Ethics Outcomes in the Curriculum: Establishing an Appropriate Dose

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2 Ethics Outcomes in the Curriculum: Establishing an Appropriate Dose Raymond C. Love, PharmD, BCPS, FASHP

3 What Pharmacy Ethics Educators Can Do Convert ACPE Standards and Guidelines to learning objectives Align existing classroom educational objectives with ACPE Standards and Guidelines Apply Bloom s Taxonomy to development of classroom metrics to assess student mastery of ethics Develop evaluation tools for use in patient care experiences. Tim Stratton, AACP Annual Meeting Presentation, 2006.

4 Objectives At the conclusion of this session, the participant will be able to: List ACPE Standards Appendix B recommendations regarding ethics content. Develop learning objectives for pharmacy students related to ethics.

5 Outline Review components of learning objectives Review cognitive and affective domains of Bloom Review verbs for writing objectives Address content areas in ethics Write some objectives

6 Components of Learning Objectives - ABCD Audience Who is the learner? What are their needs? Behavior Condition What are the circumstances under which learning will be measured? Degree What is the expected level of mastery?

7 Components of Learning Audience Behavior Objectives - ABCD The observable and measurable behavior that the learner should be able exhibit at the conclusion of the learning session. What should they be able to do to show the learning was successful? What are the action verbs? Condition Degree

8 Example Condition Given a case illustrating respect for persons, beneficence or justice, Audience the student Behavior will be able to identify the correct principle involved Degree 100 % of the time.

9 Bloom s Taxonomy Cognitive Domain Older version Newer version

10 Bloom s Taxonomy Verbs Remembering (Knowledge) define, list, state Understanding (Comprehension) identify, recognize, explain, describe Applying employ, resolve, use, demonstrate Analyzing compare, contrast, relate, differentiate, distinguish Evaluating judge, rate, assess, select, appraise Creating create, design, formulate, develop

11 Cognitive Domain Examples Remembering (Knowledge) define, list, state List the basic principles p identified in the Belmont Report Understanding (Comprehension) identify, recognize, explain, describe Recognize the inherent conflicts of interest Applying employ, resolve, use, demonstrate Employ a theory of distributive justice to allocate

12 Cognitive Domain Examples Analyzing compare, contrast, t relate, differentiate, t distinguish i Contrast how those employing different ethical approaches might address a case Evaluating judge, rate, assess, select, appraise Assess consistency of proposed p actions with the stated ethical approach Creating create, design, formulate, develop Design a case illustrating the following principles... Formulate an opinion...

13 Blooms Taxonomy Affective Domain

14 Affective Domain and Verbs Receive willingness to listen tolerate, listen to, acknowledge, discuss Respond participating clarify, question, react, participate Value attaching significance t d b t d f d d support, debate, argue, defend, persuade, criticize

15 Affective Domain and Verbs Organize Values expressing a belief or formulating an opinion theorize, prioritize, judge, reconcile Internalize Values acting according to values act display resolve practice believe act, display, resolve, practice, believe, influence

16 Affective Domain Examples Receive tolerate, listen to, acknowledge, discuss Respond clarify, question, react, participate Value support, debate, argue, defend, persuade, criticize Organize theorize, prioritize, judge, reconcile Internalize act, display, resolve, practice, believe, influence

17 Affective Domain Examples Receive tolerate, listen to, acknowledge, discuss Acknowledge opposing opinions i Respond clarify, question, react, participate Participate in a discussion of... Value support, debate, argue, defend, persuade, criticize Defend your opinion regarding an ethical issue by citing those values most important to you

18 Affective Domain Examples Organize theorize, prioritize, judge, reconcile Reconcile personal freedom with the needs of patients Internalize act, display, resolve, practice, believe, influence Acts in a cooperative manner Revises judgments and positions in the light of new evidence.

19 Ethics Related Topics Should Include: Principles of professional behavior Ethical issues related to development, promotion, sales, prescription, and use of drugs Dealing with ethical dilemmas Conflicts of interest Ethical issues in patient care and clinical research Principles of end-of-life care Ethical issues in teamwork Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education. Appendix B: Additional Guidance on the Science Foundation for the Curriculum, Accreditation Standards and Guidelines for the Professional Degree Program in Pharmacy Leading to the Doctor of Pharmacy Degree, 2011.

20 Potential Topics and Content: Yea or Nay? History of Ethics Ethical Theories/Approaches Principles of Bioethics Decisional Capacity Pharmacist Code of Ethics Public Health Code of Ethics Business Ethics HIPAA

21 Potential Topics and Content: Yea or Nay? Health Care Reform Stem Cells Reproductive Issues Off-label Use Academic Conduct/Misconduct Involuntary Treatment Performance Enhancing Agents Capital Punishment Complementary and Alternative Medicine

22 Potential Topics and Content: Audience Choice What other ethics related topics and content should be covered?

23 Assignment Given your assigned ACPE Appendix B statement, your group will create two learning objectives. To the degree possible, the objectives will employ higher levels of Bloom s taxonomy. Given a topic(s) or content area(s) of your group s choice, your group will create at least two learning objectives. To the degree possible, the objectives will employ higher levels of Bloom s taxonomy. Within a period of three minutes, a representative of your group will concisely present one of your learning objectives chosen by the moderator.