Elementary Particle Physics in a Nutshell
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1 Elementary Particle Physics in a Nutshell
2 Elementary Particle Physics in a Nutshell Elementary particle physics explores the nature of the very large and the very small
3 Elementary Particle Physics in a Nutshell Elementary particle physics explores the nature of the very large and the very small... forces within the nucleus
4 Elementary Particle Physics in a Nutshell Elementary particle physics explores the nature of the very large and the very small... forces within the nucleus... the stuff of the universe
5 Elementary Particle Physics in a Nutshell Elementary particle physics explores the nature of the very large and the very small... forces within the nucleus... the stuff of the universe... the unity of forces
6 ...searches for new elementary (not just elemental) forms of matter Explores the dominance of matter over anti-matter... the unification of physical symmetries in a hot universe... origins of mass
7 ...searches for new elementary (not just elemental) forms of matter Explores the dominance of matter over anti-matter... the unification of physical symmetries in a hot universe... origins of mass... the fundamental theories of life, the universe and everything
8 Study basic constituents of matter and the forces that govern their actions
9
10 The Labs Fermilab (Near Chicago) The Tevatron proton-antiproton collider at c.o.m. Energy = 2TeV CERN (Geneva, Switzerland) Tdhe LHC proton-proton collider at c.o.m. Energy = 14TeV 6.3 km circumference 27 km circumference May 4, 2005 Drew Baden 10
11 Tevatron
12 not to scale
13 The Experiments DØ - Fermilab Weighs 5000 tons ~106 channels of information Inspects ~3-30 x106 collisions/sec. CMS - CERN Weighs 12,500 tons ~107 channels of information Inspects ~ x106 collisions/sec. Running now, mature experiment, high quality data First physics data: end of 2009 May 4, 2005 Drew Baden 13
14 D-Zero
15 Slice of CMS May 4, 2005 Drew Baden 7m 15
16 The kinds of questions we ask Are there undiscovered principles of nature: new symmetries, new physical laws? Are there extra dimensions of space? What is dark matter? How can we make it in the laboratory?
17 The kinds of questions we ask Cosmic tug of war How can we solve the mystery of dark energy? Composition of the universe Do all the forces become one?
18 The kinds of questions we ask >12 orders of magnitude in mass! Why are there so many kinds of particles? What is mass? Standard Model particles, many more may exist What is the origin of electroweak symmetry breaking? mass = 80.4 GeV W photon mass = 0
19 The kinds of questions we ask How did the universe come to be? Now 2 E c m = What happened to the antimatter? Then Matter Antimatter
20 xkcd.com
21 Electroweak Unification Cold EM-like Weak-like EM/Weak interactions unified at large Energy/ momentum transfer Hot EM/Weak interactions unified at large energy/momentum transfer
22 Quantum Chromodynamics Gauge theory (like electromagnetism) describes fermions (quarks) which carry an SU(3) charge (color) and interact through the exchange of vector bosons (gluons) Interesting features: - gluons themselves have color - interactions are strong - coupling constant runs rapidly becomes weak at momentum transfers above a few GeV In a more general theory (GUT), expect unification w/ electroweak force
23 LHC: The New Frontier Accumulate world's largest data sets at highest energies before LHC era physics menu includes: Precision top physics (first ever) Precision EW physics (new observations of di-boson states) Searches: Higgs* and new physics (explore much of SUSY phase space, extra-dimensions, exotic matter states) QCD and proton hadronic structure (new levels of precision, smallest distance scales yet)* Discover new states predicted by QPM Heavy flavor physics* (Precision measurements in heavy quark sector, relationship between generations, matter antimatter asymmetry,... Mature experiment, high quality data physics menu includes: Copious top production Test of EW physics to unitarity limit Copious Higgs production*, test SM vs. SUSY Higgs Direct observations of SUSY states* or elimination of the lifetime work of many theorists :) Order of magnitude gain in physics reach at smallest distance scales* Open door to weirdness: black hole production, extremely massive exotic states, new types of strong interactions, extra-dimensions*... A new era of HEP research starts this Fall! * general group interests at present
24 Various Technical Projects
25 At the CMS test beam
26 Constantly pushing technological envelopes: High speed electronics Computing Precision detector readout Radiation and high magnetic field tolerant devices Fast, exceptionally sensitive detector technologies State of the art data analysis techniques...
27 World's 1st web site and a the WWW, a gift to the world from HEP 1990
28 Workshops and Physics Schools
29 Around Fermilab
30 Around CERN
31 CERN Surroundings
32 Where do HEP students go? HEP students and postdocs go many places after completing their research, some (very few really) examples: Industry Industrial research and instrumentation design Wireless technology and network infrastructure IT Consulting Financial analysis, modeling Design of medical treatment devices Non-Industry But, you should Private and public think tanks only choose this or National research laboratories (not only HEP) any other research Law, Media area because you Academia are interested in 4-year undergraduate colleges the physics! Tier-1 research universities no passion, no progress!
33 What can you learn along w/ physics? Lots: detector technologies, typical HEP experiments can easily employ many varieties of particle detection enormous amount of practical physics in development of detector systems high performance data readout systems, electronics (HEP detectors must typically process 10's of TB of data each second) high performance computing: need to cull above data rate to manageable levels in real time handle data sets at many PetaByte level sophisticated data analysis techniques, statistical reasoning, multivariate approaches for problems -> extracting maximal information from data working with engineers and detector/accelerator physics experts to bring experiments on-line experience w/ detailed simulations of detector systems and physics processes join in a large talented physics community, amazing access to expertise in world wide community + many opportunities to contribute to high-profile efforts
34 Interested in Experimental HEP? Great opportunities for graduate students this year Some resources: - seminars, colloquia,... - Symmetry Magazine: - CERN Courier: - Femilab Today: A fantastic time to get involved!
35 Want to try learn more? I'll be happy to meet with interested students. Lab Tours Project Details Opportunities to get involved at UVa, CERN, Fermilab
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