Enterprise Architecture at Work

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1 Marc Lankhorst et al. Enterprise Architecture at Work Modelling, Communication and Analysis Third Edition 4y Springer

2 Contents 1 Introduction to Enterprise Architecture Architecture Enterprise Architecture The Architecture Process Drivers for Enterprise Architecture Internal Drivers External Drivers Summary 10 2 State of the Art Enterprise Architecture and Other Governance Instruments Strategic Management: Balanced Scorecard Strategy Execution: EFQM Quality Management: ISO IT Governance: COBIT IT Service Delivery'and Support: ITIL IT Implementation: CMM and CMMI Methods and Frameworks Enterprise Architecture Methods The IEEE /ISO/IEC Standard The Zachman Framework The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) OMG's Model-Driven Architecture (MDA) Other Frameworks Description Languages IDEF BPMN Testbed ARIS Unified Modeling Language 34

1.3 Quality Management: ISO 9001 15 2.1.4 IT Governance: COBIT 15 2.1.5 IT Service Delivery'and Support: ITIL 17 2.1.6 IT Implementation: CMM and CMMI 18 2.2 Methods and Frameworks 19 2.2.1 Enterprise Architecture Methods 19 2.

3 xx Contents Architecture Description Languages Suitability for Enterprise Architecture Service-Oriented Architecture Service-Oriented Technologies Relevance and Benefits for Enterprise Architecture Foundations Getting to Grips with Architectural Complexity Compositionality Integration of Architectural Domains Describing Enterprise Architectures Observing the Universe Concerns Observing Domains Views and Viewpoints Ways of Working Enterprise Architecture Models Pictures, Models, and Semantics Symbolic and Semantic Models Symbolic Models Semantic Models Semantics in ArchiMate vs. UML Summary 59 4 Communication of Enterprise Architectures Introduction System Development as a Knowledge Transformation Process System Development Community System Development Knowledge Explicitness of Knowledge Transformations of Knowledge Conversation Strategies Architectural Conversations Knowledge Goals Conversation Techniques Summary 74 5 A Language for Enterprise Modelling Describing Coherence Service Orientation and Layering Three Dimensions of Modelling j Extensions Business Layer Concepts Business Structure Concepts Business Behaviour Concepts Higher-Level Business Concepts 87

2.2 Concerns 48 3.2.3 Observing Domains 49 3.2.4 Views and Viewpoints 50 3.2.5 Ways of Working 51 3.2.6 Enterprise Architecture Models 52 3.3 Pictures, Models, and Semantics 53 3.3.1 Symbolic and Semantic Models 54 3.

4 Contents xxi 5.6 Application Layer Concepts Application Structure Concepts Application Behaviour Concepts Business-Application Alignment Technology Layer Concepts Technology Structure Concepts Technology Behaviour Concepts Application-Technology Alignment Relations Motivation Extension Concepts Stakeholder, Driver and Assessment Goal, Requirement, Constraint and Principle Motivation Extension Relations Implementation & Migration Extension Concepts Implementation-Related Concepts Migration Planning Concepts Language Extension Mechanisms Adding Attributes to ArchiMate Concepts and Relations Specialisation of Concepts ArchiMate and TOGAF Modelling Example Summary Guidelines for Modelling Introduction The Modelling Process Modelling as a Transformation Process Basic Modelling Activities Types of Modelling Actions Guidelines for Modelling Before You Start What to Capture in a Model? Modelling and Abstraction Structuring Models and Visualisations Constructive Use of Modelling Breakdowns Readability and Usability of Models Reducing the Visual Complexity of Models Representation Conventions Summary ; 1^5 7 Viewpoints and Visualisation Architecture Viewpoints Origin of Viewpoints Architecture Viewpoints Viewpoint Frameworks 150

9 Motivation Extension Concepts 100 5.9.1 Stakeholder, Driver and Assessment. 102 5.9.2 Goal, Requirement, Constraint and Principle 102 5.9.3 Motivation Extension Relations 104 5.

5 xxii Contents 7.2 Models, Views, and Visualisations Example: Process Illustrations Example: Landscape Maps Visualisation and Interaction Actions in Views Creating, Selecting, and Using Viewpoints Classification of Viewpoints Guidelines for Using Viewpoints Scoping Creation of Views Validation Obtaining Commitment Informing Stakeholders Basic Design Viewpoints Introductory Viewpoint Organisation Viewpoint Actor Cooperation Viewpoint Business Function Viewpoint Product Viewpoint Service Realisation Viewpoint Business Process Cooperation Viewpoint Business Process Viewpoint Information Structure Viewpoint Application Cooperation Viewpoint Application Usage Viewpoint Application Behaviour Viewpoint Application Structure Viewpoint Infrastructure Viewpoint Infrastructure Usage Viewpoint Implementation & Deployment Viewpoint Viewpoints for the ArchiMate Extensions ArchiMate and TOGAF Views Summary Architecture Analysis Analysis Techniques Quantitative Analysis Performance Views Performance Analysis Techniques for Architectures Quantitative Modelling J Quantitative Analysis Technique Portfolio Analysis Functional Analysis Static Analysis Dynamic Analysis Summary 219

4.7 Informing Stakeholders 168 7.5 Basic Design Viewpoints 168 7.5.1 Introductory Viewpoint 171 7.5.2 Organisation Viewpoint 171 7.5.3 Actor Cooperation Viewpoint 171 7.5.4 Business Function Viewpoint 173 7.

6 Contents xxiii 9 Architecture Alignment Introduction The GRAAL Alignment Framework System Aspects ' The Aggregation Hierarchy The System Process Refinement Levels Comparison with Other Frameworks Alignment Phenomena Service Provisioning Layers Infrastructure Architecture Business System Architecture Strategic Misalignment Conway's Law The FMO Alignment Pattern The Architecture Process Methods IT Governance Summary Tool Support Reasons for Enterprise Architecture Tooling The Architecture Tool Landscape Tool Infrastructure Workbench for Enterprise Architecture Model Integration Viewpoint Definition Transparency and Extensibility Software Architecture Exchange Formats Workbench at Work View Designer Tool Viewpoint Rules for Creating Views and Visualisations Defining Actions in Models and Views Interactive Visualisation Example: The Landscape Map Tool Comparison with Model-View-Controller Architecture Impact-of-Change Analysis Tool Quantitative Analysis Tool Commercial Tool Support for ArchiMate Summary 266

3.5 Conway's Law 236 9.3.6 The FMO Alignment Pattern 238 9.4 The Architecture Process 238 9.4.1 Methods 239 9.4.2 IT Governance 240 9.5 Summary 242 10 Tool Support 245 10.

7 xxiv Contents 11 Case Studies Process and Application Visualisation at ABP ABP Meta-Model Case Essentials Concepts Viewpoints Design of the Visualiser Case Study Results Application Visualisation at ABN AMRO CITA Meta-Model Case Essentials Concepts Visualisation Tool Design and Results Design and Analysis at the Dutch Tax and Customs Administration Case Essentials Views Performance Analysis Case Study Results Summary Beyond Enterprise Architecture The World Before Enterprise Architecture The Advent of Enterprise Architecture The Extended Enterprise 306 Appendix A - Language Meta-Model 309 Appendix B - Graphical Notation 313 Appendix C - Relations 317 Trademarks 323 References 325 Index 335

3 Design and Analysis at the Dutch Tax and Customs Administration 290 11.3.1 Case Essentials 291 11.3.2 Views 291 11.3.3 Performance Analysis 298 11.3.4 Case Study Results 302 11.

The Enterprise Engineering Series

The Enterprise Engineering Series Series Editors Jan Dietz Erik Proper José Tribolet Editorial Board Terry Halpin Jan Hoogervorst Martin Op t Land Ronald G. Ross Robert Winter For further volumes: www.springer.com/series/8371