APPLICATIONS OF METEOSAT SECOND GENERATION (MSG) FOR INSIGHTS INTO CONVECTIVE CLOUDS
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1 APPLICATIONS OF METEOSAT SECOND GENERATION (MSG) FOR INSIGHTS INTO CONVECTIVE CLOUDS Author: Daniel Rosenfeld The Hebrew University of Jerusalem (HUJ) 30 May 2011, V1.0 Slide 1
2 Prof. Daniel Rosenfeld The Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Israel Areas of specialty: Cloud-aerosol interactions, precipitation and climate. Severe convective storms. Remote sensing of clouds.
3 Convective clouds can be characterized by three cloud top properties that can be detected by satellites and represented by respective three RGB components: 1. Temperature, lower for higher tops; 2. Visible brightness, reflecting more solar radiation for thicker clouds with more water and ice; 3. Cloud particle size and phase (water or ice), having larger drops for clouds with greater depth. Drops appear larger when freezing at temperatures that can range between 0 and -38ºC.
4 Q: What would be the RGB color of the low part of the cloud? 1. Temperature, lower for higher tops; 2. Visible brightness, reflecting more solar radiation for thicker clouds with more water and ice; 3. Cloud particle size and phase (water or ice), having larger drops for clouds with greater depth. Drops appear larger when freezing at temperatures that can range between 0 and -38ºC.
5 Q: What would be the RGB color of the low part of the cloud? A: High T +Visibly Bright +Small Drops = 1. Temperature, lower for higher tops; 2. Visible brightness, reflecting more solar radiation for thicker clouds with more water and ice; 3. Cloud particle size and phase (water or ice), having larger drops for clouds with greater depth. Drops appear larger when freezing at temperatures that can range between 0 and -38ºC.
6 Cloud drops must be large for coalescing into rain drops! Q: What color would be a cool cloud with small drops? 1. Temperature, lower for higher tops; 2. Visible brightness, reflecting more solar radiation for thicker clouds with more water and ice; 3. Cloud particle size and phase (water or ice), having larger drops for clouds with greater depth. Drops appear larger when freezing at temperatures that can range between 0 and -38ºC.
7 Cloud drops must be large for coalescing into rain drops! Q: What color would be a cool cloud with small drops? A: Medium T +Visibly Bright +Small Drops = 1. Temperature, lower for higher tops; 2. Visible brightness, reflecting more solar radiation for thicker clouds with more water and ice; 3. Cloud particle size and phase (water or ice), having larger drops for clouds with greater depth. Drops appear larger when freezing at temperatures that can range between 0 and -38ºC.
8 Cloud drops must be large for coalescing into rain drops! Q: What color would be a cool cloud with large drops? A: Medium T +Visibly Bright +Large Drops = 1. Temperature, lower for higher tops; 2. Visible brightness, reflecting more solar radiation for thicker clouds with more water and ice; 3. Cloud particle size and phase (water or ice), having larger drops for clouds with greater depth. Drops appear larger when freezing at temperatures that can range between 0 and -38ºC.
9 Cloud drops must be large for coalescing into rain drops! Q: What color would be a cool cloud with large drops? A: Medium T +Visibly Bright +Large Drops = 1. Temperature, lower for higher tops; 2. Visible brightness, reflecting more solar radiation for thicker clouds with more water and ice; 3. Cloud particle size and phase (water or ice), having larger drops for clouds with greater depth. Drops appear larger when freezing at temperatures that can range between 0 and -38ºC.
10 How can we detect from space the size of microscopic cloud particles? ABSORPTION Imaginary Refraction Index water ice Slide 10 Wave Length [µm] Channel 4, 3.9 µm, absorbs even more solar radiation than Channel 3, 1.6 µm. Ice absorbs more strongly than water at 3.9 µm
11 SEVIRI CHANNELS: IR3.9 µm Signal in IR3.9 channel comes from reflected solar and emitted thermal radiation. Planck blackbody radiance curves For best results the thermal emission should be subtracted from the 3.9 µm radiance. Slide 11
12 Scattering occurs on the drop surface, ~ radius 2 Infra-Red Absorption occurs inside The drop volume, ~ radius 3 Definition of Effective Radius (r eff ) of cloud droplets: Sum of volumes / sum of surface areas of the droplets in the measured cloud volume Net reflectance ~Scattering / Absorption ~ radius 2 / radius 3 = 1/radius Reflectance ~ Radius -1
13 Ship Track Formation N ~ 40 cm -3 W ~ 0.30 g m -3 r e ~ 11.2 µm N ~ 100 cm -3 W ~ 0.75 g m -3 r e ~ 10.5 µm
14 Ship Track Formation Red: Visible reflectance Green: 3.7 µm reflectance Blue: 11 µm temperature N ~ 40 cm -3 W ~ 0.30 g m -3 r e ~ 11.2 µm N ~ 100 cm -3 W ~ 0.75 g m -3 r e ~ 10.5 µm
15 Red: Visible reflectance Green: 3.7 µm reflectance Blue: 11 µm temperature Ship tracks over the North Pacific Ship tracks over the North Pacific
16
17 Q: Is it raining in A? and B? Why? B A
18 B A Q: Is it raining in A? and B? Why? A: Not raining in A, because the cloud drops are small. A: It is raining in B, because the cloud drops are large.
19 How can we distinguish between water and ice cloud?
20
21 Large ice crystal collects small supercooled cloud drops?
22 Cold cloud with small supercooled drops: Low T +Visibly Bright +Small Drops = AC St Fog Snow -32C Ci Cb 0.8 µm 3.9r µm 10.8 µm
23 Cold cloud with small supercooled drops: Low T +Visibly Bright +Small Drops = Cold cloud with large ice crystals: Low T +Visibly Bright +Large Ice = St Fog AC Snow -32C Ci 0.8 µm 3.9r µm 10.8 µm Cb
24 0.8 µm 3.9r µm 10.8 µm
25 0.8 µm 3.9r µm 10.8 µm
26 0.8 µm 3.9r µm 10.8 µm
27 0.8 µm 3.9r µm 10.8 µm
28 0.8 µm 3.9r µm 10.8 µm
29 0.8 µm 3.9r µm 10.8 µm
30 0.8 µm 3.9r µm 10.8 µm
31 0.8 µm 3.9r µm 10.8 µm
32 0.8 µm 3.9r µm 10.8 µm
33 Q: What color would be a top of a CB with large ice crystals? 1. Temperature, lower for higher tops; 2. Visible brightness, reflecting more solar radiation for thicker clouds with more water and ice; 3. Cloud particle size and phase (water or ice), having larger drops for clouds with greater depth. Drops appear larger when freezing at temperatures that can range between 0 and -38ºC.
34 Q: What color would be a top of a CB with large ice crystals? A: Low T +Visibly Bright +Large Ice = 1. Temperature, lower for higher tops; 2. Visible brightness, reflecting more solar radiation for thicker clouds with more water and ice; 3. Cloud particle size and phase (water or ice), having larger drops for clouds with greater depth. Drops appear larger when freezing at temperatures that can range between 0 and -38ºC.
35 Composition of thunderstorm clouds Ice High red. Visible bright cloud: Large 0.6 µm reflectance Low green. Large ice particles: Small 1.6 or 3.9 µm reflectance Low blue. Cold. Low 10.8 µm temperature. Mixed phase High red. Visible bright cloud: Large 0.6 µm reflectance Medium green. Mix of ice and drops: Medium 1.6 or 3.9 µm reflectance Medium blue. Cool. Medium 10.8 µm temperature. Water High red. Visible bright cloud: Large 0.6 µm reflectance High green. Small drops: High 1.6 or 3.9 µm reflectance High blue. Warm. High 10.8 µm temperature. Slide 35
36 Severe convective storms and cloud electrification Cont, Weak updraft Aerosoldominated Updraftdominated After: Rosenfeld et al., JAMC 2008 Cloud droplets Rain drop Ice precipitation Ice crystal 0 C Updraft
37 Severe convective storms and cloud electrification Cont, Moderate updraft Aerosoldominated Updraftdominated After: Rosenfeld et al., JAMC 2008 Cloud droplets Rain drop Ice precipitation Ice crystal 0 C Updraft
38 Severe convective storms and cloud electrification Cont, Strong updraft Aerosoldominated Updraftdominated After: Rosenfeld et al., JAMC 2008 Cloud droplets Rain drop Ice precipitation Ice crystal 0 C Updraft
39 Severe convective storms and cloud electrification Cont, Severe updraft Aerosoldominated Updraftdominated After: Rosenfeld et al., JAMC 2008 Cloud droplets Rain drop Ice precipitation Ice crystal 0 C Updraft
40 Severe convective storms and cloud electrification Cont, Extreme updraft Aerosoldominated Updraftdominated After: Rosenfeld et al., JAMC 2008 Cloud droplets Rain drop Ice precipitation Ice crystal 0 C Updraft
41 Composition of severe thunderstorms Ice High red. Visible bright cloud: Large 0.6 µm reflectance Medium green. Small ice particles: Medium 1.6 or 3.9 µm reflectance Low blue. Cold. Low 10.8 µm temperature. Highly supercooled water: Sever icing High red. Visible bright cloud: Large 0.6 µm reflectance High green. Small water drops: High 1.6 or 3.9 µm reflectance Medium blue. Cool. Medium 10.8 µm temperature. Slide 41 Water High red. Visible bright cloud: Large 0.6 µm reflectance High green. Small water drops: High 1.6 or 3.9 µm reflectance High blue. Warm. High 10.8 µm temperature.
42 Large warm ice 2.Large cold ice 3.Small cold ice 4.Small cold water 5.Large warm water The violently growing Cb cells are characterized by small particles at their tops. Slide 42 Zambia & Zaire: :57 2: µm µm 3: r µm µm refl. 9: 10.8 µm 10.8 µm
43 Large warm ice 2.Large cold ice 3.Small cold ice 4.Small cold water 5.Large warm water The violently growing Cb cells are characterized by small particles at their tops. Slide 43 Zambia & Zaire: :12 2: µm µm 3: r µm µm refl. 9: 10.8 µm 10.8 µm
44 Large warm ice 2.Large cold ice 3.Small cold ice 4.Small cold water 5.Large warm water The violently growing Cb cells are characterized by small particles at their tops. Slide 44 Zambia & Zaire: :27 2: µm µm 3: r µm µm refl. 9: 10.8 µm 10.8 µm
45 Convective clusters over Slovenia, Austria and northern Italy 26/05/09 From the European Severe Weather Database, 30/5/2005 (day time).
46 µm µm µm MSG :00
47 µm µm µm MSG :00
48 µm µm µm MSG :00
49 1 MSG : µm 3.9 µm R 10.8 µm
50 2 5 1.Large warm ice 2.Large cold ice 3.Small cold ice 4.Small cold water 5.Large warm water Slide Hurricane Isabel :57 2: µm µm 3: r µm µm refl. 9: 10.8 µm 10.8 µm
51 2 5 1.Large warm ice 2.Large cold ice 3.Small cold ice 4.Small cold water 5.Large warm water Slide Hurricane Isabel :12 2: µm µm 3: r µm µm refl. 9: 10.8 µm 10.8 µm
52 2 5 1.Large warm ice 2.Large cold ice 3.Small cold ice 4.Small cold water 5.Large warm water Slide Hurricane Isabel :27 2: µm µm 3: r µm µm refl. 9: 10.8 µm 10.8 µm
53 NIGHT-TIME The data rendering is done to maximize the similarity between day and night color interpretation of clouds, using RGB composite for the following cloud properties: Red: Cloud depth and amount of cloud water and ice. Day: Visible reflectance at 0.6 µm. Night: Optical depth, approximated by µm channels. Green: Cloud particle size and phase. Day: Approximated by 3.9 µm solar reflectance component. Night: Approximated by µm brightness temperature. Blue: Temperature is provided by 10.8 µm day and night. Slide 53
54 NIGHT MSG Ship Tracks off Namibia DAY µm µm 10.8 µm MSG :57 11: µm 3.9r µm 10.8 µm
55 MSG : µm µm 10.8 µm
56 MSG : µm µm 10.8 µm
57 MSG : µm µm 10.8 µm
58 AC St Fog Snow -32C Ci 10.8i µm 10.8i µm 10.8i µm Cb
59 AC St Fog Snow -32C Ci Cb 0.8 µm 3.9r µm 10.8 µm
60 AC St Fog Snow -32C Ci µm µm 10.8 µm Cb
61 µm µm 10.8 µm
62 µm µm 10.8 µm
63 µm µm 10.8 µm
64 µm µm 10.8 µm
65 µm µm 10.8 µm
66 µm µm 10.8 µm
67 µm µm 10.8 µm
68 µm µm 10.8 µm
69 µm µm 10.8 µm
70 SOLAR r 10.8 µm IR µm IR 10.8i Gamma=1, T= IR Gamma=3, T= :27 Animation 1/9 1: Cb 2: Cu 3: Water, thick 4: Water, thin 5: Nimbus, thick 6: Cirrus, thick 7: Cirrus, medium 8: Cirrus, thin Note the glaciation front propagating southward between points 5 and 3, at the -32 o C isotherm. Thick and convective clouds are dark in T( µm). Please follow the lifecycle of convective clouds (1) and high clouds (6, 7).
71 Summary The MSG has advanced our ability to identify cloud properties, composition, dynamics and precipitation, by using the MSG enhancements in spectral bands, spatial and time resolution. This makes it possible for the duty forecaster to diagnose and nowcast a selection of phenomena, such as: Fog, by detecting warm layer clouds with small drops. Drizzle, by identifying thin clouds with large drops. Rain clouds, by thick clouds with tops of ice or large drops. Intense convective storms, by cold tops with small ice particles, and rate of expansion of the anvils. Dissipating convective storms, by warming and thinning of the glaciated tops. Multi-layer clouds, by renewed small particles in the base of each higher layer. Supercooled water clouds with icing aviation hazard, by small particles of clouds with top temperatures of 0 o C<T<-30 o C. Thin clouds, by large brightness temperature differences. Slide 71
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