Digital Image Communication
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1 Digital Image Communication Thomas Wiegand Course at Technical University of Berlin WS 2007/200 /2008 Contact: Dr.-Ing. Thomas Wiegand Image Processing Department URL: Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications Heinrich-Hertz-Institut Tel: Einsteinufer 37, Berlin Fax:
2 Picture: Hotel,, 720x576, 414,720 Byte Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Introduction - 2
3 JPEG-2000 Compressed to 12,960 Byte Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Introduction - 3
4 JPEG-2000 Compressed to 3,240 Byte Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Introduction - 4
5 Geometric Interpretation 414,720 Byte 32:1 128:1 250:1 12,960 Byte 3,240 Byte Typical compression rate for video from: Girod Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Introduction - 5
6 Nipkow Disk Paul Nipkow: Elektrisches Teleskop, German Patent Capture i(t) Display (from J.-J. PETERS, History of Television ) Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Introduction - 6
7 Image Transmission by Line Scanning time t from: Theile Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Introduction - 7
8 The Image Matrix H Rows y = H-2 H-1 W Columns... x = W-3 W-2 W-1 Pixel at position x, y s [ x, y ] from: Ohm Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Introduction - 8
9 Digital Image Formats I ITU-R 709 ITU-R 601 CIF QCIF Additionally inserted due to 16:9 ratio of horizontal to vertical size in HDTV from: Ohm Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Introduction - 9
10 Digital Image Formats II QCIF CIF ITU-R 601 ITU-R 709 Pixel / row (Y) Number of rows (Y) (480) 1080 Pixel / row (U,V) Number of rows (U,V) (480) 1080 Aspect ratio 4:3 4:3 4:3 16:9 Pictures per second (30) 25 (30) [Hz] Bits per picture [kbyte] bei 8Bit-PCM 38,02 152,1 829,4 (691,2) (3.686) Bit-rate for image sequence [Mb/s] 0,84-3,8 10,1-30,4 165,9 884,7 Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Introduction - 10
![Digital Image Formats and Applications 35 Display diagonal [inch] 28 21 14 7 from: Kaup MHHD (QCIF) Laptop](/docs-images/57/41232393/images/11-0.png "(CIF) TV (ITU-R 601) Computer (SVGA) HDTV (ITU-R 709) Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Introduction")
11 Digital Image Formats and Applications 35 Display diagonal [inch] from: Kaup MHHD (QCIF) Laptop (CIF) TV (ITU-R 601) Computer (SVGA) HDTV (ITU-R 709) Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Introduction - 11
12 Examples for Transmission Media Number of pictures that can be transmitted per second in uncompressed format Media Bit-Rate QCIF CIF CCIR-601 CCIR-709 Voice Modem 33.4 kb/s ISDN 64 kb/s T1 (24xISDN) Mb/s Ethernet 10 Mb/s FDDI 100 Mb/s GSM 15 kb/s UMTS 384 kb/s Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Introduction - 12
13 Transmission System Capture Source Encoder Channel Encoder Modulator Channel Display Source Decoder Channel Decoder Demodulator Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Introduction - 13
14 Optimum Scenario Minimize costs of the complete transmission system, so that the visual information is perceived by the human observer with the desired quality. Problems: Desired accuracy differs for the various applications Different applications permit different costs Transmission system is interfered by others Horizontal integration: design system components seperately (How about storage applications?) How can we measure perceived quality? Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Introduction - 14
15 Why Digital Image Communication? Separation of source coding and channel coding allows independent adaptation to the Properties of information source and sink Properties of the transmission channel Digital circuitry allows very large scale integration and low manufacturing costs Today, signals are stored and transmitted over digital media Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Introduction - 15
16 The Human Visual System (HVS) Resolution limits: Textures with frequencies higher than the limit of the HVS are not recognizable Resolution limits for color are much lower than for luminance Resolution limits are higher for horizontal and vertical structures than for diagonal structures Still objects are recognized much sharper than moving objects Temporal resolution limit of the eye: flicker Contrast recognition at edges: Contrast changes at edges are enhanced The HVS is especially sensitive to edges Seeing: Combining color, motion, and depth into a collection of interferences about the world Regions of interest in images and videos (various dependencies) Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Introduction - 16
17 Scope of this Lecture Capture Source Encoder Channel Encoder Modulator Display We will be discussing this part Digital Error Control Channel Channel Source Decoder Channel Decoder Demodulator Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Introduction - 17
18 Digital Image Communication Information and Entropy Rate Distortion Theory and Quantization Predictive Coding Transform Coding Resolution Pyramids and Subband Coding Image Coding Standards JPEG, JPEG-2000 Hybrid Video Coding Video Transmission Video Coding Standards H.261, MPEG-1, MPEG-2/H.262, H.263/MPEG-4, and H.264/AVC (including SVC) Laboratory Excursion (HHI) Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Introduction - 18
19 Organisation Lecture: Monday 14:00-16:00, Einsteinufer 17, Room EN 189 Lecturer: Dr.-Ing. Thomas Wiegand Head, Image Communication Group Image Processing Department Fraunhofer Institute for Telecommunications Heinrich-Hertz-Institut Copies of transparencies can be downloaded at URL: iphome.hhi.de/wiegand/dic.htm Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Introduction - 19
20 Literature I Image Processing Basics A.K. Jain: "Fundamentals of Digital Image Processing", Prentice-Hall, W. K. Pratt: "Digital Image Processing," New York: Wiley Human Visual System B. A. Wandell: Foundations of Vision, Sinauer Associates, Sunderland, G. Hauske: Systemtheorie der visuellen Wahrnehmung, B. G. Teubner Stuttgart, 1994 (in German). Information Theory C. E. Shannon: A Mathematical Theory of Communication, Bell System Technical Journal, Vol. 27, pp (Part I), pp (Part II), T. M. Cover and J. A. Thomas: Elements of Information Theory, John Wiley & Sons, New York, Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Introduction - 20
21 Literature II Rate-Distortion Theory & Quantization T. Berger: Rate Distortion Theory, Prentice-Hall, 1970 N. S. Jayant and P. Noll: Digital Coding of Waveforms, Prentice-Hall, 1984 A. Gersho and R. M. Gray: "Vector Quantization and Signal Compression, Kluwer, 1992 Image Coding M. Vetterli and J. Kovacevic: Wavelets and Subband Coding, Prentice- Hall, 1995 W. Pennebaker and J. Mitchell: "JPEG Still Image Data Compression Standard", Van Nostrand Reinhold, New York, J.-R. Ohm: Digitale Bildcodierung, Springer, 1995 (in German). Journals IEEE Transactions on Image Processing IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems for Video Technology IEEE Signal Processing Magazine IEEE Communications Magazine Thomas Wiegand: Digital Image Communication Introduction - 21
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