Tools for Sustainable Urban Transport Experts

Transcription

1 on behalf of Tools for Sustainable Urban Transport Experts Standards & Toolkits Quantification Tools Design Guidelines Cost Comparisons Compiled by Nicolai Bader February 2014 Page 1

2 Tools for Sustainable Urban Transport Experts This document covers tools for urban transport experts. The document is structured in (I) Standards and Toolkits, (II) Quantification Tools, (III) Planning Guides, and (IV) Cost Comparisons. Thematically, it covers all areas relevant to urban transport. Standards and Toolkits covers either publications which measure the performance of services on basis of indicators or web-based, interactive tools. Quantification Tools are measurement tools as well, however particularly address emission quantification and emission reduction strategies. Planning Guides are strategic and step-by-step approaches to support the implementation of transport services and urban transport infrastructure measures. Cost comparisons are specifically focused on the financial implications s of actions in the urban transport sector. Page 2

3 Content I. Standards and Toolkits 1. TOD Standard v The BRT Standard Toolkit for Public Cycle Sharing Systems 4. Urban Bus Toolkit 5. Streetmix Tool 6. A Framework for Urban Transport Benchmarking 7. Toolkit for Clean Fleet Strategy Development 8. Clean Air Scorecard 9. Green Trucks Toolkit 10. Walkability Survey Tool 11. Toolkit on Fare Collection Systems for Urban Passenger Transport 12. Gender Tool Kit: Transport 13. Mobility Management Toolbox II. Quantification Tools 1. Integrated Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Emissions Accounting for Companies 2. Transport Emissions Evaluation Model (TEEMP) Tool 3. Mitigation Strategies and Accounting Methods for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transportation 4. MRV of cycling 5. HBEFA III. Planning Guides 1. Bus Rapid Transit Planning Guide 2. The Bike-Share Planning Guide Principles for Transport in Urban Life 4. Transportation Demand Management - A Small and Mid-Size Communities Toolkit 5. Freight Transport for Development Toolkit: Urban Freight 6. Transport Demand Management - Training Document 7. Better Streets, Better Cities 8. Cycling-Inclusive Policy Development: A Handbook 9. Complete Streets Design Guidelines 10. Involving Stakeholders: Toolkit on Organizing Successful Consultations 11. Reaching the Citizen: Toolkit on Effective Communications and Marketing IV. Cost Comparisons 1. Costs for Pedestrian and Bicycle Infrastructure Improvements 2. CCAP Transportation Emissions Guidebook V. Our Work 1. Sustainable Urban Transport Project Page 3

4 I. Standards and Toolkits Page 4

5 I-1. TOD Standard v2.0 The TOD Standard v2.0 addresses transit-adjacent developments which maximize the benefits of public transit in both developed and developing countries. Transit-oriented development (TOD) implies development to support, facilitate, and prioritize the use of public transport, walking, and cycling. The ITDP publication outlines eight key principles for guiding a nontechnical audience, everyone from developers to interested local residents, through the successful development of TODs. The TOD Standard elaborates these principles providing measurable performance objectives. The key principles are measured and rated within the categories: walk, cycle, connect, transit, mix, densify, compact, and shift. Published by: Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP). Latest version (November 2013) available on FINAL.pdf Page 5

6 I-2. The BRT Standard 2013 The BRT Standard was developed to create a common definition of bus rapid transit and recognize high-quality BRT systems around the world. It also functions as a technical tool to guide and encourage municipalities to consider the key features of the best BRT systems as they move through the design process. It certifies the achievement of BRT corridors within the hierarchy of international best practice. The performance of BRT is measured within 6 accessible performance categories and 32 subcategories. A BRT system might be awarded up to 100 points and ranked as gold, silver, bronze, or basic. Published by: ITDP, GIZ, ClimateWorks Foundation, ICCT, and Rockefeller Foundation. Latest version (February 2013) available on display/live/the+brt+standard+2013 Page 6

7 I-3. Toolkit for Public Cycle Sharing Systems The Toolkit for Public Cycle Sharing Systems was prepared as part of India s National Bicycle Sharing Scheme in order to build capacity of involved parties across the country for the implementation and operation of cycle sharing systems. It studies cycle sharing experiences and explains the prerequisites for such projects. Additionally, the toolkit provides benchmark performances and hands-on recommendations for the implementation of bike-sharing systems. Published by: Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP) on behalf of the Ministry of Urban Development, the Government of India. Latest version (June 2012) available on ubliccyclesharingtoolkit.pdf Page 7

8 I-4. Urban Bus Toolkit The Urban Bus Toolkit is designed to provide government officials and policy makers in developing and transitional countries with ready access to evaluate existing urban bus systems and suggest alternatives. The toolkit offers practical advice to enact fundamental system reforms. It assembles common problems affecting bus systems, provides a series of benchmarks and indicators relating to smart practices, determines the causes of problems, and discusses reform objectives. The tool offers a self-explanatory and interactive approach to define new transport objectives by means of which it guides through the transitional process towards a reformed and enhanced urban bus system. Published by: The World Bank. Available at Page 8

9 I-5. Streetmix Tool Streetmix is a browser-based, self-explanatory, and interactive tool to design, remix, and share street sections. Is shows the widths and placements of vehicle lanes, bike lanes, sidewalks, trees, street furniture, and accessories in a cross-sections view and enables to reassemble them in order to achieve the desired streetscape design. Streetmix can be used as a tool to promote and engage citizens around streetscape and place-making issues and to promote a two way communication between planners and city officials and the public to determine a mutually agreed course of action for future urban planning. Published by: Code for America. Available at net/ Page 9

10 I-6. A Framework for Urban Transport Benchmarking The publication aims to provide policymakers of transitional and developing countries with comparative information and management tools to continuously seek enhanced performance for their urban transport services. While the report does not provide measures of performance improvement, key elements of a benchmarking framework to asses urban transport are summarized. A major component of this study was to investigate (a) the availability of data for benchmarking and (b) the value of benchmarking on the basis of limited data. As a result of 5 pilot studies carried out, 13 indicators were approved to provide a basic framework for the evaluation of the urban transport performance. Published by: Transport Research Support Program for The International Bank of Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. Latest version (2011) available on: ContentServer/WDSP/IB/2012/06/23/ _ /Rendered/PDF /700910ESW0P1170arkingUrbanTranspor t.pdf Page 10

11 I-7. Toolkit for Clean Fleet Strategy Development The Clean Fleet toolkit is intended to help fleet operators to develop and monitor strategies for reducing their fleet s environmental impacts. In order to develop a strategy the toolkit guides the user through a step-by-step plan with strategic focuses on awareness, impact, action, strategy, and monitoring. To provide well-developed opportunities for emissions and fuel savings, a user-friendly, excelbased impact tool to review the fleet s air pollutant and emissions is integrated. Published by: United Nations Environmental Program and TNT. Latest version (2009) available on Page 11

12 I-8. Clean Air Scorecard The Clean Air Scorecard is a excel-based tool to improve air pollution and GHG emissions management based on three indices: (1) Air Pollution and Health Index; (2) Clean Air Management Capacity Index; (3) Clean Air Policies and Action Index. The latest version also incorporates indicators on: (i) regional air quality management; (ii) policy enforcement effectiveness rate; (iii) inventory of air quality management tools and models. The overall clean air score provides a quick snapshot on the overall status of clean air management in a city. It specifically accounts for the transport sector within the overall assessment. Published by: Clean Air Asia. Information on latest version (2011) available on Page 12

13 I-9. Green Trucks Toolkit The Green Trucks Toolkit is a simple, easy-to-use, excel-based model, assisting truck fleet managers in estimating the baseline impacts of their fleets as well as evaluating the impacts of applying different technologies and strategies that improve vehicle efficiency and/or reduce pollution. It estimates vehicle related emissions and enables scenarios involving the employment of technologies and strategies that are geared towards improving truck fuel efficiency and reducing pollution The toolkit is mainly based on the UNEP Clean Fleet toolkit. Strategies offered are: eco-driving improved maintenance aerodynamic styling low rolling resistance tires idling reduction reduction of sulfur in diesel and gasoline reduction/elimination of lead in gasoline emission control devices replacement of diesel and gasoline trucks with LPG/CNG trucks Published by: Clean Air Asia. Latest version (2012) available on portal/node/8074 Page 13

14 I-10. Walkability Survey Tool The tool uses a methodology based on the Global Walkability Index developed by the World Bank, which includes a field walkability survey, pedestrian preference survey and a government policy and institutional survey. The Walkability Survey Tool provides an overview of the current pedestrian infrastructure and policies in selected cities and will be used to develop and propose pedestrian focused solutions for Asian cities. The "walkability index" can help raise awareness and generate interest among policy makers and city officials and help them improve walking in their cities. Published by: Clean Air Asia for the Asian Development Bank. Latest version (May 2010) available on Page 14

15 I-11. Toolkit on Fare Collection Systems for Urban Passenger Transport For the purposes of this toolkit, an authority is assumed to be the public entity involved in the strategic planning, investment decision making and regulatory oversight of public transport in the respective metropolitan area or city, while the operator is the entity, public or privately held, that actually delivers the public transport services. The Toolkit is structured in five progressive layers, and comprises the following sections: Fare Collection Framework covering the strategic issues and institutional frameworks in the urban passenger transport system that govern the selection of objectives for the fare collection system; Fare Collection Objectives covering the policy, pricing, and usability objectives of the fare collection system; Fare Collection Practices covering fare structures, fare products and concessions, and integration modalities; Fare Collection Procedures covering the various processes used in the collection and protection of passenger revenues; and Fare Collection Technologies covering the various technologies employed to enable these fare collection processes. Published by: The World Bank. Latest version (2011) available at iles/publications/toolkits/fares%20 Toolkit%20content/overview.html Page 15

16 I-12. Gender Tool Kit: Transport The purpose of the tool kit is to assist staff and consultants of the Asian Development Bank (ADB) and government partner executing agencies to conceptualize and design gender-responsive projects in the transport sector. ADB s Policy on Gender and Development adapts gender mainstreaming across all sectors to promote and support gender equality and women s empowerment. The tool kit provides guidance for transport sector specialists and gender specialists by drawing attention to the gender dimensions of transport, and how to mainstream gender equality issues into transport project design, implementation, and policy engagement. Published by: Asian Development Bank. Latest version (2013) available on /sites/default/files/gender-tool-kit-transport.pdf Page 16

17 I-13. Mobility Management Toolbox This online policy toolbox presents and disseminates the results of the Mmove Project: a collaboration among local authorities in eleven small and medium sized European cities aiming to improve the effectiveness of sustainable mobility policies. It features a collection of recommended Mobility Management Practices and Feasibility Studies. The toolbox consists in three different tools addressing the basic issues of Mobility Management as defined by the Mmove partners and activities, through Theory, Best Practices, Evaluation, and Implementation. Published by: Mmove partner Municipality of Kavala, Greece. Available at Page 17

18 I-14. Public Transport Capacity Analysis Procedere for Developing Cities This manual supplements the Transit Capacity and Quality of Service Manual with measurable information assembled for cities in developing countries. It is useful in addressing two basic types of capacity analysis one assessing the performance of an existing transit line or system and the other in planning for a new facility. The World Bank / TRS manual primarily is expected to serves public transport planning and design practitioners, academics and researchers in developing countries The specific factors of the transit services that influence capacity included in this work, irrespective of mode are: 1. Running way capacity including the role of safe separation distance, signal/control systems and junctions and turnarounds. 2. Platform capacity including allowance for circulation, waiting space, number size and location of platform ingress/egress channels 3. Facility access elements including doorway and corridor widths, turnstiles and other barrier gates 4. Fare collection systems including staffed fare booths and ticket vending machines 5. Level changing systems including capacity of elevators, escalators and stairs 6. Vehicle design elements including consist lengths, interior configuration, doorway number, locations and widths. 7. Passenger loading standards which include the design occupancy level for vehicles and stations. Published by: Transport Research Support for The International Bank of Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. Latest version (2011) available on: r/wdsp/ib/2013/10/08/ _ / Rendered/PDF/815760WP0Trans00Box379836B00PUB LIC0.pdf Page 18

19 II. Quantification Tools Page 19

20 II-1. Integrated Greenhouse Gas and Air Pollution Emissions Accounting for Companies The Greenhouse Gas Protocol (GHG) is used as an accounting tool for government and business leaders to understand, quantify, and manage greenhouse gas emissions. However, while the GHG Protocol includes six main GHG emissions, it does not take into consideration main air pollutants. Measuring air pollutants from energy use (particulate matter (PM), SO2, NOx, CO, depending on the energy type) might as well be important. The accounting tool therefore lays a scope on external combustions units, company-owned vehicles, stationary internal combustion sources, liquefied petroleum gas use, gas flares, waste, domestic wastewater, and indirect emissions from purchased electricity. Published by: Clean Air Asia. Latest version (2010) available on org/portal/whatwedo/pr ojects/ghgaccounting Page 20

21 II-2. Transport Emissions Evaluation Model (TEEMP) Tool The TEEMP tools are sketch models which enable the estimation of emissions in both project and no-project scenarios and can be used for evaluating short to long term impacts of transport projects. TEEMP primarily evaluates the impacts of transport projects on CO2 emissions and to some extent air pollutant emission. The TEEMP tools have been developed in such a way that required input data are based on what data is available and easily accessible. Models are available for projects as bus rapid transit, metro, railways, walkability facility improvement, bike sharing, bikeways, commuter strategies, and road development. Published by: Clean Air Asia, ITDP, ADB, Cambridge Systematics and UNEP. Latest version (duration 2010 to present) available on Page 21

22 II-3. Mitigation Strategies and Accounting Methods for Greenhouse Gas Emissions from Transportation This document provides a list of 11 transport strategies containing 39 innovative GHG reduction measures in the transport sector, applicable to Latin America and the Caribbean cities. These measures are based on the Avoid-Shift-Improve paradigm for sustainable transport and include both passenger and freight movement solutions, guidance on implementation costs and difficulty levels, and GHG reduction impacts. Published by: Inter-American Development Bank. Latest version (2013) available on ocnum= Page 22

23 II-4. MRV of cycling This paper acknowledges that climate change is seldom the primary driver for supporting cycling in cities in developing countries. However, the monitoring, reporting and verifying (MRV) of emission reductions from cycling projects requires quantifying the number of kilometres cycled and identifying the alternative mode - the form of transport that would have been used by cyclists had the cycling project not been implemented. This report identifies benefits of and barriers to cycling, aimed at supporting policy-makers at city level with their ambition to advance cycling Published by: Inter-American Development Bank. Latest version (2013) available on Page 23

24 II-5. HBEFA The Handbook of Emission Factors for Road Transport (HBEFA) was originally developed on behalf of the Environmental Protection Agencies of Germany, Switzerland and Austria. HBEFA provides emission factors, i.e. the specific emission in g/km for all current vehicle categories (PC, LDV, HDV, buses and motor cycles), each divided into different categories, for a wide variety of traffic situations. Emission factors for all regulated and the most important non-regulated pollutants as well as fuel consumption and CO2 are included. Published by: HBEFA. Latest version (2010) available on et/e/index.html Page 24

25 III. Planning Guides Page 25

26 III-1. Bus Rapid Transit Planning Guide The Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) Planning Guide is the culmination of over five years of efforts to document and improve the state of the art in cost-effective urban public transport solutions. The planning guide provides an up-to-date and step-by-step description of the BRT planning process for developed and developing countries. It is intended as a guideline for parties involved in delivering public transport services (municipal planning, planning professionals and planning consultants) and encompasses 6 major components in BRT planning on over 800 pages: I. Project preparation II. Operational design III. Physical design IV. Integration V. Business plans VI. Evaluation and Implementation. Published by: Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP). Latest version (June 2007) available on /live/bus+rapid+transit+planning+guide?src=search Page 26

27 III-2. The Bike-Share Planning Guide Bike share has taken many forms over the course of its development since the 1960s. However, in every iteration, the essence of bike share remains simple: anyone can pick up a bike in one place and return it to another, making point-to-point, humanpowered transportation feasible. This guide is meant to bridge the divide between developing and developed countries experiences with bike-share. It should be useful in helping parties involved to plan and implement a bike-share system regardless of the location, size, or density of the city it is sought to be implemented in. The planning guide provides a detailed description of important components of bike-share planning: 1. The planning process and feasibility study 2. Detailed planning and design 3. Business model 4. Financial model Published by: Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP). Latest version (December 2013) available on Share_Planning_Guide.pdf Page 27

28 III Principles for Transport in Urban Life Our cities ourselves 10 principles for transport in urban life is a case-study based compilation of principles aimed to reshape the future approach towards transport in cities. The principles outlined are intended to inspire local leaders worldwide to improve the quality of life in cities today while ensuring their viability tomorrow. The 10 buzz-phrase principles are subdivided into 35 useoriented measures. Published by: Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP) and Gehl Architects. Latest version (June 2010) available on ve/our+cities+ourselves+pri nciples+for+transport+in+ur ban+life+updated+version Page 28

29 III-4. Transportation Demand Management: a Small and Mid-Size Communities Toolkit The TDM Toolkit is a set of policies and programs designed to manage the demand for road space. It is specifically focused on how communities of less than 150,000 in population and their local government staff and elected officials can use the strategies and techniques of transportation demand management. The guideline compiles TDM opportunities (active transportation, ride-sharing, public transit services, and parking management) and tools (plans and policies, education and social marketing, physical infrastructure improvements) and provides a hands-on, case-study based approach to spur a successful TDM process. Published by: Fraser Basin Council. Latest version (2009) available on ry/ccaq/toolkit_tdm_2009.pdf Page 29

30 III-5. Freight Transport for Development Toolkit: Urban Freight The Freight Transport for Development Toolkit provides information on urban freight and its impact on local communities and describes cities current policies towards urban freight transport in different regions of the world. Despite the diversity of the urban freight sector worldwide, the toolkit narrows in to issues shared by all cities and freight stakeholders. The toolkit draws on 4 strategies and 15 specific sub-strategies to address the identified issues of the urban freight sector. Published by: Transport Research Support for The International Bank of Reconstruction and Development / The World Bank. Latest version (2009) available on: erver/wdsp/ib/2010/11/19/ _ /Rendered/PDF/579710WP0urban0Box B01PUBLIC1.pdf Page 30

31 III-6. Transport Demand Management - Training Document The Transport Demand Management Training Document is organized as a resource to support a comprehensive TDM strategy, help identify appropriate demand management measures, and build stakeholder support, while providing appropriate examples. In improving transport system efficiency it focuses on two measures: push measures that make private vehicles less attractive and pull measures that make other means of transport more attractive. Published by: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) on behalf of German Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ). Latest version (April 2009) available on Page 31

32 III-7. Better Streets, Better Cities Better Streets, Better Cities - A Guide to Street Design in Urban India is a street design manual for planners, urban designers, landscape architects, civil engineers, and government officials and citizens. It aims to facilitate the design of beautiful, safe, walkable, and livable streets. Through specific street and intersection templates for different types and sizes of streets it provides a sense of streetscape and place-making design. Additionally the manual elaborates a step-by-step description of the design process of streets and intersections. Published by: Institute for Transportation and Development Policy (ITDP) and Environmental Planning Collaborative (EPC). Latest version (December 2011) available on BetterStreets pdf Page 32

33 III-8. Cycling-Inclusive Policy Development: A Handbook The Cycling-Inclusive Policy Development Handbook provides detailed information on how to develop cycling-friendly policies and facilities for planners, engineers, community leaders and advocates. The handbook focuses on policy development as an integral part of a future transport and mobility course. However, it is not a design manual but addresses the policy framework to enable policy makers to communicate better with planners, designers, and citizens in the process of designing and implementing a cycleinclusive transport environment. Published by: GIZ and Interface for Cycling- Expertise (I-CE). Latest version (April 2009) available on Page 33

34 III-9. Complete Streets Design Guidelines Complete Streets is a US design concept which integrates different means of transport into street design to positively impact safety, health, economies, and environments. However, due to the lack of superior national planning guidelines in the US there is no singular design prescription for Complete Streets. Jurisdictions on different levels have been issuing their unique Complete Streets design guidelines. Now over 488 communities in 27 states have adopted Complete Streets policies. The impact of Complete Streets has yet not been measured. However, Smart Growth America and The National Complete Streets Coalition have developed a ranking system to measure and assess the preliminary policy model in ten categories. Published by: Smart Growth America and The National Complete Streets Coalition. Latest version (August 2012) available on ts/cs/resources/cs-policyanalysis.pdf Page 34

35 III-10. Involving Stakeholders: Toolkit on Organizing Successful Consultations Stakeholder engagement improves the quality of urban mobility measures, and is becoming increasingly recognized as an important part of any decision-making process. This toolkit has been designed for use by transport practitioners, to help you involve stakeholders in the planning process. Elements of the toolkit will enable to plan, deliver and evaluate the stakeholder involvement activities surrounding your mobility measures to achieve their involvement. It therefore provides guidelines, tips and checklists to help with the planning and execution of a range of consultation activities. Published by: The CIVITAS Initiative. Latest version (June 2011) available on downloadcenter Page 35

36 III-11. Reaching the Citizen: Toolkit on Effective Communications and Marketing The Communications and Marketing Toolkit provides guidelines on communicating with citizens about sustainable urban mobility options. Reaching citizens effectively requires specific approaches. Communicating directly and indirectly with them through various means helps ensure the success of sustainable urban measures, while demonstrating transparency and willingness to engage citizens in dialogue and involve them. This in turn can help public authorities achieve more effective policy and progress. The information and advice contained in this toolkit is designed to assist local, regional and national authorities with various communication considerations. The toolkit aims at cities that are keen to promote sustainable urban mobility measures. The toolkit comprises 10 core sections: 1. Communicating Effectively with Citizens 2. Forming Effective Messages 3. Analysing and Creating Brands 4. Using Promotional Products 5. Organising Successful Events 6. Working with the Media 7. Maximising Media Relations: Making News 8. Essential Tools for Citizen Communications 9. Using Social Media/Web Working with External Bodies Published by: The CIVITAS Initiative. Latest version (June 2011) available on oadcenter Page 36

37 IV. Cost Comparisons Page 37

38 IV-1. Costs for Pedestrian and Bicycle Infrastructure Improvements This document is intended to provide meaningful estimates of infrastructure costs by collecting up-to-date cost information for pedestrian and bicycle treatments from states and cities across the US. Using this information, researchers, engineers, planners, and the general public can better understand the cost of pedestrian and bicycle treatments to make informed decisions about which infrastructure enhancements are best suited for implementation. The document provides general estimates and cost ranges for 77 facilities and 1,700 cost observations and thereby sets benchmarks of estimated infrastructural expenditure. Published by: UNC Highway Safety Research Center prepared for the Federal Highway Administration. Latest version (October 2013) available on: untermeasure%20costs_report_nov2013.pdf Page 38

39 IV-2. CCAP Transportation Emissions Guidebook The purpose of the CCAP Transportation Emission Guidebook is to engage state and local officials in understanding the extent to which policy decisions such as land use regulation, transportation planning, tax incentives, and infrastructure spending impact air pollution, energy use, and greenhouse gas emissions. The guidebook emission calculator enables user to quantify the fiscal benefits from policy adjustments discussed as land use, transit & travel demand management, and vehicle technology and fuels. Published by: Center for Clean Air Policy (CCAP). Available at Page 39

40 V. Our Work Page 40

41 Sustainable Urban Transport Project Policy-makers are facing demands to meet the changing mobility needs of citizens in ways which are economically, socially and environmentally sustainable. The Sustainable Urban Transport Project (GIZ-SUTP) aims to help developing world cities achieve their sustainable transport goals, through the dissemination of information about international experience, policy advice, training and capacity building. Amongst other thematic downloads, such as training documents on urban transport, the sourcebooks especially deal with: Institutional and Policy Orientation Land Use Planning and Demand Management Transit, Walking and Cycling Vehicles and Fuels Environment and Health Social Issues in Transport List of Publications from GIZ Sustainable Urban Transport Project as of October 2013 available at: flyers?download=638:list-of-publications Page 41

42 More information Sustainable Urban Transport (SUTP) including Sustainable Transport: Sourcebook for Policy-makers in Developing Cities : GIZ Transport and Mobility: Extensive SUTP Photo Database: Capacity Building on Sustainable Urban Transport (CAPSUT): Please do not hesitate to comment and share additional information and documents with us: Armin Wagner Team leader Transport Policy Advisory Services Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH - Transport and Mobility armin.wagner@giz.de Cover picture: All other cover pictures and screenshots from respective publication. Findings, interpretations, and conclusions expressed in this document are based on information gathered by GIZ and its consultants, partners, and contributors from reliable sources. GIZ does not, however, guarantee the accuracy or completeness of information in this document, and cannot be held responsible for any errors, omissions, or losses which emerge from its use. This document contains links to third-party web sites. The linked sites are not under the control of GIZ and GIZ is not responsible for the contents of any linked site or any link contained in a linked site. GIZ is not responsible for the contents of any linked site or any link contained in a linked site. Page 42

43 Editor: Deutsche Gesellschaft für Internationale Zusammenarbeit (GIZ) GmbH Sector Project Transport Policy Advisory Services Dag-Hammarskjöld-Weg Eschborn Germany Tel. +49 (0) Fax +49 (0) On behalf of: The German Federal Ministry of Economic Cooperation and Development (BMZ) Division Water; Energy; Urban development; Geoscience sector Eschborn February 2014 Page 43