Colorado Wildfires & Flash Floods
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1 Colorado Wildfires & Flash Floods Brian Varrella, P.E., CFM Floodplain Administrator & High Park Fire Specialist Fort Collins, Colorado 1 Photo: Varrella, 2013
2 Colorado Wildfires & Flash Floods Brian Varrella, P.E., CFM Chair, CASFM Region 8 Rep, ASFPM Stock Photo 2
3 Colorado Wildfires & Flash Floods Agenda for Today: 1. Recent Colorado Fire & Flood History 2. Case Study; High Park Fire & Floods 3. Editorial Mitigation! 4. Questions & Answers 3 Photo: Varrella, 2013
4 Colorado Wildfires & Flash Floods Recent Colorado Fire & Flood History Photo: Varrella,
5 Recent Colorado Fire & Flood History Colorado s Front Range & Urban Corridor: WY NE Ft. Collins Denver UT Urban Areas Colo. Springs KS Pueblo Photo background: Google Earth 5 AZ NM OK
6 Recent Colorado Fire & Flood History Colorado s Front Range & Urban Corridor: Ft. Collins Boulder Denver Colo. Springs 6 Photo background: Google Earth
7 Recent Colorado Fire & Flood History Colorado s Front Range & Urban Corridor: 2012 High Park Fire 136 sq. mi., 258 homes destroyed Ft. Collins Photo background: Google Earth 2010 Fourmile Canyon Fire 10 sq. mi., 168 homes destroyed Boulder Denver 2013 Black Forest Fire 22 sq. mi., 509 homes destroyed Waldo Canyon Fire 29 sq. mi., 511 homes destroyed Colorado Springs
8 Recent Colorado Fire & Flood History Post-Wildfire Fallout: Every wildfire is followed by Flash flooding Burn debris slides Soil erosion & deposition Water quality degradation Resulting in Injuries & fatalities Property damage Transportation disruption Drinking water supply degradation 8 Photo: Lucas Mouttet, 2013 Photo: Varrella 2013
9 Recent Colorado Fire & Flood History Post-Wildfire Fallout: Photo: Kevin Gertig, 2012 Question posed to me in 2013 If the fire was contained in 2012 Why are you flooding in 2013? The Bottom Line: Wildfires are not a singular disaster They are the beginning of many disasters The disaster cycle lasts 5-10 years (on average) Fires are contained new disasters soon follow Disasters continue until watershed is stable 9
10 Case Study; High Park Fire & Floods Wildfire & Flood Damage Cycle: Water Quality Flash Floods 10 Erosion Debris
11 Recent Colorado Fire & Flood History Flash Flooding: YouTube video of Waldo Canyon flash flooding US Hwy 24, Manitou Springs, CO Captured by Bruce Cheng 11
12 Recent Colorado Fire & Flood History Soil Erosion & Deposition: Photo: Lucas Mouttet, 2013 Photo: Varrella, Photo: Varrella, 2013
13 Recent Colorado Fire & Flood History Water Quality Degradation: Video: Lucas Mouttet and Jill Oropeza, 2013 Photos: Varrella, Photo: Lucas Mouttet, 2013
14 Recent Colorado Fire & Flood History Debris Slides: Me, for scale Photo: Varrella, Photo: Mouttet, 2013 Photo: Varrella, 2013
15 Recent Colorado Fire & Flood History Post-Wildfire Flood Hazards: Flooding happens fast in a flash Scorched soils shed all water No vegetation on steep slopes = fast runoff Isolated populations are at risk Storms aren t always visible from homesites Floods arrive without warning Remote areas = poor communication infrastructure Floodwater carries more than just water Rockfalls and landslides more numerous Debris loading can be tremendous 15
16 Recent Colorado Fire & Flood History Post-Wildfire Flood Hazards: YouTube video of Manitou Springs flash flooding Captured by apeakrunner 16
17 Colorado Wildfires & Flash Floods Case Study; High Park Fire & Floods Photo: Pat Rastall, Director, CSU Pingree Park Campus, 2012
18 Case Study; High Park Fire & Floods High Park Fire Recovery Team at Ft. Collins Utilities: Project Mgr., Ginger Purvis Fire Boss, Kevin Gertig Fire Specialist, Lucas Mouttet Fire Specialist, Jared Heath 18 Photos: Fort Collins High Park Fire Recovery Team, 2013
19 Case Study; High Park Fire & Floods High Park Fire Team: Fire Specialist, Jill Oropeza Fire Specialist, Jack Everett Finance Specialist, Rita Decourcey Fire Specialist, Brian Varrella 19 Photos: Fort Collins High Park Fire Recovery Team, 2013
20 Case Study; High Park Fire & Floods High Park Fire (west of Fort Collins): Costliest wildfire in Colorado history at the time Started June 9, 2012, by lightening strike Burned for 21 days in Cache la Poudre R. watershed Burned 87,284 acres (136 sq. mi.) Land area of Seattle, WA = 84 sq. mi. Destroyed 259 homes Photo: Varrella,
21 Case Study; High Park Fire & Floods Flooding Started Immediately (2012): Cache la Poudre River watershed intercepts less rainfall Vegetation & forest floor are burned off Soils are hydrophobic (water repellant) Gradients are steep Reduced rainfall interception accelerates runoff Interception = Volume of runoff Vegetation = Velocity of runoff Vol. & Vel. = Hazards to public 21
22 Case Study; High Park Fire & Floods Runoff Acceleration: Photo: Lucas Mouttet,
23 Case Study; High Park Fire & Floods Flash Flooding of a Tributary: Video: Lucas Mouttet,
24 Case Study; High Park Fire & Floods Runoff Volume Increases: 24 Lewstone Creek Figure: NRCS, et al., 2012
25 Case Study; High Park Fire & Floods Lewstone Creek Example: 4,460 acre (7.0 sq. mi.) watershed Pre-Fire Hydrology 2-yr Q peak = 2 cfs 10-yr Q peak = 170 cfs 100-yr Q peak = 910 cfs Post-Fire Hydrology w/ sediment bulking 2-yr Q peak = 140 cfs 10-yr Q peak = 1,000 cfs or = 5.9-fold increase 100-yr Q peak = 2,900 cfs or = 3.2-fold increase 25
26 Case Study; High Park Fire & Floods New Erosion Hazards: Burn severity + steep slope + water = erosion Upper slopes eroded Soil & debris deposited throughout watershed State Hwy 14 regularly obstructed $5 million spent in mulching operations in 2013 Goal; intercept raindrops to prevent erosion Goal; give revegetation a start Goal; reduce impacts of flooding & erosion Photo: Varrella,
27 Case Study; High Park Fire & Floods Other Hazards from High Park Burn: Public safety hazards from thunderstorms Private property & structural damage Utility infrastructure damage Rivers migrate, incise & erode Transportation closures & delays Fallout continues for 5-10 years High Park flooded across 2012 & 2013 Every summer thunderstorm = floods NPR coined phrase flash flood Fridays Photo: Mouttet,
28 Case Study; High Park Fire & Floods Other Hazards from High Park Burn: DEBRIS LOADING Photo: CO Dept. of Transportation, 2013 Photo: Matt Fater, LANDSLIDES & HIGHWAY CLOSURE & PUBLIC INTERFERENCE
29 Case Study; High Park Fire & Floods Public Safety Hazards: 2013 Flood Closures on State Hwy 14: = Minor, = Major 29
30 Case Study; High Park Fire & Floods Public Safety Hazards: Photos: Varrella,
31 Colorado Wildfires & Flash Floods Editorial: Mitigation! Photo: The Suz 31
32 Editorial; Mitigation! Recommendation #1: Treat wildfire disasters as a prelude to flood disasters A watershed burns, then it floods Manage wildfire as an imminent flood threat Waive 30-day flood insurance waiting period Apply to all federally-declared wildfire disasters Share funding resources across multiple fields Wildfire fuels mgt. = floodplain mgt. Watershed ecological enhancement = pre-disaster flood mitigation Fire fighting = pre-flood fighting 32
33 Editorial; Mitigation! Recommendation #2: Wildfire is a watershed problem fix it at the source To mitigate floods, mitigate fires before they occur Mitigating one disaster reduces impacts of the other Change the my disaster vs. your disaster perception of applicable solutions It is better to change the manner in which a man perceives the world than it is to change the world he perceives. -- Martin Booth, A Very Private Gentleman,
34 Editorial; Mitigation! Recommendation #3: Establish post-fire warning & communication protocols If we warn people during fires, why not floods too? Get infrastructure set up before fire demobilization Establish flood warning systems during fires Use all available media and methods to connect 34 Photo: Varrella, 2013 Facebook Post from the Larimer Co. Sherriff, 2013
35 Editorial; Mitigation! Recommendation #4: People in a watershed must collaborate (Stream Teams) One watershed, many resources, many solutions Private stakeholders + govt. agencies + non-govt. orgs. Leverage all available resources and expertise Photo: 35 Mouttet, 2013 Photo: Varrella, 2013
36 Editorial; Mitigation! Recommendation #5: Break the fire-flood-flood cycle Manage forest resources as assets Pre-disaster flood mitigation should have ecological components Use buyout funding for watershed property enhancements Manage the asset (forests) to reduce the impacts of wildfire Stick around after the fire disaster to manage the others as well 36 Photo: Varrella, 2013
37 Case Study; High Park Fire & Floods Wildfire & Flood Damage Cycle: PDM $ Water Quality Flash Floods 37 Erosion Debris
38 Editorial; Mitigation! Our Final Goal The Phoenix Solution: If we can successfully mitigate fire & flood disasters Then we won t have to work so hard to Rise up from the ashes, or crawl out from the debris. Photo: Lucas Mouttet,
39 Colorado Wildfires & Flash Floods Thanks for listening Questions? 39
40 Colorado Wildfires & Flash Floods Flood Disasters Happen in Colorado: 1. How do we manage rivers that have relocated? 2. How do we identify, manage and mitigate risk on rivers that move? 3. What new best practices can we extract from the 2013 flood experience? Photo: Varrella,
41 Colorado Wildfires & Flash Floods REMEMBER: Rivers Are Dynamic Society requires the river manager to be able to provide quasi-absolute values for environmental parameters, for example flood levels David Sear, Rivers are living and changing systems, but flood hazards are mapped with static lines. Channels move and rivers change during floods. 41
42 Colorado Wildfires & Flash Floods REMEMBER: The Resilience Objective Prevent disasters from becoming disasterous. Less damage in the next Colorado floods. Colorado has shown our nation that we are better when we stand united to confront natural disasters and rebuild better, stronger and smarter than before. US Sen. Udall, Oct Photo: Varrella, 2013
43 Colorado Wildfires & Flash Floods REMEMBER: Evolution of Best Practices A best practice is informed by historic perspective. History + new info = new best practices. If you could rebuild it all over again, would you do it the same way? Chris Sturm, CWCB Stream Team Leader, Photos: Varrella, 2013
44 Colorado Fire & Flood History Hayman Fire (Denver + Colo. Springs): Largest in CO history Started June 8, 2002, by arson Burned for 41 days Burned 138,114 acres (216 sq. mi.) Destroyed 133 homes Photo: Karen Wattenmaker, published in USDA,
45 Colorado Fire & Flood History Fourmile Canyon Fire (Boulder): Largest in CO history Started September 6, 2010 Burned for 11 days Burned 6,181 acres (10 sq. mi.) Destroyed 168 homes Photo: Mark Leffingwell, Denver Post, published in USDA
46 Colorado Fire & Flood History Waldo Canyon Fire (Colo. Springs): Most homes destroyed in CO history at the time Started June 23, 2012 Burned for 18 days Burned 18,247 acres (29 sq. mi.) Destroyed 511 homes Photo: RJ Sangosti, published in the Denver Post,
47 Colorado Fire & Flood History High Park Fire (Colo. Springs): Costliest wildfire in CO history at the time Started June 9, 2012, by lightening strike Burned for 21 days Burned 87,284 acres (136 sq. mi.) Destroyed 259 homes Photo: Varrella,
48 Recent Colorado Fire & Flood History Black Forest Fire (Colo. Springs): Most destructive wildfire in CO history at the time Started June 11, 2013 Burned for 11 days Burned 14,280 acres (22 sq. mi.) Destroyed 509 homes Photo: RJ Sangosti, published in the Denver Post,
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