Network Layers. CSC358 - Introduction to Computer Networks
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1 Network Layers
2 Goal Understand how application processes set up a connection and exchange messages. Understand how addresses are determined
3 Data Exchange Between Application Processes
4 TCP Connection-Setup Between Application Processes
5 TCP Connection-Setup Between Application Processes: Client (1) Application Layer: Application process on client creates a socket, and specifies host IP address and the destination port number for the application process on the host. (2) Transport Layer: Chooses source port number and initial sequence number, and creates connection-request segment to be sent to the TCP on the server. (3) Network Layer: Creates datagram and consults routing table to find find IP-address of next interface. (4) Data Link Layer: Looks-up LAN address of next interface and creates frame.
6 Control Information Exchange between Layers: Client (1) Transport layer gets from application layer IP address of host and port number of process on the host. (2) Network layer gets from transport layer IP address of host. (3) Data link layer gets from network layer IP address of next interface.
7 TCP Connection-Setup Between Application Processes
8 TCP Connection-Setup Between Application Processes: Server (1) Transport Layer: Receives connection-request segment and allocates buffer space to connection.
9 TCP Connection-Setup Between Application Processes
10 TCP Connection-Setup Between Application Processes (cont.) Server: (1) Transport Layer: Chooses sequence number and sends connection-granted segment. Client: (1) Transport Layer: Allocates buffer space.
11 TCP Connection-Setup Between Application Processes
12 TCP Connection-Setup Between Application Processes (cont.) Client: (1) Transport Layer: Sends connection-granted segment. Server: (1) Transport Layer: Passes connection-request to application layer. (2) Application Layer: Creates socket.
13 Data Exchange Between Application Processes
14 Address Translation Applications (processes) know hostnames (cs.toronto.edu) - but need to know IP address to request a (TCP) connection. Data link layer receives a destination IP address from network layer - but needs to use LAN address.
15 Address Translation Applications layer uses DNS (domain name system) to translate hostnames to IP addresses Data link layer uses ARP (address resolution protocol) to translate IP addresses into LAN addresses. Note: DNS needs to provide address translation for whole Internet. ARP only needs to provide address translation for LAN.
16 DNS - Domain Name System DNS is a distributed database implemented in a hierarchy of name servers. application layer protocol that allows hosts and name servers to communicate in order to provide the translation service.
17 DNS - Domain Name System Local name server Each ISP (Internet Service Provider) - such as an university, a company, or a residential ISP - has a local name server. The IP address of the local name server is typically configured by hand (Control Panel - Network -TCP/IP - DNS). Root name server When a local name server can not satisfy a query from a host, it queries itself a root name server (there are a dozen or so root name servers in the Internet). Authoritative name server When a root name server can not satisfy a query from a local name server, it queries itself an authoritative name server for the hostname of the query. Every host is registered with an authoritative name server. Typically, the authoritative name server for a host is a name server in the host s local ISP.
18 DNS - Domain Name Service
19 ARP - Address Resolution Protocol In each node, an ARP module keeps a table in its RAM called an ARP table, which contains the mapping of IP addresses to LAN addresses. When an ARP module can not map an IP address, then it broadcasts a request. The adapter with the requested IP addresses then replies and provides the address mapping.
20 Data Exchange Between Application Processes
21 Data Exchange Between Application Processes
Application. Transport. Network. Data Link. Physical. Network Layers. Goal
Layers Goal Understand how application processes set up a connection and exchange messages. Understand how addresses are determined 1 2 Data Exchange Between Processes TCP Connection-Setup Between Processes
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