1. Which of the following have scholars advanced as a possible explanation for the

Transcription

1 Chapter 3 Ch 3-1 Chapter 3 Questions Multiple Choice Choose the letter of the best answer. 1. Which of the following have scholars advanced as a possible explanation for the emergence of patriarchy in the First Civilizations? The emergence of women as the primary source of labor in more intensive animal-drawn plow-based agriculture The increased role of women outside the home The decline in birthrates that accompanied civilization The emergence of large-scale warfare with professionally led armies The frequent failure of women rulers to maintain peace 2. Which of the following constitutes historians usual definition of civilization? A human culture A community of humans living together with a sense of common ancestry A human society that includes cities and states A group of humans who recognize any form of social hierarchy A group of humans who practice agriculture 3. Which of the following First Civilizations relied on squash, beans, and guava but no grains as its primary crops?

2 Chapter 3 Ch 3-2 Mesopotamia Indus Valley China Egypt Norte Chico [[INSERT MAP 3.1, First Civilizations, HERE]] 4. The above map supports the assertion that everywhere agriculture developed independently a First Civilization also developed. all First Civilizations developed along major rivers. all First Civilizations were about the same size. First Civilizations emerged independently in widely scattered locations. First Civilizations were in regular contact with each other. 5. Kingship in the First Civilizations often depended on the belief that the office of king was divinely ordained. relied exclusively on physical force and coercion. often depended in part on the authority of a written constitution. often emerged with women as rulers, although everywhere they were rapidly replaced by men. originated and were sustained entirely by the consent of the population.

3 Chapter 3 Ch Which of the following provided the primary economic foundation for civilization? Slavery Patriarchy Agriculture The army Writing [[INSERT IMAGE 3.5, A Mesopotamian Ziggurat, HERE]] 7. What does the Ziggurat of Ur, pictured above, suggest about the Mesopotamian society that produced it? Egypt had an important influence on Mesopotamian architecture. Monumental public works had an important place in Mesopotamian society. Trade with the Indus Valley influenced the layout and design of Mesopotamian cities. Political rulers and priests were relatively unimportant in Mesopotamian civilization. China had a remarkable influence on Mesopotamian culture. 8. Which of the following human accomplishments emerged with the First Civilizations? Agriculture Village life Writing Art Religious belief

4 Chapter 3 Ch Which of the First Civilizations experienced the greatest cultural continuity from its earliest formation into modern times? Indus Valley Mesopotamia Norte Chico China Egypt 10. Which of the following was the last of the First Civilizations to emerge? Olmec China Norte Chico Indus Valley Mesopotamia 11. Scholars have advanced which of the following as a possible explanation for the origins of the First Civilizations? The settlement of peoples in particularly rich agricultural regions where there were no limits on the amount of land that could be cultivated The end of the practice of slavery in a region The emergence of regions where no military elite took shape and peace reigned The forced settlement of nomads by their agriculture neighbors The need to organize large-scale irrigation projects

5 Chapter 3 Ch Which of the following was a feature of Egyptian rather than Mesopotamian civilization? Salinization of the soil leading to a collapse in the production of wheat in most areas along the upper Nile Frequent and devastating invasions of Egypt by outsiders because of a lack of physical barriers Rivalry between autonomous Egyptian city-states A more cheerful and hopeful outlook on the world, as expressed in part through Egyptian religious beliefs Egypt s written law codes 13. Which of the following statements about ancient Egypt is true? The state was ruled by pharaohs who were believed to be gods in human form. Cities were more important in Egypt than in Mesopotamia. Egyptians believed that only the pharaohs enjoyed eternal life. The Nile was an unpredictable river whose erratic floods regularly destroyed crops. Women in Egypt were afforded fewer opportunities than in Mesopotamia. 14. The territory of ancient Mesopotamia is presently occupied by which country? Iran Afghanistan Iraq India

6 Chapter 3 Ch 3-6 Greece 15. The rulers of this First Civilization held authority thanks to the Mandate of Heaven. Egypt China Olmec Mesopotamia Norte Chico Answer Key 1. D (pp ) 2. C (p. 56) 3. E (p. 57) 4. D (pp ) 5. A (pp ) 6. C (p. 61) 7. B (pp ) 8. C (pp ) 9. D (p. 60) 10. A (pp ) 11. E (pp ) 12. D (pp ) 13. A (pp )

7 Chapter 3 Ch C (p. 56) 15. B (p. 60) Short Answer Answer each question in three or four sentences. 1. Name at least three elements that a civilization must have in order to produce monumental works on the scale of Mesopotamian ziggurats or Egyptian pyramids. 2. What civilizations provided the most important influences on Egypt, and what did these civilizations contribute to Egypt? 3. Name at least three features typical of a king in one of the First Civilizations. Answer Key 1. A good answer should include the following: a large labor force a leader with the power and authority to compel labor an assured food supply for the workers who cannot produce their own food while working building materials an ideology that makes monumental architecture desirable, with emphasis on grandeur and the belief that gods are entitled to or may demand such structures

8 Chapter 3 Ch A good answer should include the following: Mesopotamia (wheat, barley, the pyramids, its system of writing) Sudan (gourds, watermelon, domesticated donkeys, the practice of divine kingship ) Hyksos (chariots, new armor and weapons, new textile production techniques, new musical instruments, olive and pomegranate trees) 3. A good answer should include the following: gave authority to the state monumental architecture elaborate clothing magnificent burials claim of divinity or divine approval Essay Questions Answer each of the following questions in a few paragraphs. Include specific examples to support your thesis and conclusions. 1. Comparative Analysis: Discuss the advantages and disadvantages of the early writing systems depicted in the Snapshot on page 71, Writing in Ancient Civilizations. 2. Comparative Analysis: Compare and contrast the life of a woman in Egypt to that of a woman living in Mesopotamia.

9 Chapter 3 Ch 3-9 Answer Key 1. A good essay should include at least some of the following: consideration of all of the writing systems included in the Snapshot, not just one or two what the writing system could do (e.g., Could it express all human thought?) how difficult it would be to read and write using each system, and the likely time of education; how long it would take to write a message using each system the expense of writing materials (especially considering the cheapness of Mesopotamian clay compared to Egyptian papyrus) the relative advantages of pictographs compared to symbols representing sounds, syllables, or consonants A really good response will make a meaningful comparison to our modern alphabet. 2. The two most important considerations for this essay are: the legal status of women evidence of affection between the sexes A very good essay will go beyond these points to a consideration of why women in Egypt enjoyed a much more equal position to men, possibly bringing in issues of: urban (Mesopotamia) vs. village (Egypt) life relative prosperity of the two lands belief in powerful goddesses (Egypt) vs. increasingly weak goddesses (Mesopotamia)