Ecological and Economical Restoration of Danube Floodplain. Iulian NICHERSU. Danube Delta National Institute Tulcea, ROMANIA

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1 BIOWETMAN A Science Based Approach to Understand Biodiversity Driven Functions and Services for Improving Wetland Management Bucharest, 19 th February 2009 Ecological and Economical Restoration of Danube Floodplain Iulian NICHERSU INSTITUTUL NAŢIONAL DE CERCETARE DEZVOLTARE DELTA DUNARI I - TULCEA Danube Delta National Institute Tulcea, ROMANIA

2 The original bridges complex from Cernavodă consists of a bridge over the arm Borcea, another one over the Danube and a viaduct over Balta Iezerului, transformed in 1969 into roadbed of embankment through draining. Complexul originar de poduri de la Cernavod ă se compunea dintr-un pod peste braţul Borcea, unul peste Dunăre şi un viaduct peste balta Iezerului, desfiinţat în 1969, în urma desecării acestei bălţi, şi înlocuit cu un terasament de rambleu.

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5 ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMICAL RESIZING PROGRAM IN ROMANIANA SECTOR OF DANUIBE FLOODPLAIN Program aproved by Romanian Government through the decision HG 1208 /

6 STAGE I RESEARCH STUDY ELABORATION ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMICAL RESIZING IN ROMANIAN SECTOR OF DANUBE FLOODPLAIN BENEFICIARY MINISTRY Y OF ENVIRONMENT AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT Performer Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development Tulcea Romania Colaborators INHGA Bucuresti (RO), ISPIF Bucuresti (RO) EnviroScopY SRL ( RO) -ESYCH ( CH) -SINTEGRA ( FR) - Univ.. Karlsruhe - Institutul de Ecologie a Luncilor,, ( DE)

7 AIM Background of the scientific and technical priorities of the management plan of flood risk in the sector of the Romanian Danube Floodplain.

8 Cerna Drincea Prut R.MOLDOVA CURRENT STATUS OF EMBANKMENT PRECINTS INTO ROMANIAN DANUBE FLOODPLAIN Danube Floodplain Embankment PORTILE DE FIER I Period of embankment R. MOLDOVA UKRAINE PORTILE DE FIER II Siret GALAŢI BRĂILA RENI IZMAIL Km.0 Calmaţui 11 TULCEA Km BAZIAŞ YUGOSLAVIA Berzeasca ORŞOVA TURNU SEVERIN Ialomiţa 10 HÂRŞOVA BLACK SEA VIDIN 1 CALAFAT Deznăţui 2 Jiu BECHET ORJAHOVO ROMANIA 3 CORABIA 4 Olt Calmăţui TURNU MĂGURELE NICOPOL SVISTOV Vedea 5 6 ZIMNICEA GIURGIU 7 8 RUSE Argeş OLTENIŢA 9 SILISTRA TUTRAKAN CĂLĂRAŞI km Legend Danube Floodplain Main Lakes and abandoned meanders Riverine Lymans 1-12 Danube Floodplain Units BULGARIA

9 ACTUAL STATE Romanian Danube Floodplain of which: S = ha EMBANKMENT S = ha composed of NATURAL - 53 embankment precints with 1.200km dikes Constructed before 1962 S = ha - tributaries influx mouths - Small Island of Brăil ila

10 PRIORITIES 1. Reassessment of settlements defense lines against floods; 2. Polders restoration in order to recover natural functions of wetlands including conservative interest areas (SCI, SAC, SPA, national); 3. Reassessment of economic activities in agriculture/fish polders into a mixed concept economic and room for water.

11 PRIORITY 1 Reassessment of settlements defense lines against floods ACTIONS Elaboration of Digital Terrain Model (DTM) for reappraisal of defense lines of settlements against floods with ring dyke located at the limits statuated in general urban plan (PUG) Elaboration of floods scenarios based on hydraulic modeling

12 New defense lines against floods (rings dykes) Rast Village - 23 rd June 2006

13 PRIORITY 1 Reassessment of settlements defense lines against floods EXPECTED RESULTS Mapping of hydro-geo-morphological units on the Danube Floodplain territory based on the 3D DTM. DTM will be produced using LiDAR Altimetry Data with longitudinal and transversal transects through polders and areas of mouth tributaries due to present of its floods. Based on hypsometrical support will be elaborate floods scenarios using hydraulic modeling. Hydraulic Model which will be adopted design, based on 2006 water discharge and levels, different flooding scenarios from which will be selected optimum, in sense of water circulation restoration as possible nearest to the natural status, before damming. Dyke defense Rim Altitude of villages and ports.

14 PRIORITY 2 Polders restoration in order to recover natural functions of wetlands including conservative interest areas (SCI, SAC, SPA, national) ACTIONS Establishment of floods and remanence regime of water in polders result through drying of former lakes Bistreţ, Potelu, Suhaia,, Greaca, Călăraşi etc. due to its renaturation.

15 Bistreţ Fish Pond - 23 rd June 2006

16 Potelu Polder - 23 rd June 2006 Potelu Lake Map -1900

17 PRIORITY 2 Polders restoration in order to recover natural functions of wetlands including conservative interest areas (SCI, SAC, SPA, national) EXPECTED RESULTS Reinstatement in natural hydrological cycle Wetlands specific natural functions rehabilitation hidrological, biogeochemical and ecological Hydrological and ecological equilibrium restoration Natural habitats extension as breading areas for fish and birds species Traditional activities development: fishing, grazing, vegetal resources harvesting, ecoturism

18 Rehabilitation Pilot Project of agricultural polders applied in Danube Delta Abandoned agricultural polder Breach applied for flooding Successful of reconstruction works

19 PRIORITY 3 Reassessment of economic activities in agriculture/fish polders into a mixed concept economic and room for water ACTIONS Reappraise of Economic activities in polders based on cost/benefit ratio for investments in defense dykes maintaining and other existing hydrotechnical buildings Establishment of leaded flooding regime at maximum levels of Danube, which threaten defense systems

20 PRIORITY 3 Reassessment of economic activities in agriculture/fish polders into a mixed concept economic and room for water EXPECTED RESULTS Limitation of catastrophic floods effects Ecosistemic/adaptive Integrated Management

21 Călăraşi Răul Islet april 2006 Breach of flooding in leaded regime The first Project of Ecological Reconstruction in Danube Floodplain

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23 Realization of digital terrain model(dtm) through LIDAR method

24 Principle GPS Corections in real time through satellite Double Frequencies GPS into aircraft Real Time GPS Inertial Unit Laser Scanning - GPS - Inertial Unit - LASER Soil GPS reference station with double frequencies

25 Parameters of flight LIDAR Parameters Valoare α -h - Suprapunere OVERLAP Flight Altitude m Speed Flight 45 m/s, 90 kts Bandwidth 520 m Coverage side 20% Distance inter-band 415 m Laser frequency ? khz Angle Scanning 60 (+/- 10 ) The frequency of scan 75 Hz Precision laser altimetry points measured 5 cm (standard-deviation) Planimetric precision laser total points measured 20 cm The average density of laser points 2.8 pts / m² The average distance between the laser 0,6 m (direction of flight and vertical) -2 tan(α/2) h - PARTENAVIA P3 Owner : APEI sa Engine : 2 x LYCOMING 180 CV

26 Parameters of flight

27 Inventory days of flight

28 Extracting of topographical surface Before filtration... After...

29 3D Modelling

30 Arrangements Plans Schedule of liniar project Extracting of the longitudinal and transverse profiles

31 3D Modelling

32 Aircraft: BEECHTCRAFT B200 King Air, APEI SA Engines : 2 turbo PT6 A42 (potential 2500 h) Ceiling : Ft Speed : 260 kts Equipment : FR full/br nav 2 trappes photo Autonomy : 5h 30 min Airplane 2 seats pilot / 4 seats passengers available-2 operators in addition - photographic equipment

33 Flight plans along the Romanian sector of the Danube Floodplain

34 Alluvial deposits in the area of Port Ruse (Bulgaria).

35 Cama-Dinu area in detail - can be highlighted areas with forest vegetation and land use.

36 Flights were conducted in September 2007, give the image of land use for this year and in same time the minimum level of water of the Danube and its tributaries in the areas of their influx mouths.

37 3D/Hydro Simulations H_min H_med H_max

38 METHOD Pretability study for agricultural precincts: agriculture; restoration; water storage GIS processing Danube Hydraulic Model Hydrological Scenarios

39 HYDRAULIC SCENARIOS Danube Floodplain - Integral Restoration : - flooding in natural regime of all agricultural precincts; Combined Scenarios: - restoration of some agricultural precincts (reintroduction into flood natural regime); - water storage in some precincts for taking higher floods

40 Danube Hydraulic Model Danube Hydraulic Model Hydraulic modeling follow the Danube track between Gruia (km 851) and Isaccea (km 101)

41 Hydraulic Schematization of Danube (Sobek( 1D2D)

42 In case of natural regime flood, full or partially, of agricultural precincts, flow section of Danube increase proportionally with agricultural precincts area reintroduced in flood natural regime.

43 In water storage case in some agricultural precincts for taking the top higher flood, the precinct flooding is made through threshold into perimetral dyke that permit precinct flooding when Danube levels exceeds its altitude (hydrological scenarios for altitudes and different sizes of threshold).

44 Hydrological scenarios were made for different variants of thresholds size,, 50m and 100m.. The threshold altitude was computed for a value which represent 95% and 90% from maximum value of Danube level in % 95%

45 Water Storage into agricultural precincts does not happen every year, but only for the years with an extrem hydrological regime (level) of the Danube

46 The Hydraulic Model feeds at input with the discharge from Gruia Station and at exit folows the water level at Isaccea station; The running and calibration of the Hydraulic Model were made for representative hydrological periods: 2003 (minimum levels), 2004 (medium levels) and 2006 (maximum levels); The calibration of the Hydraulic Model was made using the series of levels and debits of hydrometric stations between Gruia and Isaccea.

47 Decreasing of Danube top higher level through flooding in natural regime of africultural precincts Real situation Natural flooding

48 Decreasing of Danube levels (at hydrometric stations) for the analised scenario compared with reference scenario (actual state) 0.24 m 0.26 m 0.25 m 0.20 m 0.25 m 0.25 m 1.27 m 0.54 m 0.58 m 0.08 m 0.32 m 0.95 m 0.17 m

49 Calafat Area Flooding

50 Sateliteb Image IRS 20 June 2006 Flood areas

51 Suitable precincts flooding for water storage (5 aprilie 20 mai 2006) Water depth (m)

52 Rethinking the lines of defense It was analyzed a number of 172 settlements in which 87 are wholly or partly flooded, being located in 26 precincts (7 many precincts have 1%, 2% and 5%, 5 precincts 10% insurance) Variants of work: Variant I - rehabilitation of existing dykes to new insurance Variant II - defending individual localities by surrounding dykes into head the high terrace or perimeter dykes.

53 Comparison table with the volume of works and estimations for Variant I and Variant II r

54 Multicriterial model of socio-economic analysis The general framework of socio-economic analysis The current level of economic and social welfare Pressures on natural capital Forecast level of economic and social welfare Courses of action to achieve the target of economic and social welfare Specific framework of socio-economic analyze The resources provided by Danube Floodplain The elasticity of economic and social welfare in light of the resources provided by Danube Floodplain Projects necessary to achieve a certain level of economic well-being Cost Benefit Analyze. Spatial scale analysis Homogeneous areas of economic point of view and also pressure on natural capital Motivations: - possibilities of information - Establishing the criteria in relation to the horizon for the elaboration of scenarios Objectives of socio-economic analyze Overall Objective: the integration of Danube Floodplain policy in the area of development strategy Specific Objectives Assessing of the social and economic activities performance Request assessing of resources provided by Danube Floodplain Measuring of social and economic welfare Socio-economic analysis content Analysis of socio-economic structures Analysis of socio-economic system metabolism Analysis of efforts to conserve Danube Floodplain.

55 Land Use Analyze through LUCAS method (EuroSTAT) Statistical survey regarding Land Use in Romanian Sector of Danube Floodplain Year Use TOTAL (Ha) % TOTAL (Ha) % Agriculture Forestry Fishculture Reed Harvesting Energy Industries Transport Civil Engineering Social Services Residential Nonuse Unidentified T O T A L Utilizarea terenului in Lunca Dunarii (sectorul romanesc) in 1.5% anul % 0.5% 6.8% 5.4% 0.2% 0.1% 0.1% Agricultura 0.3% Silvicultura 3.5% Piscicultura Exploatare Stuf Energie 10.3% Ind. si Prelucrare Transport Constructii Serv. Comunitare 70.8% Rezidential Neutilizat Danube Floodplain Land Use Neidentificat

56 Defining of indices for evaluating the status of riparian landscapes in Danube Floodplain Judeţele din Lunca Dunării Ag=Suprafaţa agricolă (ha) cu care intră în Lunca Dunării LAND SEGREGATION INDEX A=Suprafaţa acvatică (ha) cu care intră în Lunca Dunării P=populatia totala estimata pentru suprafaţa din Lunca Dunării Ag/P=ha agr./pers. A/P=ha acvatic/pers. Isf=Ag/P- A/P Braila ,4 33,83 5,40 28,43 Calarasi ,6 9,00 0,94 8,07 Constanta ,9 2,55 11,23-8,68 Dolj ,7 5,41 1,03 4,38 Galati ,5 0,18 0,21-0,03 Giurgiu ,3 6,34 0,41 5,93 Ialomita ,91 2,67 8,24 Mehedinti ,5 3,79 4,29-0,49 Olt ,6 17,96 5,76 12,20 Teleorman ,1 17,77 3,49 14,28 Tulcea ,8 12,63 4,39 8,24 Total Lunca Dunării ,4 10,94 3,08 7,87 Total România ,4 0,04 0,39 I sf = Ag/P A/P, I sf = Land Segregation Insex, Ag = Agricultural Land Surface (ha) A = Aquatic area (ha) P = Total Population

57 Defining of indices for evaluating the status of riparian landscapes in Danube Floodplain PRODUCTIVITY INDEX Judeţele din Lunca Dunării K=cultivated agriculture surface K= suprafaţa agricolă cultivată Y=Total Production (RON) Y=producţia totală (RON) Productivity INDEX (RON/Ha) Indicele de productivitate (RON/ha) Brăila ,2 Călăraşi ,3 Constanţa ,4 Dolj ,7 Galaţi ,8 Giurgiu ,2 Ialomiţa ,1 Mehedinţi ,0 Teleorman ,3 Tulcea ,1 Total Lunca Dunării ,1 Total România ,5 Agricultural productivity = Y/K Y = total production (expressed in RON) K (capital) = agricultural area as a space dimension (expressed în ha)

58 NATURALNESS INDEX Area of Forested Land (Ha) Agricultural area + Building area (Ha) Naturalness INDEX Judeţele din Lunca Dunării Suprafata împădurită (ha) Suprafata agricola + suprafaţa cosntruită (ha) Indicele de naturalitate Braila ,16 Calarasi ,15 Constanta ,23 Dolj ,11 Galati ,00 Giurgiu ,14 Ialomita ,36 Mehedinti ,29 Olt ,23 Teleorman ,18 Tulcea ,21 Total Lunca Dunării ,18 I tr.e. = S forest/s (agricultural+buildings) >0.60: original landscape with ecological equilibrium close to 0,45-0,60: stable landscape with ecological equilibrium relatively 0,30-0,45: landscape with ecological equilibrium weak affected 0,20-0,30: landscape at ecological equilibrium limit 0,20-0,10: affected landscape with ecological equilibrium strongly <0,10: landscape very strongly affected

59 Balance and economic-ecological efficiency (energetic) of Socio-Economic Systems from the Danube Floodplain The net result of the compared designed situation Insula Mare a Brăilei Indicators Units Multifunctional (Wetland) Monofunctional (agroecosystem) 1 Flooding degree min med max - 2 Average of water m 0,30 0,88 5,8 - depth 3 Retain of Water Mil m 3 7,2 544, volume 4 Economical Value Euro/ha 625,8 1250, ,3 funciar 5 Expenses Euro/ha 1363,1 210,8-1124,2 funciar - for production 264,6 40,9-218,2 - cancel advantages 1098,5 169, Net results -737, , ,9 Economic and ecological criteria should be supplemented with socio-political criteria

60 Pretability Map of embankment precincts for economical activities in Romanian Sector of Danube Floodplain

61 Pretability assessment of arranged precincts for economic activities in order to resizing their premises as mixed ( agricultural / polder for water storage) Before concluding this study on Danube Floodplain, resulted from a complex analysis of field data and their interpretation in the present state of knowledge, must be highlighted some basic issues to facilitate such future studies more detailed: Danube Floodplain is a individualized hidrogeomorphological complex, which operates as a unit The track character or broad depression is give of Danube activity, whose action takes place combined with the whole hydrographic network Morfographic and morphometric, Danube Floodplain is deeply fragmented, with polilevels lacustrine depressions, actual meadows until terraces, which requires multifunctionality in the use of these lands Danube Floodplain region is the key to solving the problem of flood risk localities adjacent to the Danube

62 CONCLUSIONS of research study prepared by Danube Delta National Institute for Research and Development Tulcea Romania, entitled: ECOLOGICAL AND ECONOMICAL RESIZING PROGRAM IN ROMANIANA SECTOR OF DANUIBE FLOODPLAIN The Ecological and economical resizing Program, approved by Government Decision no / 6 sept.2006, is the strategy for sustainable development and re-line of defense strategy against floods in the settlements located in Danube River Floodplain - strategy based on evaluation of various scenarios of pretability to flooding and the public decision.

63 The present premises of Danube Floodplain precincts The program established as an instrument for decision makers, is structured in three levels - the identification, evaluation and pretability, and pursued 3 objectives: 1. Rethinking of defense lines against floods localities; 2. Assessing of economic activities pretability in the premises of embanked precincts resizing with a view to their premises as mixed (agricultural / polders and water storage) 3. Renaturation of embanked precincts to create wetlands areas of conservative interest (example: SCI and SPA)

64 According to existing data and hydraulic scenarios drawn up on the surface of the total embanked precincts of the Danube Floodplain - 445,000 ha, results 3 categories of use in the future: 43.3% for the remaining precincts for agriculture; 40.8% areas used as mixed (agricultural / polders and water storage); 15.9% areas for renaturation to create wetlands.

65 Distribution tion of existing precincts on the 3 use categories rezults s from study Agriculture - Renaturation Mixed (agricultural / polders and water storage)

66 Before all, must seek, through our work to be able to put a value of this area as more of this land and not leave areas so large between bank and dyke, to be condemned to remain unproductive, except of course the areas that are strictly necessary for water flow during large flood. This can not be achieved, in another way than creating in the edge of the river from a distance to distance a series of basins, besides permanent wetlands, that we have shown that preserved and arranged, which alternate with land reserved for agriculture and were the river water can flood.

67 Water Storage Basin Cat s Bend Area

68 Implementation of Study results 2008/2010 Renaturation of embankment precincts in view of wetlands

69 ROOM FOR THE RIVER IN THE CAT S BEND, ROMANIA Topografical Map 1900

70 ROOM FOR THE RIVER IN THE CAT S BEND, ROMANIA Topografical Map 1985

71 ROOM FOR THE RIVER IN THE CAT S BEND, ROMANIA Satellite Image 2000

72 Vă mulţumim pentru atenţie! Thank you! Foto: Erika Schneider WWF Germany