Blood Vessels Flashcards

Transcription

1 1. What three layers compose blood vessels? 1. Tunica ( Coat ) Intima 2. Tunica Media 2. What are the two layers of the TUNICA INTIMA? 3. Tunica Adventitia (Tunica Externa) Endothelium Subendothelium 3. Which layer of blood vessels contains smooth muscle tissue? 4. Which layer of blood vessels has elastic fibers? 5. What are the functions of smooth muscle and elastic fibers? 6. What are the three functions of the TUNICA ADVENTITIA (TUNICA EXTERNA) 7. What is a blood vessel that supplies a blood vessel called? 8. Which vessels carry blood away from the heart, arteries or veins? 9. Which vessels have a smaller lumen, veins or arteries? 10. Which have thicker walls? 11. Which have more elastin? 12. Which vessels are more round? 13. Which have valves? 14. Do arteries always contain oxygenated blood? 15. What are the 2 large TYPES OF ARTERIES? TUNICA MEDIA TUNICA MEDIA SMOOTH MUSCLE Allows blood to be directed to parts of body by vasoconstriction ELASTIC FIBERS. Allows blood vessels to stretch during systole and return to normal size. TUNICA ADVENTITIA (TUNICA EXTERNA): a. Protects the blood vessel (strong) b. Gives vessel strength for shape c. Anchors vessel to surrounding tissue; loosens with age. VASO VASORUM are more round, veins are more oval Veins have valves, arteries do not. Lymph vessels also have valves No; the pulmonary and umbilical arteries have deoxygenated (blue) blood. ELASTIC ARTERIES and MUSCULAR ARTERIES 16. What is the largest type of blood vessel? 17. What do they contain a lot of? ELASTIC ARTERIES There of lots of elastic fibers in the tunica media

2 18. What type of artery is distal to elastic arteries, and consists of most of the 19. named arteries? Muscular Tunica media is thick 20. What layer in these arteries is thick? 21. What type of blood vessel can close the lumen completely when it contracts? ARTERIOLES 22. What is a sac-like outpouching of an artery ANEURYSM called? 23. What are three causes of an aneurysm? Defect in part of the artery wall High blood pressure Congenital (present at birth)

3 24. How to Recognize a Stroke ( STROKE ) S * Ask the individual to SMILE. T * Ask the person to TALK and SPEAK A SIMPLE SENTENCE (Coherently; i.e. It is sunny out today) R * Ask him or her to RAISE BOTH ARMS. O * Open the mouth and stick out the tongue K * Keep them comfortable and still E * Get EMERGENCY help (911) 25. Which artery in the thigh is a good place to take a pulse? If one side of the body responds differently than the other side, or if they have trouble with the task, call 911. Femoral artery: good place to take a pulse since it is superficial, but that also makes it susceptible to injury. 26. The circle of Willis forms a loop around which structures? 27. Which are the smallest blood vessels, and are found everywhere? 28. Which layer do they have? 29. Where is the only site of nutrient, gas exchange, and waste exchange in the cardiovascular system? 30. The diameter of a typical capillary is similar to that of what? 31. What are the three types of capillaries? 32. Which are the most common? 33. Which have pores? 34. Which have very large gaps? 35. Which capillaries are found where lots of fluids need to be moved back and forth, such as in the small intestine? Circle of Willis forms a loop around the pituitary gland and the optic chiasma CAPILLARIES They only have an endothelium. Capillaries Capillary diameter is similar to an erythrocyte Continuous most common Fenestrated ( window ) have pores Discontinuous (Sinusoids) have very large gaps FENESTRATED CAPILLARIES

4 36. What type of capillaries are found in the red marrow because their gaps are so large, a RBC can fit through? DISCONTINUOUS (sinusoidal) capillaries 37. What is found at the start of each capillary? 38. What is the function of this structure? PRE-CAPILLARY SPHINCTER controls the flow of blood to individual capillaries. It directs the blood flow to specific cells. If one cell is starving, the capillary next to it will open. The sphincter opens and closes depending on the need of individual cells. Blood always flows to those cells and tissues that need it. There is not enough blood to go around. 39. Name the 2 varieties of VEINS VENULE: this is the smallest. It takes blood from the capillary to the vein. 40. How is blood able to get uphill and return to the heart without backing up? 41. What are the only BLOOD vessels that have valves 42. Name 3 BLOOD PUMPS 1. The heart 2. Elastic arteries 43. What vessel is often used to bypass a damaged coronary artery in coronary bypass surgery, and is the most likely vein to become varicose? VEIN: takes blood to the heart. Skeletal muscle pushes on the vein to move the blood uphill, and the valves keep it from falling backwards and backing up. Veins are the only BLOOD vessels that have valves (although LYMPH vessels also have valves). 3. Muscles constricting the veins Greater Saphenous vein-

5 44. What vessel drains from the danger triangle into the dural sinuses of the brain? 45. What vessel is oxygen poor, but contains the lowest concentration of nitrogen waste. 46. Name 3 Veins that are rich in oxygen and nutrients: 47. What is the term for a vein that has incompetent valves? Facial vein- Renal vein- Umbilical vein Hepatic Portal vein Pulmonary vein VARICOSE VEINS PHLEBITIS 48. What is the name of the condition when a person has inflamed veins? LASER, SCLEROSING, SURGERY 49. What are three treatments for this condition? 50. What is edema? the accumulation of excess tissue fluid in loose connective tissue 51. What are the two types of EDEMA? 52. Which is more severe? 53. What causes VENOUS STASIS ULCERS? 54. Who gets them most often? 1. Pitting: worse in the evening 2. Non-pitting This is more severe because it does not go away easily. Just as swollen in morning as evening Varicose veins with excess acid products from the blood plasma (sugar, carbon dioxide, etc), which eventually erode all the way to the skin. Common in diabetics. 55. What are three issues that must be treated when one gets a venous stasis ulcer? Treatment must address sugar levels, vein problem, and the open wound. 56. Why is PHLEBITIS dangerous? Phlebitis can be associated with the formation of blood clots (thrombosis), usually in the deep veins of the legs, the condition is called Deep Vein Thrombophlebitis (DVT). 57. What are the signs and Symptoms of DVT? Redness (erythema) and warmth with a temperature elevation of a degree or more above the baseline Pain or burning along the length of the vein Swelling (edema) Vein being hard, and cordlike Need to go to the emergency room if all symptoms are present 58. What are SPIDER VEINS? Small superficial veins become varicose and do not function properly. 59. Are they dangerous? Unsightly appearance but are not dangerous. Injections of alcohol or saline into the vein will 60. What are two treatments? sclerose them (scar them shut), or laser.

6 61. What vessel in the fetus connects the pulmonary trunk to the aortic arch so that most of the blood bypasses the immature lungs? 62. What structure in the fetus connects the right atrium to the left atrium? 63. What does the Foramen Ovale become (shortly after birth) Ductus arteriorsis Foramen ovale Fossa Ovalis