LEED 521: Energy Modeling for LEED
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1 LEED 521: Energy Modeling for LEED Using equest Christian E. Stalberg, Principal Natural Intelligence, LLC A F F I L I A T E
2 LEED 521 Information Transfer Goals section one: Introduction to LEED Energy Modeling section two: Complying With LEED/ASHRAE Requirements section three: Building Energy Modeling
3 LEED 521 Objectives Understand Building Energy Modeling and Its Role in LEED Understand ASHRAE 90.1 Appendix G for EAp2 & EAc1 Model a simple building using equest software Generate Reports from software for EAc1 Complete LEED Online EAc1 template
4 section one Introduction to LEED Energy Modeling EAp2 - Minimum Energy Performance Option 1: Whole Building Energy Simulation & EAc1 - Optimize Energy Performance Option 1: Whole Building Energy Simulation Christian E. Stalberg, Principal Natural Intelligence, LLC
5 United States Green Building Council (USGBC) Leadership in Energy & Environmental Design (LEED) Whole Building Energy Simulation
6 Whole Building Energy Simulation LEED EAp2 & EAc1: Option 1 LEADERSHIP in ENERGY and ENVIRONMENTAL DESIGN A point-based rating system that evaluates environmental performance from a whole building perspective USGBC.com USGBC.com
7 Whole Building Energy Simulation LEED EAp2 & EAc1: Option 1 EA Prerequisite 2: Minimum Energy Performance Intent To establish the minimum level of energy efficiency for the proposed building and systems to reduce environmental and economic impacts associated with excessive energy use.
8 Whole Building Energy Simulation LEED EAp2 & EAc1: Option 1 EA Credit 1: Optimize Energy Performance Intent To achieve increasing levels of energy performance beyond the prerequisite standard to reduce environmental and economic impacts associated with excessive energy use.
9 Whole Building Energy Simulation LEED EAp2 & EAc1: Option 1 ASHRAE Appendix G Performance Rating Method Comply with mandatory provisions of ASHRAE Energy Standard Determine energy savings using an energy model (Use Appendix G of ASHRAE ) Additional requirements per UGSBC Reference Guide
10 Whole Building Energy Simulation LEED EAp2 & EAc1: Option 1
11 Whole Building Energy Simulation LEED EAp2 & EAc1: Option 1 Setpoint / Setback Temperatures Wall, Window area (Geometry) Solar Radiation Building Envelope Degree Hour Outside Temperatures Fresh air intake Lighting, equipment Wall, Window, Door (Material Properties) Chiller Specs Lighting HVAC Systems Service Hot Water Receptacle, Process Loads ALL L YEAR ( hou urs) Energy Consumption (kwh) Energy Peak Loads (kw) Occupancy, Schedule of operation Exterior Lighting
12 Whole Building Energy Simulation LEED EAp2 & EAc1: Option 1 PROPOSED CURRENT DESIGN SPECIFICATION ARCHITECT S & M.E.P. SPECIFICATIONS
13 Whole Building Energy Simulation LEED EAp2 & EAc1: Option 1 PROPOSED CURRENT DESIGN SPECIFICATION ARCHITECT S & M.E.P. SPECIFICATIONS Building Envelope Wall / Internal Partitions (UFactor) Windows (UFactor, SHGC, Tvis, Shading Coefficient) Roof (UFactor, Reflectance) Floor (UFactor) Heating, Ventilating & Air-Conditioning Ventilation type (mechanical) Heating & Cooling (type, schedule, energy source) Service Water Heating Type, Operation schedule Other Equipment Equipment Power Density / Receptacle Loads Activity Schedule Schedule - hours, days (holidays) Lighting Control (auto), Lighting energy (LPD) Operation schedule, Luminaire type, Radiant Fraction Task / display light (gain, operation schedule)
14 PROPOSED Whole Building Energy Simulation LEED EAp2 & EAc1: Option 1 CURRENT DESIGN SPECIFICATION BASELINE INPUTS FROM ASHRAE Appendix G PERFORMANCE RATING METHOD (PRM)
15 Whole Building Energy Simulation LEED EAp2 & EAc1: Option 1 PROPOSED CURRENT DESIGN SPECIFICATION BASELINE INPUTS FROM ASHRAE MODEL REQUIREMENTS Baseline should be independent of its orientation Baseline is rotated FOUR times (0d, 90d, 180d, 270d) and average value is computed: ENERGY (kwh) PEAK (kw) COST ($/yr) 0d Rotation 90d Rotation.
16 Whole Building Energy Simulation LEED EAp2 & EAc1: Option 1 PROPOSED CURRENT DESIGN SPECIFICATION BASELINE INPUTS FROM ASHRAE BUILDING ENVELOPE REQUIREMENTS
17 Whole Building Energy Simulation LEED EAp2 & EAc1: Option 1 PROPOSED CURRENT DESIGN SPECIFICATION BASELINE INPUTS FROM ASHRAE BUILDING ENVELOPE REQUIREMENTS - SHADING Baseline should be independent d of shades (techniques by which h the building can be shaded) d) Proposed Baseline
18 Whole Building Energy Simulation LEED EAp2 & EAc1: Option 1 PROPOSED CURRENT DESIGN SPECIFICATION BASELINE INPUTS FROM ASHRAE HVAC REQUIREMENTS
19 Whole Building Energy Simulation LEED EAp2 & EAc1: Option 1 PROPOSED CURRENT DESIGN SPECIFICATION BASELINE INPUTS FROM ASHRAE HVAC REQUIREMENTS (contd.) Zoning based on HVAC systems design
20 Whole Building Energy Simulation LEED EAp2 & EAc1: Option 1 PROPOSED CURRENT DESIGN SPECIFICATION BASELINE INPUTS FROM ASHRAE LIGHTING (INTERIOR) ( ) REQUIREMENTS
21 Whole Building Energy Simulation LEED EAp2 & EAc1: Option 1 PROPOSED CURRENT DESIGN SPECIFICATION BASELINE INPUTS FROM ASHRAE LIGHTING (EXTERIOR) ( ) REQUIREMENTS
22 Whole Building Energy Simulation LEED EAp2 & EAc1: Option 1 PROPOSED CURRENT DESIGN SPECIFICATION BASELINE INPUTS FROM ASHRAE SERVICE WATER HEATING REQUIREMENTS
23 Whole Building Energy Simulation LEED EAp2 & EAc1: Option 1 PROPOSED CURRENT DESIGN SPECIFICATION BASELINE INPUTS FROM ASHRAE RECEPTACLE & PROCESS LOADS
24 Whole Building Energy Simulation LEED EAp2 & EAc1: Option 1 PROPOSED CURRENT DESIGN SPECIFICATION BASELINE INPUTS FROM ASHRAE ENERGY COST SAVINGS ($) MAJOR RENOVATIONS = 5% NEW CONSTRUCTION = 10% EAp2: Minimum Energy Performance Required to obtain 2 points
25 Whole Building Energy Simulation LEED EAp2 & EAc1: Option 1 PROPOSED CURRENT DESIGN SPECIFICATION BASELINE INPUTS FROM ASHRAE ENERGY COST SAVINGS ($) MAJOR RENOVATIONS = 8-44% NEW CONSTRUCTION = 12-48% EAc1: Optimize Energy Performance 1-19 points
26 Whole Building Energy Simulation What are the building blocks?
27 Whole Building Energy Simulation THE BUILDING BLOCKS 1 Weather Data
28 Whole Building Energy Simulation THE BUILDING BLOCKS 2 Building Data
29 Whole Building Energy Simulation THE BUILDING BLOCKS 3 Systems Data
30 Whole Building Energy Simulation THE BUILDING BLOCKS 4 Plant Data
31 Whole Building Energy Simulation THE BUILDING BLOCKS 5 Economic Data
32 section two Complying py with Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Performance Rating Method Christian E. Stalberg, Principal Natural Intelligence, LLC
33 Complying py With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Performance Rating Method
34 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G ASHRAE / IESNA Energy standard for buildings EXCEPT low-rise residential Purpose Establishes minimum requirements for energy-efficient design of buildings, EXCEPTlow-rise residential buildings. Does NOT apply to single-family il houses, multi-family il structures t of 3 or fewer above grade, manufactured houses (mobile & modular homes) or buildings that do not use either electricity or fossil fuel. Performance Rating Method (Appendix G) Provides a method for demonstrating performance beyond ASHRAE / IESNA standards. In all cases, the mandatory provisions must still be met!
35 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G What are we calculating? Annual energy cost of BASELINE & PROPOSED building for comparison Proposed building should meet all Mandatory Provisions!! In order to compare (baseline vs. proposed), p - Use same computer simulation programs - Use same climate data - Use same purchased energy rates - Use same schedules of operation (except for energy efficiency features) Percentage Improvement: (Baseline rating Proposed rating) (Baseline rating)
36 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G What to model? Major Components of ASHRAE Building Envelope Heating, Ventilating and Air Conditioning Service Water Heating Power Lighting Other Equipment Examples of Specific Inputs in the Model include HVAC systems (fans, pumps, exhaust, etc) Office equipment (computers, etc) Elevators, Escalators Process Energy (Kitchen Cooking & Refrigeration) Laundry washing & drying (usually in Receptacles) Lighting energy requirement (internal & external) Process Lighting (medical equipment, etc)
37 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G What to model? Baseline & Proposed Model Compliance for Space Use Classification Schedule of Operation Occupancy Orientation Building Envelope Lighting Systems HVAC Systems Service Hot Water Systems Energy Rates
38 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Space Use Classification Building Area Types ASHRAE 90.1 Space Use Classification Automotive facility Convention center Courthouse Dining: bar lounge/leisure Dining: cafeteria/fast food Dining: family Dormitory Exercise center Gymnasium Health-care clinic Hospital Hotel Library Manufacturing facility Motel Motion picture theater Multifamily Museum Office Parking garage Penitentiary Performing arts theater Police/fire station Post office Religious building Retail School/university Sports arena Town hall Transportation Warehouse Workshop
39 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Schedule of Operation Baseline Proposed Operating Hours Schedules should be capable of modeling, Occupancy Lighting Power Misc Equipment Power Thermostat Setpoints HVAC System Operation Use accurate schedule (from client) Alternatively, use California Nonresidential ACM Approval Manual or ASHRAE Table G-E through G-N.
40 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Schedule of Operation Baseline Proposed Operating Hours For proposed, NON-STANDARD Schedules possible, Lighting Controls Natural Ventilation Demand Control Ventilation Etc But, need to provide extensive documentation!!! ti
41 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Schedule of Operation Occupancy Source: California Nonresidential Alternative Calculation Method (ACM) Manual
42 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Schedule of Operation Occupancy Source: California Nonresidential Alternative Calculation Method (ACM) Manual
43 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Schedule of Operation Occupancy Source: California Nonresidential Alternative Calculation Method (ACM) Manual
44 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Occupancy Density Baseline Same as proposed design. Proposed Use occupancy information from project information Use actual occupancy information (fromclient) Use ASHRAE Table G B (Still not available? then try California Title 24 / California Nonresidential ACM Approval Manual; Table N2 2 & N2 3: Occupancy Assumptions)
45 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Occupancy
46 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Occupancy
47 Orientation Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Baseline Proposed Rotations 0d Rotation (Actual Orientation) 90d Rotation. 180d Rotation. 270d Rotation. AVERAGE RESULTS No Self Shading for baseline building!
48 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Building Envelope Baseline Proposed Exceptions Un insulated assemblies (Less than 5% need not be modeled) Surface angles (orientation & tilt)
49 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Building Envelope Proposed Exterior roof surfaces may be modeled with reflectance 0.45if the reflectance of the proposed design roof is greater than 0.70 and its emittance is greater than All other roof surfaces will be modeled with a reflectance of Manually operated shading devices such as blinds and shades will not be modeled. Automatically controlled fenestration shades or blinds may be modeled, however permanent shading devices such as fins, overhangs, and light shelves may be modeled.
50 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Building Envelope Non Residential Residential Semi Heated
51 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Building Envelope Non Residential Residential Semi Heated
52 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Building Envelope Non Residential Residential Semi Heated Skylight yg area equal to proposed p or 5% of gross roof area (whichever is smaller).
53 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Building Envelope Baseline Proposed Fenestration Maximum 40% (distributed on each face)
54 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Building Envelope Baseline Proposed Shading Projections Fins, overhangs & light shelves may be modeled Proposed Baseline
55 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Thermal Blocks HVAC Zones Designed When zones already designed (physically determined by HVAC system) they may be combined into thermal blocks. Thermal Block Similar loads, systems combined into a single block for modeling purposes HVAC zones to Thermal Blocks (Conditions; all should be met) 1. Same space use classification (load & schedule) 2. For exterior, glazing should be in same orientation (within 45 deg) 3. All HVAC zones in a thermal block must be served by same HVAC system or same kind of HVAC system Thermal Zoning
56 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Thermal Blocks HVAC Zones Not Designed When zones and systems not yet designed, thermal blocks shall be defined based on similar internal load densities, occupancy, lighting, and thermal and space temperature schedules. Other criteria are specified in p Table G3.1.8
57 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Lighting Systems Baseline Proposed Interior Lighting Power Allowance Cl Calculation lti Choose: Building Area Method or Space by Space Method
58 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Lighting Systems Interior Lighting Power Allowance Cl Calculation lti
59 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Lighting Systems Baseline Proposed Interior Lighting Power Automatic ti Lighting Controls Beam Detectors Passive (IR) Detectors
60 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Lighting Systems Interior Lighting Power Automatic ti Lighting Controls
61 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G HVAC Systems Baseline Proposed Cooling & Heating System If no cooling system is specified in proposed, include similar to baseline If no heating system is specified in proposed, include electric heating
62 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G HVAC Systems Baseline Proposed HVAC System Type Based on building type (usage), area & heating fuel source
63 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G HVAC Systems HVAC System Type PTAC Packaged Terminal A/C PTHP Packaged Terminal Heat Pump PSZ-AC Packaged Single Zone A/C PSZ-HP Packaged Terminal Heat Pump VAV Variable Air Volume PFP Parallel Fan Powered
64 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G HVAC Systems HVAC System Type
65 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G HVAC Systems HVAC System Type (Combined Chart)
66 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G HVAC Systems HVAC System Type Thermal Blocks For systems 1,2,3 & 4 Each Thermal Block shall be modeled with its own HVAC system For systems 5,6,7 & 8 Each floor shall be modeled with a separate HVAC system. Floors with identical thermal blocks can be grouped together.
67 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G HVAC Systems Baseline Proposed HVAC System Type Unmet thours Oversize Ratios Heating 25% Cooling 15% Unmet Hours Total 300 hrs Difference 50 hrs Outdoor Ventilation Rates Outdoor Ventilation Rates Same (Proposed & Baseline)
68 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G HVAC Systems HVAC System Type Outdoor Ventilation Rt Rates Minimum Ventilation Per ASHRAE (People, area, space type)
69 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G HVAC Systems Baseline Proposed Fans
70 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G HVAC Systems Baseline Proposed Fans Fan System Operation Supply & return fans Operate continuously whenever spaces are OCCUPIED, and shall be cycled to meet heating & cooling loads during UNOCCUPIED hours. Supply, return and/or exhaust fans will remain ON (at all times) in spaces that have health & safety mandated minimum ventilation.
71 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G HVAC Systems Baseline Proposed Fans DesignSupply Airflow Rates for baseline building: Option 1: Supply Air to Room Air Temperature Difference of 20 degrees F Option 2: Required Ventilation Air Option 3: Makeup Air Whichever is greater!
72 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G HVAC Systems Baseline Proposed Fans
73 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G HVAC Systems Fan Motor Efficiency next thp
74 Complying With Requirements HVAC Systems ASHRAE Appendix G Baseline Proposed Economizers & Energy Recovery Exhaust Air Energy Recovery (Mandatory) 5000 CFM (Supply) AND =>70% Outdoor Air (Supply) ERV with 50% recovery effectiveness
75 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G HVAC Systems Baseline Proposed Chillers For Systems 7 & 8, Electric chillers (baseline) Table G (type & numbers) Chilled water design Chilled water design 44 deg F 56 deg F
76 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G HVAC Systems Demand Control Ventilation Minimum outdoor air ventilation rates shall be the same for the proposed and baseline building designs Exception Ventilation Controls for High Occupancy Areas: Demand Control Ventilation (DCV) modulate the amount of outdoor air supplied to a space as a function of the number of people present. - Standard requires DCV for all ventilation systems with design outdoor air capacities >3000 CFM serving occupancy density > 100 people / 1000 sf - DCV is activated based on CO2 levels - CO2 sensors located within occupied zone (or return air)
77 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Process Energy Process loads must be identical. Minimum 25% of baseline building energy cost.
78 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Process Energy Table G-B For EPD (Receptacle load)
79 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Process Energy
80 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Service Hot Water System Baseline Proposed Same energy source. P f i d Performance required (baseline) is available in
81 Complying With Requirements ASHRAE Appendix G Energy Rates Baseline Proposed Same rates for both baseline & proposed building. Local utility or Energy Information Administration rates
82 section three Building Energy Modeling Process Oriented Approach to Energy Modeling Christian E. Stalberg, Principal Natural Intelligence, LLC
83 Building Energy Modeling How is it done? Creating a Baseline model reflecting a minimally code compliant building Copying the baseline model then making modifications to the building including, but not limited to, one or more of the following: HVAC Glazing Exterior shading Daylighting Comparing the performance of the modified building to the baseline building, i.e. energy usage and costs.
84 Building Energy Modeling Typical Inputs: Building site data (weather data; orientation; adjacent structure shadows, etc.) Building envelope data (heat transfer surfaces e.g. walls, floors, roofs, windows, window shades & overhangs) Building operations and scheduling (occupancy, thermostat setpoints, daylighting photosensors, HVAC schedules) Internal loads (e.g. body heat, lights, equipment) HVAC equipment & performance Utility rates (electric/gas, peak/off-peak) Economic parameters (life-cycle costing, interest rates)
85 Building Energy Modeling Typical Outputs: Summary of annual projected utility costs and savings Performance graphs (e.g., monthly energy use for gas and electric, monthly facility peak kw, etc.) in comparison to the baseline Input parameter information (e.g., internal load specifications, building envelope characteristics, HVAC system definitions, etc.) Assumptions of building characteristics (e.g., schedules, HVAC set points, etc.) Notations of changes from previous models (e.g., changes made between baseline and modeling iterations) Interpretation of results Software input and output files (electronic)
86 Building Energy Modeling
87 Building Energy Modeling equest Modeling Software Structuret equest contains multiple user interfaces (3) that correspond to the design process Schematic Design wizard Design Development wizard Detailed Interface All of these interfaces produce an input text file containing Building Description Language (BDL) DOE2.2 2 uses this file for the building energy calculations You can work directly in the BDL file ( fourth user interface) BDL is located in equest/project/projectname/projectname.inp ( the inp file )
88 Building Energy Modeling equest User Interfaces & Workflow Schematic Design wizard good for preliminary analyses. Has default values and built-in workflow. Limitation: can only create one building shell Design Development wizard can create multiple shells for a single building. Also has default values and built-in workflow. Detailed Interface allows for greatest flexibility and while it has default values, there is no workflow. NOTE: A shell is any area of a building that shares the same or a similar footprint, HVAC zoning, ceiling height, envelope construction type or HVAC services.
89 Building Energy Modeling Important equest Rule Once you ve used a user interface to make a change in the model, you cannot return to a more simple user interface without over-writing those changes, e.g. going from Schematic wizard to Design Development wizard and back. In other words, you can go from a simple to more complex interface, but not backwards without losing changes.
90 Building Energy Modeling equest Model Input Data Collection
91 Building Energy Modeling equest Model Input Data Collection (contd.)
92 Building Energy Modeling equest Simulation Summary Report
93 Building Energy Modeling equest Simulation Summary Report (contd.)
94 Building Energy Modeling Detailed equest/doe-2 (SIM) Reports
95 Building Energy Modeling Detailed equest/doe-2 (SIM) Reports (contd.)
96 Building Energy Modeling Detailed equest/doe-2 (SIM) Reports (contd.)
97 Building Energy Modeling LEED 3.0 Excel Spreadsheet
98 Building Energy Modeling LEED 3.0 Excel Spreadsheet
99 Building Energy Modeling LEED 3.0 Excel Spreadsheet
100 Building Energy Modeling LEED 3.0 Excel Spreadsheet
101 Building Energy Modeling equest Design Development Wizard Tour Find the equest Introductory Tutorial included in your equest version 3.64 install at ~\equest 3-64 Data\Tutorials\All\Introductory Tutorial Go to page 83 of 145 Follow along with the instructor
102 Building Energy Modeling equest Design Development Wizard Exercise Load into equest 7 th & Lane Sample Project (file folder distributed prior to class) Go to page 191 of 602 in the equest Training Workbook and perform the exercise. Enter inputs identified by red font, otherwise accept defaults.
103 Building Energy Modeling LEED NC Exercise Now we take the completed 7 th & Lane model and turn it into a baseline building per LEED (instructor led exercise).
104 Building Energy Modeling equest LEED Compliance Analysis
105 Building Energy Modeling Contact information Christian Stalberg Tel Sustainable Performance Institute
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