AR Section- A. (Multiple Choice Questions) (2) The type of diversity including all the different kinds of living things found in a certain

Transcription

1 AR-3837 Section- A (Multiple Choice Questions) (1) Levels of biodiversity include all but one: (a) Genetics (b) Species (c) Population (d) Ecosystem (2) The type of diversity including all the different kinds of living things found in a certain habitat is called as: (a) Species diversity (c) Ecosystem diversity (b) Genetic diversity (d) Population diversity (3) A taxon with restricted geographical distribution is termed as? (a) Rare (b) Vulnerable (c) Extinct (d) Endemic (4) Conservation of biodiversity outside the natural habitat is called as: (a) Ex-situ (b) In-situ (c) Conservation (d) In-vivo (5) Which of the following does not come under the threatened categories? (a) Endangered (b) Vulnerable (c) Least concern (d) Rare (6) Biosphere reserve has following zone except one: (a) Core zone (b) Command zone (c) Buffer zone (d) Spherical zone (7) In which of the following boundaries are not circumscribed: (a) Biosphere reserve (b) Sanctuary (c) National parks (d) Colony parks (8) The knowledge of which of the following factor does not help in the wildlife management: (a) Habitat of wildlife (c) Food habit of wildlife (b) Behaviour of wildlife (d) Name of wildlife 1

2 (9) In type of wildlife management the wildlife is protected from hunting mainly during breeding season and is enforced by law and if violated is punishable and termed as illegal: (a) Closed season (c) Custodial management (b) Open wildlife season (d) Limited entry zone (10) The tigers are found in which of the following biosphere reserve: (a) Thar desert biosphere reserve (c) Namdhapa biosphere reserve (b) Neelgiri biosphere reserve (d) Sunderbans biosphere reserve Section B Long answer type question (Attempt any four questions) 2. Explain the impact of biodiversity on stability of ecosystem. With the help of a conceptual diagram show how increasing diversity can stabilize ecosystem functioning? 2

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6 Model Answer: B.Sc. VI-Sem Zoology Examination, Biodiversity & Conservationn Write about the IUCN Red list categories in detail. The IUCN Red list categories Extinct Extinct in wild Critically Endangered Endangered Vulnerable Lower risk Rare Threatened Out of Danger Indeterminate Near threatened Least concerned Data deficient Not evaluated Endemic 6

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10 Model Answer: B.Sc. VI-Sem Zo oology Examination, Biodiversity & Conservation Describe the (a) Overexploitation of biodiver biodiversity, sity, (b) Poaching of wildlife (a) Overexploitation of biodiversity 10

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13 (b) Poaching of wildlife 13

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15 Model Answer: B.Sc. VI-Sem Zoology Examination, Biodiversity & Conservationn What are the characteristics of the biosphere reserves? Describe any two biosphere reserves of India. 15

16 Model Answer: B.Sc. VI-Sem Zoology Examination, Biodiversity & Conservationn 2013 Characteristics of the biosphere reserves 16

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20 Model Answer: B.Sc. VI-Sem Zoology Examination, Biodiversity & Conservationn What is biodiversity conservation? Write about the Ex-situ conservation. 20

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26 Model Answer: B.Sc. VI-Sem Zoology Examination, Biodiversity & Conservationn Write about the wildlife management? Describe the types of wildlife management? 26

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29 8. What do you mean by biodiversity index? With suitable example describe the Simpson s Index. Biodiversity index A diversity index is a mathematical measure of species diversity in a community. Diversity indices provide more information about community composition than simply species richness (i.e., the number of species present); they also take the relative abundances of different species into account. Consider two communities of 100 individuals each and composed of 10 different species. One community has 10 individuals of each species; the other has one individual of each of nine species, and 91 individuals of the tenth species. Which community is more diverse? Clearly the first one is, but both communities have the same species richness. By taking relative abundances into account, a diversity index depends not only on species richness but also on the evenness, or equitability, with which individuals are distributed among the different species. Significance of diversity index: Diversity indices provide important information about rarity and commonness of species in a community. The ability to quantify diversity in this way is an important tool for biologists trying to understand community structure. Simpson s Diversity Index (D) Simpson's diversity index (D) is a simple mathematical measure that characterizes species diversity in a community. The proportion of species i relative to the total number of species (pi) is calculated and squared. The squared proportions for all the species are summed, and the reciprocal is taken: 29

30 For a given richness (S), D increases as equitability increases, and for a given equitability D increases as richness increases. Equitability (ED) can be calculated by taking Simpson's index (D) and expressing it as a proportion of the maximum value D could assume if individuals in the community were completely evenly distributed (Dmax, which equals S-- as in a case where there was one individual per species). Equitability takes a value between 0 and 1, with 1 being complete evenness. Example: Siemann et al. (1997) collected the data on oak savanna arthropod communities to investigate the effects of prescribed burning on arthropods. The abundance data represent the number of individuals per family (rather than per species) collected in sweep-net sampling during a two year period ( ). Although we do not have species data, we can calculate family diversity and equitability using these data. The proportions (pi values) have been calculated by dividing the number of individuals in a given family by the total number of individuals collected in a year (8,561 in 1992 and 1,379 in 1993). To calculate Simpson's D, we square each proportion (pi), sum these squared values, and take the reciprocal (divide one by the sum). For example, for the 1992 data, Simpson's D is calculated (1 / [ ]) = We could then calculate the equitability (ED) quite easily using the second equation above (ED = D / Dmax, with Dmax = S). Here, we will use the number of families in place of S, so that E = / 31 = Interpretation: What we have calculated is an index of family diversity and evenness, rather than the standard index of species diversity and evenness. Based on the value of

31 calculated for ED, we could describe the equitability, or evenness of individuals' distributions among families, in this community as relatively low (recall that ED assumes a value between 0 and 1, and 1 is complete equitability). 31