Contributors. About the Editors

Transcription

1 Contents Contributors Preface About the Editors xv xvii xix 1 Functional Foods, Nutraceuticals, and Disease Prevention: A Window to the Future of Health Promotion 3 Gopinadhan Paliyath and Kalidas Shetty 1.1 Chronic Degenerative Diseases in Modern Society: Implications on Life Quality, Productivity, Economic Burden Diet and lifestyle changes: the missing foods Social and economic burden of chronic degenerative diseases Health Regulatory Properties of Foods: Prevention Is Better Than Cure Fruit and vegetable consumption and disease prevention 6 References 8 2 Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals 11 Chung-Ja C. Jackson and Gopinadhan Paliyath 2.1 Introduction Definition of Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Effects of functional foods and nutraceuticals on major chronic diseases Sources and Biological Effects of Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals in Nature Flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum) Phytoestrogens Tomatoes Garlic (Allium sativum) Cruciferous vegetables Citrus fruits Cranberry Tea Wine and grapes 24 COPYRIGHTED MATERIAL v

2 vi Contents Chocolate Fish Dairy products Carbohydrates Meat Vitamins Minerals Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals: Health Claims and Benefits Oats Psyllium Soybeans Phytosterols Fiber D-Tagatose Qualified Health Claims Selenium and cancer Antioxidant vitamins and cancer Nuts (e.g., walnuts) and heart disease Omega-3 fatty acids and CHD Phosphatidylserine/Phosphatidylcholine and cognitive dysfunction and dementia Folic acid and neural tube birth defects Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals: Safety Issues Echinacea Ephedra (also called ma huang, herbal ecstasy, or mahuanggen ) Feverfew Garlic Ginger Gingko biloba Ginseng Kava kava products St. John s Wort Regulation of Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals Public Education and Dietary Guidance Concluding Remarks 36 References 37 3 Nutritional Genomics: Fundamental Role of Diet in Chronic Disease Prevention and Control 45 Amy J. Tucker, Branden Deschambault, and Marica Bakovic 3.1 Introduction Nutrigenetics Gene polymorphisms Single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) Nonsynonymous single nucleotide polymorphisms (nssnps) Regulatory single nucleotide polymorphisms (rsnps) Splice site single nucleotide polymorphisms (sssnps) 48

3 Contents vii Trans-Acting rsnps Complexities of chronic disease research in nutrigenetics Chronic Disease and Rare SNPs Copy number variants CVD and Nutrigenetics Nutrigenetics and Cancer Summary of Nutrigenetic Research Potential Nutriepigenetics Role of the epigenome Cause of epimutations Epimutations in Chronic Disease Epimutations and macronutrients/micronutrients Epimutations and phytochemicals Summary of Epigenetic Research Potential Nutrigenomics Genomic impact of diet Carbohydrates and gene interactions Cholesterol and gene interactions FAs, lipids, and gene interactions Lipids and APOE Diet and APOE Lipids and hepatic lipase (HL) Diet and LIPC Interaction between APOE and HL Vitamin A and Gene Interactions Dual roles of vitamin A Vitamin E and Nutrigenomics Vitamin E and atherosclerosis Vitamin E and cholesterol biosynthesis Vitamin D and Gene Interactions Vitamin D and breast cancer Vitamin D and FAs Phytoestrogens and Gene Interactions Phytoestrogens and breast cancer Phytoestrogens and lipid, glucose metabolism Phytosterols and Gene Interactions Phytosterols and cholesterol metabolism Phytosterols and cancer Polyphenols and Gene Interactions Polyphenols and CVD Polyphenols and cancer Nutrigenomics Summary: Advantages, Limitations, Future Conclusions 67 References 67 4 Nutraceuticals and Antioxidant Function 75 Denise Young, Rong Tsao, and Yoshinori Mine 4.1 Introduction 75

4 viii Contents 4.2 Oxidative Stress and ROS Endogenous sources of ROS Exogenous sources of ROS Antioxidants and Antioxidative Defense Systems Endogenous antioxidants and antioxidative defenses Dietary antioxidants Phytochemicals Polyphenols Amides Carotenoids Mechanism of antioxidant action Antioxidant Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins Mechanism of Action of Antioxidant and Antioxidative Stress Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins Amino acids Peptides and proteins Production of Antioxidant Peptides Recent Advances in Analytical Techniques for Measuring Antioxidant Capacity and Oxidative Damage Chemical antioxidant capacity assay Cell-based antioxidant assays Health Benefits of Nutraceutical Antioxidants Evidence of antioxidant efficacy in disease states Failure of antioxidants to demonstrate efficacy Conclusion 102 References Composition and Chemistry of Functional Foods and Nutraceuticals: Influence on Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability 113 Jissy K. Jacob and Gopinadhan Paliyath 5.1 Introduction Polyphenols as Antioxidants Free radicals and endogenous antioxidant defense mechanisms Diet and exogenous antioxidants (flavonoids) Antioxidant properties of flavonoids Antioxidant Activity of Anthocyanins Anthocyanin Biosynthesis and Localization Bioaccessibility and Bioavailability of Polyphenols Microstructural Characteristics of Grape Juice Physicochemical Properties of the Dialyzed Juice Fraction Ultrastructural Analysis of Juice Fractions Composition of Juice Fractions Antioxidant Activity of Juice Fractions Metabolism and Bioavailability of Flavonoids Dietary Polyphenols and Prevention of Diseases Polyphenols and cardiovascular diseases 135

5 Contents ix Polyphenols and cancer Increasing Health Beneficial Properties of Juices 137 References Cruciferous Vegetable-Derived Isothiocyanates and Cancer Prevention 147 Ravi P. Sahu and Sanjay K. Srivastava 6.1 Introduction Metabolism of Xenobiotics ITCs and Inhibition of Cancer Pancreatic cancer Brain cancer Prostate cancer Lung cancer Breast cancer Colon cancer Hepatic cancer Bladder cancer Multiple myeloma (MM) Head and neck squamous cancer Ovarian cancer Skin cancer 160 Acknowledgments 161 References The Disease-Preventive Potential of Some Popular and Underutilized Seeds 171 Rajeev Bhat 7.1 Introduction Oil Seeds and Their Therapeutic Potential Nigella seeds (Nigella sativa L.) Sunflower seed (Helianthus annuus L.) Groundnut seed (Arachis hypogea L.) Sesame seeds (Sesamum indicum L.) Oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) Safflower (Carthamus tinctorius L.) Linseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) Spice Seeds as Medicine Coriander seeds (Coriandrum satium L.) Caraway (Cumin carvi L.) Pepper seeds (Piper nigrum L.) Cumin seeds (Cuminum cyminum L.) Fenugreek seeds (Trigonella foenum-graecum L.) Legumes and Medicinal Use Soybeans (Glycine max (L.) Merrill) Mucuna pruriens L Tamarind seeds (Tamaridus indica L.) 188

6 x Contents 7.5 Underutilized Seeds Perilla (Perilla frutescens [Hassk.]) Hunteria umbellata ([K. Schum] Hallier f.) Microula sikkimensis (Hemsl.) Chinese chive seeds (Allium tuberosum Rottl.) Grape seeds (Vitis vinifera L.) Pumpkin seeds (Cucurbita sp.) Horse chestnut seeds (Aesculus hippocastanum L.) Future Outlook 192 References Effects of Carotenoids and Retinoids on Immune-Mediated Chronic Inflammation in Inflammatory Bowel Disease 213 Hua Zhang, Ming Fan, and Gopinadhan Paliyath 8.1 Introduction Carotenoids IBDs Phytochemicals and Downregulation of IBD Antioxidative capacity of carotenoids to reduce oxidative stress generated from inflammation Immune-modulating activity of carotenoids Effects of Carotenoids on Immune Genetic Mechanism of IBD Potential role of retinoid receptors in attenuation of inflammatory diseases Modulation of inflammatory responses through activation of nuclear receptors containing RXR heterodimers Effects of Retinoids and Carotenoids on the Oxidative Stress Signaling Pathway 226 References Ruminant Trans Fat as Potential Nutraceutical Components to Prevent Cancer and Cardiovascular Disease 235 Ye Wang, Catherine J. Field, and Spencer D. Proctor 9.1 Introduction c9,t11-cla Isomer and Health Implications CLA modulates carcinogenesis Mechanisms of CLA Action on Cancer CLA Modulates CHD Risk Factors Mechanisms of CLA Action on CHD Vaccenic Acid VA modulates carcinogenesis VA modulates CVD risk factors Dairy Fat Enriched with VA and CLA Enriched dairy fat modulates carcinogenesis Enriched dairy fat modulates CVD risk factors 255

7 Contents xi 9.8 Discussion 255 References Nanotechnology for Cerebral Delivery of Nutraceuticals for the Treatment of Neurodegenerative Diseases 263 Jasjeet Kaur Sahni, Sihem Doggui, Lé Dao, and Charles Ramassamy 10.1 Introduction Oxidative Stress in Mild Cognitive Impairment (MCI) and AD Efficacy of Selected Components of Nutraceutical Compounds in the Amyloid Cascade and in the Prevention of AD Targeted NPs for Delivery of Bioactives Compounds from Foods for the Treatment of AD Catechins coupled with NPs NPs targeted with ApoE containing curcumin Resveratrol-loaded NPs protect againt Aβ-induced toxicity Conclusion 275 References Cancer Prevention by Polyphenols: Influence on Signal Transduction and Gene Expression 285 Fatima Hakimuddin and Gopinadhan Paliyath 11.1 Introduction Genetic Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis Biochemical Mechanisms of Carcinogenesis Pathways and signals involved in neoplastic cell transformation and carcinogenesis Extracellular signal transduction Intracellular signal transduction Signaling Pathways in Breast Cancer Calcium homeostasis and signaling Role of calcium in regulating cell proliferation and cell cycle Regulation of the cell cycle by calmodulin Calcium signaling and cell death Mitochondria, calcium signaling, and apoptosis Cancer Prevention and Therapy Targeted therapies Phytochemicals and cancer prevention Grapes and Red Wine as a Dietary Source of Polyphenols Health benefits of red wine Modulation of signaling pathways by flavonoids Genetic Approach: Identification of Flavonoid Mediated Molecular Targets Estrogen Metabolism, Breast Cancer, and Flavonoids Polyphenols and Estrogen Signaling 312 References 313

8 xii Contents 12 Potato Herb Synergies as Food Designs for Hyperglycemia and Hypertension Management 325 Fahad Saleem, Ali Hussein Eid, and Kalidas Shetty 12.1 Introduction Phenolic-Enriched Chilean Potato and Select Species of Apiaceae and Lamiaceae Families in Diet Combination of Potato with Seeds and/or Herbs for Hypertension and Hyperglycemia Management Chilean potato (Solanum tuberosum ssp. tubersocum L.) Apiaceae family Lamiaceae family Conclusions: Combining the Chilean Potato with Seeds and Herbs from the Apiaceae and Lamiaceae Families 336 References Fermentation-Based Processing of Food Botanicals for Mobilization of Phenolic Phytochemicals for Type 2 Diabetes Management 341 Chandrakant Ankolekar and Kalidas Shetty 13.1 Introduction Diabetes: The Rising Burden Fermentation and Health: A Historical Perspective Fermentation: Adding Value Preservation of food through acid/alcohol formation Enrichment of food substrates through formation of micro and macro nutrients Flavor, aroma, and texture development Detoxification of substrates during fermentation Phenolic Antioxidants and Diabetes Management Microbial Aerobic Growth and Fermentation and Its Anti-Diabetes Potential by Phenolic and Antioxidant Mobilization Solid State Growth (SSG) Liquid state (submerged) fermentation Fruit Juice Fermentation for Healthy Food Ingredients for Management of Type 2 Diabetes Apple juice fermentation Pear juice fermentation Cherry juice fermentation Summary 350 References Postharvest Strategies to Enhance Bioactive Ingredients for Type 2 Diabetes Management and Heart Health 357 Dipayan Sarkar and Kalidas Shetty 14.1 Introduction 357

9 Contents xiii 14.2 Changing Dietary Patterns: A Historical Perspective Noncommunicable Chronic Diseases: Era of New Global Epidemics Healthy Diet: Prevention Is Better Than Cure Fruits and vegetables: from garden of eden to modern horticulture Bioactive Ingredients Dietary Polyphenols: Impact on Human Health Role of polyphenols in glucose metabolism Polyphenols and cardiovascular disease Phenolic Biosynthesis: Biological Mechanism to Improve Dietary Polyphenols in Plant Models Postharvest Strategies to Improve Bioactive Ingredients in Fruits and Vegetables Temperature Light and oxygen Chemical treatment and natural compounds Phenolic-Linked Antioxidant Activity During Postharvest Stages in Fruits and Relevance for Type 2 Diabetes Future Direction of Research: When Functional Food and Diet Become Panacea Stage 1: physiology and growth during germination to maturity Stage 2: postharvest management Stage 3: food processing Stage 4: biotechnological tools Stage 5: in vitro studies Stage 6: animal, clinical, and epidemiological studies Stage 7: marketing, awareness, and education Conclusions 373 References Enhancing Functional Food Ingredients in Fruits and Vegetables 381 Shaila Wadud and Gopinadhan Paliyath 15.1 Introduction Strategies for Nutritional Enhancement Improving the Mineral Content of Plant Foods Iron and zinc Improving the Antioxidants Content of Plant Foods Lycopene and β-carotene Vitamin E Flavonoids Improving the Amino Acid Content of Proteins of Plant Foods Improving the Fatty Acid Composition of Plant Seed Oil Influence of Processing and Storage in the Nutritive Value of Plant Foods 391

10 xiv Contents Processing of plant oils Processing of fruits and vegetables 391 References 392 Index 395