Application-layer protocols
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- Rodney Julius Lyons
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1 Application layer Goals: Conceptual aspects of network application protocols Client server paradigm Service models Learn about protocols by examining popular application-level protocols HTTP DNS Application-layer protocols Application-layer protocols One piece of an app Define messages exchanged by apps and actions taken application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical application transport network data link physical
2 WWW: the HTTP protocol HTTP: hypertext transfer protocol WWW s application layer protocol Client/server model Client: browser that requests, receives, displays WWW objects Server: WWW server sends objects in response to requests HTTP/.0: RFC 9 HTTP/.: RFC PC running Explorer Mac running Navigator http request http response http request http response Server running NCSA Web server The HTTP protocol: More HTTP: TCP transport service: Client initiates TCP connection (creates socket) to server, port 80 Server accepts TCP connection from client http messages (applicationlayer protocol messages) exchanged between browser (http client) and WWW server (http server) TCP connection closed HTTP is stateless Server maintains no information about past client requests aside Protocols that maintain state are complex! Past history (state) must be maintained If server/client crashes, their views of state may be inconsistent, must be reconciled
3 DNS: Domain Name System People: many identifiers: SSN, name, Passport # Internet hosts, routers: IP address ( bit) used for addressing datagrams name, e.g., used by humans Q: Map between IP addresses and name? Secure Domain Name System (DNS) Dynamic Update: RFC 00 DNS: Domain Name System Domain Name System: Distributed database: implemented in hierarchy of many name servers Application-layer protocol: host, routers, name servers communicate to resolve names (address/name translation) Core Internet function implemented as application-layer protocol Complexity at network s edge
4 DNS name servers No server has all name-to-ip address mappings Local name servers: Each ISP, company has local (default) name server Host DNS query first goes to Authoritative name server: For a host: stores that host s IP address, name Can perform name/address translation for that host s name Simple DNS example Host wants IP address of. Contacts its local DNS server,. contacts, if. Root name server contacts authoritative name server,, if authorititive name server 8
5 DNS: Root name servers Contacted by local name server that can not resolve name Root name server: Contacts authoritative name server if name mapping not known Gets mapping Returns mapping to ~ dozen root name servers worldwide 9 Simple DNS example host wants IP address of. Contacts its local DNS server,. contacts, if. Root name server contacts authoritative name server,, if authorititive name server 0
6 DNS example Root name server: May not know authoritative name server May know intermediate name server: who to contact to find authoritative name server 8 intermediate name server authoritative name server dns.cs.umass.edu DNS: Iterative queries Recursive query: Puts burden of name resolution on contacted name server Heavy load? Iterated query: Contacted server replies with name of server to contact I don t know this name, but ask this server 8 iterated query intermediate name server authoritative name server dns.cs.umass.edu
7 DNS: Caching and updating records Once (any) name server learns mapping, it caches mapping Cache entries timeout (disappear) after some time Update/notify mechanisms under design by IETF RFC 00 (Feb. 00)
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