The Cherokee Renaissance and Indian Removal

Transcription

1 The Cherokee Renaissance and Indian Removal Field Trip to Etowah, the Vann House, and New Echota Tim Crimmins Georgia State University Enduring Understandings The movement of people, ideas, and goods has a profound influence on a society. How did the arrival of European settlers on the east coast of North America impact the Native Americans? (USH1 a, b, d)

2 New World Indian Cultures, c Southeastern wovenplastered walls, thatched roof house Southwestern and Meso- American pueblo

3 Southwestern Indians

4 Eastern Native American Archaeological Sites,

5 Mississippian People, Cahokia

6 Mississippian People, Etowah

7 Etowah Archaeology

8 Etowah Archaeology

9 Post-Mississippian Indians in the Southeast The Cherokee

10 Cherokee Territories

11 Georgia1750

12 The Frontier From the Tenth Census of the U.S Volume htm

13 Georgia/Indian Lands 1800

14 American Indian Relations Adopt White Ways versus Relocation President George Washington s advice to the Cherokees: Adopt White Ways President Thomas Jefferson, via Secretary of State James Madison: Relocation

15 President George Washington--Talk to the Cherokee Nation (August 29, 1796) My beloved Cherokees, Some among you already experience the advantage of keeping cattle and hogs: let all keep them and increase their numbers, and you will ever have a plenty of meat.... Your lands are good and of great extent. By proper management you can raise live stock not only for your own wants, but to sell to the White people. By using the plow you can vastly increase your crops of corn. You can also grow wheat, (which makes the best bread) as well as other useful grain. To these you will easily add flax and cotton, which you may dispose of to the White people, or have it made up by your own women into clothing for yourselves. Your wives and daughters can soon learn to spin and weave....

16 Compact of 1802 Thomas Jefferson administration James Madison, Secretary of State agreed that the United States would pay Georgia 1.25 million U.S. dollars for its western lands (now Alabama and Mississippi), and the U.S. government would extinguish Cherokee land titles in Georgia, and have them removed from the state. See Georgia Archive: SOPTR=420&REC=1

17 Compact of 1802

18 Compact of 1802 Fourthly that the United States shall, at their own expense, extinguish for the use of Georgia, as early as the same can be peaceably obtained on reasonable terms, the Indian title to the country of Talassee, to the lands left out by the line drawn with the Creeks in the year and to the lands within the forks of Oconee and Ocmulgee Rivers....

19 The Frontier Georgia Expansions From UGA Map Collection-- /maps/1796g42.jpg and American Memory Indian Cession lands -ilc.html

20 Cherokee Adopts Euro-American Culture Van House, 1804 James and Joseph Vann

21 New Echota, Cherokee Capitol, 1819 In 1827 the Cherokees established a constitutional government. The Cherokees were not only restructuring their government but also declaring to the American public that they were a sovereign nation that could not be removed without their consent.

22 New Echota Cherokee Renaissance

23 Cherokee Nation 1825

24 Cherokee Removal

25 Georgia1825

26 Cherokee Nation 1830

27 Andrew Jackson Indian Removal Act, 1830 President Andrew Jackson called for an Indian Removal Act in his 1829 "State of the Union" message. The Removal Act was strongly supported in the South, where states were eager to gain access to lands inhabited by the "Five Civilized Tribes". While Indian removal was, in theory, supposed to be voluntary, in practice great pressure was put on American Indian leaders to sign removal treaties. Some Native American leaders who had previously resisted removal now began to reconsider their positions, especially after Jackson's landslide reelection in 1832.

28 Major Ridge John Ridge Elias Boudinot Treaty of New Echota, 1835 The Treaty of New Echota was signed on by officials of the United States government and representatives of a minority Cherokee political faction The Ridge Party. The treaty faction, taking note of the annihilation northeastern Indian tribes, believed that coexistence with white Americans in the east was unsustainable, and that removal west offered the best chance for the survival of the Cherokee. Principal Chief John Ross and most of the Cherokee National Council opposed the Ridge party. Ross was firmly against removal, and sought to wait out the Andrew Jackson administration by making treaty offers that he later withdrew.

29 Indian Removal to the West

30 Wear Comfortable Shoes