Industry and Immigration in the North 1850s North industrialized, makes large amount & variety of products.

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1 Causes of the Civil War Chapter 10 Slavery becomes the dominant issue in U.S. politics, leading to the birth of new political parties, the election of Abraham Lincoln, and the secession of Southern states. Industry and Immigration in the North 1850s North industrialized, makes large amount & variety of products. Railroads carry raw materials east - small towns become cities - telegraph wires provide fast communication Immigrants become industrial workers; fear the expansion of slavery. - slave labor might compete with free labor - could reduce status of white workers unable to compete Agriculture and Slavery in the South South predominantly rural, mostly plantations and small farms. Economy relies on cash crops; manufacture under 10% of US goods. Few immigrants; free, enslaved Africans Americans meet labor needs. In 3 states, blacks are the majority; in 2 others they are half. Whites fear restriction of slavery will change society and the economy. Slavery and the North Slavery and the South Few people had slaves and slavery ended by Slavery was an integral part life with over 1 million enslaved African Americans. Early in the 1800s, some northerners began to work for the abolition of slavery. Many northern states limited the rights and migration of free African Americans, so many white northerners had little contact with them. Many believed God intended blacks to provide labor for whites. Southerners claimed that enslaved people were healthier and happier than northern wage earners.

2 Slavery in the Territories The Wilmot Proviso -No slavery in territory acquired from Mexico. -North: slave territory adds slave states; no jobs for free workers. -South: slavery are property under Constitution, fear more free states. Statehood for California -1850, California writes constitution, elects leaders, applies for statehood. -President Taylor supports admission of California as Free State. -Recommends to angry South that slavery be decided by each territory. Congress was paralyzed in the question of organizing new territories. California, New Mexico, and other new territories became hot issues. The admission as California and New Mexico into the Union would upset the balance between free and slave states in Congress (15 free and 15 slave). Zachary Taylor wanted to settle the dispute over California and New Mexico and send delegates to the territory of California to set up statehood. This infuriated Congress because statehood should be decided by elections. Three Old Senators Debate Calhoun and Webster s positions on Clay s compromise during Senate debate: Henry Clay Clay s compromise did not give the South enough protection. The South would break away from the Union if it did not get its demands on the slavery issue. Any state had the right to secede if it disagreed with national laws. Daniel Webster The states should rally to the cause of unity. Sectional compromise was needed in order to preserve the Union. Webster supported popular sovereignty.

3 Zachary Taylor felt the compromise appeased the south and refused to sign anything he did not like. In, 1849, after Taylor gave a speech, he died of disease later known as cholera (Maybe not), after eating spoiled cherries and milk. Vice President Millard Fillmore became President Millard Fillmore. Compromise of 1850 Clay proposed a series of 7 resolutions that carefully balanced the interests of the North & South. 1. California to be a free state. 2. More effective fugitive slave law. 3. Popular sovereignty- residents of territory votes to decide slavery. 4. Utah should be separated from NM. 5. Gov t to pay Texas $10 million for its claim to eastern New Mexico. 6. Pay debts of Texas incurred before annexation 7. Slave trade banned in D.C., but permitted. Protest, Resistance, Violence The calm that followed the passage of the Compromise of 1850 did not last long. Many in the North could not accept the Fugitive Slave Act, which was a key part of the compromise. Fugitive Slave Act -Very harsh terms -Alleged fugitives denied trial jury and the right to testify on their own behalf. -Federal commissioners paid more for returning than freeing accused. -People convicted of helping a fugitive was fined ($1,000.00), imprisoned, or both.

4 William Lloyd Garrison Frederick Douglass ( ) Sojourner Truth ( ) or Isabella Baumfree Resisting the Law Some Northern states passed personal liberty laws. These laws: -nullified the Fugitive Slave Act. -enabled state officials to arrest slave catchers for kidnapping free African Americans. The Underground Railroad -increased northern white support of abolitionism. Secret network of people who help slaves escape. Harriet Tubman escapes from slavery, become conductor on 19 trips. Fugitives go on foot at night, often no food, avoiding armed patrols. Some fugitives stayed in North; others moved onto Canada. Harriet Tubman ( ): Helped over 300 slaves to freedom. $40,000 bounty on her head. Served as a Union spy during the Civil War. Uncle Tom s Cabin 1852 Life Among the Lowly Anti-Slavery novel by American author Harriet Beecher Stowe Novel had a profound effect on attitude toward African Americans and slavery in the United States Intensified the sectional conflict leading to the American Civil War

5 1852 Presidential Election: Franklin Pierce Gen. Winfield Scott John Parker Hale Democrat Whig Free Soil Democratic Convention The Democratic convention was held in Baltimore, Maryland. During this time, the party had the 2/3rd s rule, which meant in order to receive the democratic nomination for the presidency, the candidate must receive 2/3rd s vote. Many candidates including Lewis Cass, James Buchanan of Pennsylvania, and Stephen Arnold Douglas ran for the nomination and no candidate could receive the 2/3rd s vote. Finally, after 49 ballots, a dark horse candidate, Franklin Pierce received the nomination. The Whig Convention The Whigs held their convention in Baltimore as well. The great Henry Clay and Daniel Webster were in attendance. Incumbent Millard Fillmore and military hero during the Mexican War, Winfield Scott also ran for the nomination. Fillmore and Scott were fighting over a deadlock for 52 ballots. And, finally, on the 53rd ballot, the Whig nomination went to Winfield Scott. New Political Parties Emerge Slavery divides the Whigs -Northern & Southern Whigs split over slavery in the 1852 election. Nativism belief in favoring native born Americans over immigrants. -Form American Party (1854)- Know-Nothing Party. -Middle-class Protestants afraid of Catholicism; split over slavery Franklin Pierce and Sectional Problems Franklin Pierce was a weak president and dominated by the southern wing of the Democratic Party. He supported the Fugitive Slave Act, and intended to enforce the legislation, and his actions angered northern opposition.

6 Tension in Kansas and Nebraska In 1854, Stephen Douglas introduced a bill to organize the Nebraska Territory. It lays completely above the 36* 30 The bill (Kansas-Nebraska Act) divided the territory: southern portion=kansas; northern portion= Nebraska It also repealed the Missouri Compromise; under K-N Act, territories would be granted popular sovereignty. Douglas seeks the South s support, but doesn t feel slavery would survive in prairie farms. Border Ruffians Lecompton Constitution In the spring of 1855, elections took place in Kansas and a proslavery legislature was elected. Prior to the election, border ruffians from Missouri crossed the border into Kansas and casted ballots in favor of a proslavery legislature. Although only about 1,500 voters lived in Kansas, more than 6,000 votes were casted. An Anti Slavery Legislature Topeka Constitution Refusing to accept the proslavery laws of Kansas, antislavery people armed themselves, held their own elections, and adopted a constitution that banned slavery. Bleeding Kansas Kansas was a frontier society; violence and lawlessness were common- mostly made up of young single men who were quick to fight. The Sack of Lawrence - Proslavery grand jury brands Free-Soilers/antislavery traitors. - Posse of 800 burns down tiny town. John Brown, a religious and quite fanatical abolitionist, wanted revenge for the attack on Lawrence. Believing he was chosen by God to end slavery in the United States, Brown with four of his sons and two other men massacred five unarmed helpless slaveholders along Pottawatomie Creek. (Pottawatomie Massacre) Violence followed between the bitter rivals. Not until the fall of 1856, could the United States Army stop the bloodshed. By then, more than 200 people were killed.