FULFULDE IN THE SUDAN: Process of Adaptation to Arabic

Transcription

1 MARBURGER STUDIEN ZUR AFRIKA- UND ASIENKUNDE Herausgeber: H.-J. Greschat (Religionsgeschichte) - H. Jungraithmayr (Afrikanistik) W. Rau (Indologie) Serie A: Afrika Band 44 Al-Amin Abu-Manga FULFULDE IN THE SUDAN: Process of Adaptation to Arabic BERLIN 1986 VERLAG VON DIETRICH REIMER

2 Contents \ Preface 1 Abbreviations and linguistic terms Orthographical symbols Map of the important Fulani localities in the Sudan The German summary of the dissertation III IV v VI Introduction The language and its speakers Notes on the origin of the Fulani Classificational problems with regard to Fulfulde Notes on the Fulani people Notes on the political history of the settled Fulani The Fulani in the Sudan The Early Fulani The Early Fulani of the western Sudan The Early Fulani of the Blue Nile The Mahdist Fulani The Mahdists proper The Revisionist Mahdists The geographical distribution of the Fulani in the Sudan 18

3 X 0.2 Theoretical considerations in language contact Peripheral language contact (in West Africa) Close language contact Bilingualism Interference Borrowing Code-Switching Fulfulde within its peripheral and close contacts with.arabic Sudanese Arabic within the language setting of the Sudan 26 Chapter one Adaptation of Sudanese Arabic sounds to Sudanese Fulfulde The method of classifying Arabic sounds in Fulfulde The Arabic vowels in Fulfulde Processes of sound (consonant) adaptation Importation Modification Substitution Some consequences of phonetic adaptation Underdifferentiation Overdifferentiation Hypercorrection Enrichment of the Sudanese Fulfulde sound system 67 j

4 XI Chapter two The allocation of the Sudanese Arabic loannouns and -adjectives within the nominal class system of Fulfulde Part one: Loan-nouns The criteria of class allocation The morphological mechanism of class allocation Arabic loan-nouns and the initial consonant permutation, and grades The initial consonant permutation The initial consonant grades The suffix grades The distribution of loans in the Fulfulde nominal classes The personal classes: o/&e The non-personal classes The augmentative and diminutive classes Plural without class marker Classes without Sudanese Arabic loans Part two: Loan-adjectives Some remarks on Fulfulde adjectives Classification of loan-adjectives in Sudanese Fulfulde Adjectives of unrestricted use Adjectives of restricted use Lexicalized adjectives 116

5 XII Chapter three Adaptation of Sudanese Arabic loan-verbs to the Fulfulde verbal system Kinds of borrowing Borrowing out of necessity Borrowing by choice Allocation of loan-verbs within the Fulfulde verbal classes Morphological processes of verbborrowing in Sudanese Fulfulde Verbal bases The adaptive verbalizer -n Initial consonant permutation The problem of the reflexive in Sudanese Arabic loan-verbs The causative in Sudanese Arabic loan-verbs Verbal extensions Full acceptance Partial (restricted) acceptance Non-acceptance Participles Construction of participles out of loan-verbs Adaptation and use of Arabic participles 157 Chapter four Loans without morphological adaptation, and unborrowed linguistic elements Part one: Loans without morphological modification Conjunctions Some syntactic and semantic functions of loan-conjunctions in Sudanese Fulfulde The case of "wu" 'and, with' 167

6 XIII Loan-prepositions Loan-prepositions without Fulfulde equivalents Loan-prepositions with Fulfulde equivalents (or alternatives) The behaviour of the Sudanese Arabic loan-prepositions in Sudanese Fulfulde Loan-adverbs , Loan-adverbs without Fulfulde equivalents Loan-adverbs with Fulfulde equivalents The behaviour of the Sudanese Arabic adverbs in Sudanese Fulfulde The Sudanese Arabic numerals in Sudanese Fulfulde Time Currency Units of measure Cardinal numbers Part two: Unborrowed linguistic elements The reflexive prefixes The possessive pronouns The definite article 198 Chapter five Some semantic anomalies in Sudanese Fulfulde Loan-translation Arabic-Fulfulde translation Fulfulde-Arabic translation Semantic extension Semantic shrinking Semantic specification 216

7 XIV 5.5 Semantic confusion Malpropism Fusion Analogy Disguise words 222 Chapter six General traits of language use, and the degree of bilingualism among the Sudanese Fulani Part one: General traits of language use among the Sudanese Fulani Current trends of language use among the Sudanese Fulani Interference Code-switching Quotation or direct speech Occurrence of technical terms Domination of unadapted loanwords , Explanation of a word Part two: Quantitative and qualitative bilingualism among the Fulani bilinguals in the Sudan Quantitative bilingualism Variable 1: Mode of livelihood Variable 2: Topic Variable 3: Close contact with Arabic-speaking circles Qualitative bilingualism Variable 1: Early acquisition of Arabic Variable 2: Education Code-switching and degree of bilingualism Conclusion 261

8 XV Bibliography 265 Appendix 1: Allocation of loan-nouns within the Fulfulde nominal classes in the Sudan 274 Appendix 2: Zones, stations and informants 276