Holger Willenbring, Amar Deep Sharma, Arndt Vogel, Andrew Y. Lee, Andreas Rothfuss, Zhongya Wang, Milton Finegold, and Markus Grompe
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1 Cancer Cell, Volume 14 Supplemental Data Article Loss of p21 Permits Carcinogenesis from Chronically Damaged Liver and Kidney Epithelial Cells despite Unchecked Apoptosis Holger Willenbring, Amar Deep Sharma, Arndt Vogel, Andrew Y. Lee, Andreas Rothfuss, Zhongya Wang, Milton Finegold, and Markus Grompe Supplemental Experimental Procedures Cell-Cycle Analysis Single cell-hepatocyte suspensions were stained with 10 µg/ml propidium iodide (Sigma) and analyzed for DNA content by flow cytometry using a FACSCalibur (Becton Dickinson Biosciences Immunocytometry Systems) system. Since mouse hepatocytes initiate physiological polyploidization at 4 weeks of age, which would hamper reliable detection of cells arrested in G2 phase of the cell cycle, mice of younger age were used for these analyses. Quantitative Reverse Transcription-PCR (qrt-pcr) Total RNA was isolated using trizol (Molecular Research Center). RNA was treated with DNase1 (Applied Biosystems) to eliminate contaminating DNA. 1 µg of RNA was used for first strand cdna synthesis with Taqman reverse transcription reagent (Applied Biosystems). All reactions were performed with a 7300 real time PCR system using SYBR green (Applied Biosystems). PCR amplification was carried out at 50 C for 2 min and 95 C for 10 min, followed by 40 cycles at 95 C for 15 s and 60 C for 1 min. For each sample, β-actin was used to normalize the expression level of the target gene. Oligonucleotide sequences were generated with Primer Express software (Applied Biosystems) (Table S1). Table S1. Primers for qrt-pcr Target Gene 5-3 Primer Sequence (Forward/Reverse) p15 TCAGAGACCAGGCTGTAGCAATC/CCCCGGTCTGTGGCAGAA p16 GGGTACGACCGAAAGAGTTCG/CATCTGGAGCAGCATGGAGTC p19 AGTACAGCAGCGGGAGCATGG/GGTCCAGGATTCCGGTGC Afp AACTCTGGCGATGGGTGTTTA/ACACTGATGTCTTTCCACTCCA c-myc TGCATTGACCCCTCAGTGGT/TCCGAGGAAGGAGAGAAGGC Gadd45a CGTAGACCCCGATAACGTGG/CCGCAGGATGTTGATGTCG Rtp801 CAAGGCAAGAGCTGCCATAG/CCGGTACTTAGCGTCAGGG β-actin GACGGCCAGGTCATCACTATTG/AGGAAGGCTGGAAAAGAGCC
2 Figure S1. Effects of Fah Deficiency on Hepatocyte Gene Expression and Cell-Cycle Distribution in Vivo (A) Induced expression of regulators of proliferation and apoptosis in Fah -/- and Fah -/-,p21 -/- mice off NTBC. Three mice were analyzed for global gene expression in each group. The average (AVG), standard deviation (STDDEV) and significance (SIGN) of changes in gene expression are shown. SIGN was determined using the two-tailed Student s t test. (B) p21 inhibits hepatocyte cell-cycle progression at both the G1/S and G2/M boundaries. Flow cytometry for DNA content shows that p21 arrests hepatocytes of Fah -/- mice off NTBC in the G1 (70% versus 83% in mice treated with NTBC) as well as G2 (26% versus 13% in mice treated with NTBC) phase of the cell cycle.
3 Figure S2. Quantification of Ki67-Expressing Hepatocytes in Wild-Type, Fah -/-, and Fah -/-,p21 -/- Mice off NTBC Ki67 protein can be detected during S, G2 and M phase of the cell cycle and thus highlights all proliferating cells.
4 Figure S3. H&E Stainings Corresponding to TUNEL and BrdU Labelings in Figure 3 (A) Spontaneous hepatocyte apoptosis occurs in Fah -/-,p21 -/- mice off NTBC but not in wild-type or Fah -/- mice off NTBC. (B and C) Jo2 injection causes massive hepatocyte apoptosis and hemorrhaging in wild-type and Fah -/-,p21 -/- mice off NTBC but not in Fah -/- mice off NTBC. Scale bars = 100 µm.
5 Figure S4.
6 Figure S4. Molecular Characteristics and Injury Dependence of HCCs Emerging in Fah -/-,p21 -/- Mice (A and B) Molecular analysis of HCCs arising in Fah -/-,p21 -/- mice off NTBC. (A) Continued expression of Mdm2 protein in HCCs of Fah -/-,p21 -/- indicates functional p53. α- actin serves as loading control. (B) Comparison to wild-type livers and non-malignant liver tissue of Fah -/-,p21 -/- mice off NTBC shows that expression of the tumor suppressors p15, p16 and p19 is induced in HCCs emerging in Fah -/-,p21 -/- mice. The oncogenes Afp and c-myc are highly expressed in both Fah -/-,p21 -/- livers off NTBC and HCCs. p53 continues to induce its target genes Gadd45a and Rtp801 in HCCs of Fah -/-,p21 -/- mice. Gene expression levels were determined by qrt-pcr. Wild-type liver gene expression was set to 1. Error bars represent mean ± SD. (C) Hepatocarcinogenesis in Fah -/- and Fah -/-,p21 -/- mice on low-dose and off NTBC. Ten mice were analyzed for each genotype and treatment regimen. HCCs were classified as WHO grade 2-3 independent of genotype or NTBC dose.
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