CS 355. Computer Networking. Wei Lu, Ph.D., P.Eng.
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1 CS 355 Computer Networking Wei Lu, Ph.D., P.Eng.
2 Chapter 3: Transport Layer Overview: Basic introduction to transport layer Multiplexing and demultiplexing Connectionless transport: UDP Connection-oriented transport: TCP segment structure reliable data transfer flow control connection management congestion control
3 Chapter 3: Transport Layer Our goals: understand principles behind transport layer services: multiplexing/demultiplexing reliable data transfer flow control congestion control learn about transport layer protocols in the Internet: UDP: connectionless transport TCP: connection-oriented transport TCP congestion control
4 Introduction to Transport Layer
5 Transport services and protocols provide logical communication between application processes running on different hosts transport protocols run in end systems send side: breaks application messages into segments, passes to layer receive side: reassembles segments into messages, passes to application layer more than one transport protocol available to application Internet: TCP and UDP application transport data link logical end-end transport application transport data link
6 Transport layer vs. layer layer: logical communication between hosts transport layer: logical communication between processes relies on, enhances, layer services Household analogy: 12 kids sending letters to 12 kids processes = kids application messages = letters in envelopes hosts = houses transport protocol = Tom and Bill -layer protocol = postal service
7 Internet transport layer reliable, in-order delivery (TCP) congestion control flow control connection setup unreliable, unordered delivery: UDP extension of best-effort IP services not available: delay guarantees bandwidth guarantees application transport data link data link logical end-end transport data link data link data link data link data link application transport data link
8 Multiplexing and demultiplexing Demultiplexing at receive host: delivering received segments to correct socket = socket = process Multiplexing at send host: gathering data from multiple sockets, enveloping data with header (later used for demultiplexing) application P3 P1 P1 application P2 P4 application transport transport transport link link link host 1 host 2 host 3
9 How demultiplexing works host receives IP datagrams each datagram has source IP address, destination IP address each datagram carries 1 transport-layer segment each segment has source, destination port number host uses IP addresses & port numbers to direct segment to appropriate socket 32 bits source port # dest port # other header fields application data (message) TCP/UDP segment format
10 Connectionless demultiplexing Create sockets with port numbers: DatagramSocket mysocket1 = new DatagramSocket(12534); DatagramSocket mysocket2 = new DatagramSocket(12535); UDP socket identified by two-tuple: (dest IP address, dest port number) When host receives UDP segment: checks destination port number in segment directs UDP segment to socket with that port number IP datagrams with different source IP addresses and/or source port numbers directed to same socket
11 Connectionless demultiplexing DatagramSocket serversocket = new DatagramSocket(6428); P2 P3 P1P1 SP: 6428 DP: 9157 SP: 6428 DP: 5775 SP: 9157 SP: 5775 client IP: A DP: 6428 server IP: C DP: 6428 Client IP:B SP provides return address
12 Connection-orientation demultiplexing TCP socket identified by 4-tuple: source IP address source port number dest IP address dest port number receiving host uses all four values to direct segment to appropriate socket Server host may support many simultaneous TCP sockets: each socket identified by its own 4-tuple Web servers have different sockets for each connecting client non-persistent HTTP will have different socket for each request
13 Connection-orientation demultiplexing P1 P4 P5 P6 P2 P1P3 SP: 5775 DP: 80 S-IP: B D-IP:C SP: 9157 SP: 9157 client IP: A DP: 80 S-IP: A D-IP:C server IP: C DP: 80 S-IP: B D-IP:C Client IP:B
14 UDP: User Datagram Protocol process-to-process communication the format of a UDP user datagram how to calculate a UDP checksum the operation of UDP when it is appropriate to use UDP
15 The position of UDP in Internet layers
16 Process to process communication UDP (User Datagram Protocol) creates a transport layer connection between two processes. The port number identifies the process, or running application program. So using the port number, UDP directs the packet to the correct location.
17 UDP [RFC768] best effort service, UDP segments may be: lost delivered out of order to application connectionless: no handshaking between UDP sender, receiver, and no flow and congestion control each UDP segment handled independently of others UDP does little else. Only error control is if a checksum error is detected, it quietly drops the packet.
18 UDP [RFC768] Why is there a UDP? no connection establishment (which can add delay), minimal overhead; faster simple: no connection state at sender, receiver small segment header no congestion control: UDP can blast away as fast as desired It does not add anything to the services of IP except for providing process-to-process communication, instead of host-tohost.
19 UDP [RFC768] often used for streaming multimedia apps loss tolerant rate sensitive other UDP uses DNS SNMP Length, in bytes of UDP segment, including header 32 bits source port # dest port # length Application data (message) checksum UDP segment format
20 Thank you for your attendance Any questions?
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