I CC1T at +25 C average VCC1 (V) 9 of 9
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