Name Date. Ch. 1 Sec. 1 Studying Geography The Big Idea

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1 Name Ch. 1 Sec. 1 Studying Geography The Big Idea Main Idea 1: Geography is the study of the, its, and the landscapes they create. Geography is the study of the world, its people, and the landscapes they create A place s is all the human and physical features that make it unique. Geography as a science Geographers ask questions about how the works. Geographers gather and interpret data. Geography as a social science, a field that studies and the _ among them Geographers ask questions about people and their lives. Geographers visit places and talk to the people who live there to learn about lives and communities. Main Idea 2: Geographers look at the world in many different ways. Local Level Geographers ask questions to figure out people live and work the way they do. Can help improve people s lives by making contributions to community planning Regional Level A is a part of the world that has one or more common features that distinguish it from surrounding areas. and/or characteristics can define a region. Dividing world into regions makes it easier to study. Comparing regions can build understanding. Global Level Geographers ask how events and ideas from one region of the world affect people in other regions to learn how people interact. Try to find relationships among people who live far apart Provide information that helps us figure out how to live in a rapidly changing world Main Idea 3: Maps and other tools help geographers study the planet.

2 Name Maps A is a flat drawing that shows all or part of Earth s surface. Details can be distorted, or altered, in order to show on a flat surface. Easy to work with Can show a great variety of information Globes A is a spherical, or ball-shaped, model of the entire planet. Can show world as it really is More expensive to make Usually only show where places are and what features they have Other Tools images Show what an area looks like from above Earth Collect information that can t be seen from the planet s surface Computer programs Create, update, and compare maps Measuring devices to record data Notebook and tape recorder to take notes Ch. 1 Sec. 2- Guided Notes Geography Themes and Essential Elements The Big Idea: Geographers have created two but systems for organizing geographic studies. Main Idea 1: The five themes of geography help us organize our studies of the world. Geographers use themes that can be applied to nearly everything that they study. Interaction Themes of Geography: Location Every point on Earth has a location.

3 Name Absolute location is a description of where a place is, such as an address. Relative location is a description of where a place is. Place Place refers to an area s, the features that define the area and make it different from other places. Can include land, climate, and people Human-Environment Interaction An area s includes its land, water, climate, plants, and animals. Geographers study how people interact with their environment. Movement Study of and people, including the roads and routes that make movement so common Regions Geographers divide the world into. Make comparisons between regions to help geographers learn why each place has developed the way it has Main Idea 2: The essential elements of geography highlight some of the subject s most important ideas. In addition to the five themes, geographers use a system of standards and essential elements. Identify the most important ideas in the study of geography Essential Elements of Geography The World in Spatial Terms How to use and other geographic representations, tools, and technologies to acquire, process, and report information from a spatial perspective How to use mental maps to organize information about people, places, and environments in a spatial context How to analyze the organization of people, places, and environments on Earth s surface Places and Regions The and characteristics of places How people create regions to interpret Earth s complexity How culture and experience influence people s perceptions of places and regions

4 Name Physical Systems The physical processes that shape the patterns of Earth s The characteristics and spatial distribution of ecosystems on Earth s surface Human Systems The characteristics, distributions, and migration of populations The characteristics, distribution, and complexity of Earth s cultural mosaics The patterns and networks of interdependence The processes, patterns, and functions of human How the forces of cooperation and conflict among people influence the division and control of Earth s surface Environment and Society How human modify the physical environment How physical systems affect human systems Changes that occur in the meaning, use, distribution, and importance of The Uses of Geography How to apply geography to interpret the How to apply geography to interpret the present and for the future Ch. 1 Sec. 3- Guided Notes The Branches of Geography The Big Idea: Geography is divided into two main branches and geography. Main Idea 1: Physical geography is the study of landforms, water bodies, and other physical features. Physical geography is the study of the world s features its, bodies of,, soils, and plants. Physical geographers Want to know all about the different features found on Earth and what causes them Take detailed measurements and track over time to help answer questions Reasons to study physical geography include: To learn how the world works and to better understand our world To help us to learn to live with Earth s changes and dangers and be prepared for them Main Idea 2:

5 Name Human geography focuses on, their, and the they create. Human geography is the study of the world s people, communities, and landscapes. Human geographers Study the world s people, and present Look at people and why Study what people Studying Human Geography Specialization Many human geographers specialize in a specific area of study because people s lives are so different around the world. Reasons to study human geography include: Helping us to better understand people in other cultures Helping people improve their landscapes and situations Making contributions to improve city planning and development and to protect the environment Main Idea 3: Other branches of geography examine specific aspects of the physical or human world Cartography The science of making Develop accurate maps on almost any scale and keep them up to date Hydrology The study of on Earth Work to measure and protect world s supply of water by studying the world s river systems and rainfall patterns Meteorology The study of and what causes it Use information about weather patterns to make predictions

6 1. What direction do lines of latitude run? Map Skills 2. What do lines of latitude measure? 3. What direction do lines of longitude run? 4. What do lines of longitude measure? 5. Where are you if you are at 90ºS? 6. Where are you if you are at 90ºN? 7. What is the imaginary line that circles the globe halfway between the North and South Poles and is 0 latitude? 8. What is the imaginary line that runs through Greenwich, England and is 0 longitude? 9. What tool do we use to determine direction on a map? 10. What tool do we use to measure distance on a map? 11. Draw a compass rose with cardinal and intermediate directions.

7 Name Longitude Date You have learned about lines of latitude. There are also imaginary lines that circle the Earth from north to south. These are called lines of longitude. These lines also help you to locate places on the Earth. Each line of longitude is named with a number of degrees. The Prime Meridian is 0. All the other lines of longitude are east or west of the Prime Meridian. They go up to about 179 E (east) and 179 W (west). There is only one 180 line of longitude. Like the Prime Meridian, it does not have a direction. Look at the map of Portugal and Spain. Do you see the lines that go north and south across the countries? Those are lines of longitude. You can see that Portugal and Spain are between 4 E and 10 W. The Prime Meridian runs through the eastern part of Spain. Find the Prime Meridian on the map. Follow it with your finger from north to south. If a place falls between two lines of longitude, you must estimate its line of longitude. Look at Lisbon on the map. It falls between 8 W and 10 W. You could estimate that its line of longitude is 9 W. Harcourt Achieve Inc. All rights reserved. Directions 10 W 8 W 6 W 4 W 2 W 0 2 E 4 E Lalín Porto Portugal Lisbon North Atlantic Ocean Córdoba Bay of Biscay León Spain Madrid Seville Málaga Valencia Mediterranean Sea Barcelona Balearic 8 W 6 W 4 W 2 W 0 2 E 4 E Study the map. Use the map to answer the questions. 1. Find the national capital of Spain. What is its name? What line of longitude is it near? 2. Which city in Spain is nearer to the Prime Meridian, Valencia or Barcelona? 3. Find the national capital of Portugal. What is its name? Estimate its line of longitude. Prime Meridian Islands Portugal and Spain W Map Key International boundary National capital City NW SW N S NE SE E

8 Name You re in Europe Date The Prime Meridian runs through the site of the Royal Observatory at Greenwich, England, which is near London. Which other European countries does the Prime Meridian run through? WESTERN EUROPE 30 W 20 W MAP KEY City Capital city Border between countries 0 10 E 20 E 30 E 60 N N 10 W FINLAND SWEDEN Helsinki NORWAY W 50 N S E Dublin IRELAND BELG. LUX. Paris Oslo DENMARK ENGLAND Berlin London NETH. GERMANY FRANCE Stockholm SWITZ. AUSTRIA ITALY 40 N Lisbon PORTUGAL Madrid SPAIN Rome GREECE Athens 10 W 20 E Directions Use the map to answer the questions. Harcourt Achieve Inc. All rights reserved. 1. What is the national capital of Greece? 2. What is the national capital of Sweden? 3. You travel from Germany to Spain. Which direction do you go? 4. What city is located at 60 N, 25 E? 5. Which city is located on the Prime Meridian? 6. What are the latitude and longitude of Oslo, Norway? 7. What are the latitude and longitude of Madrid, Spain?

9 Name Where Are You Now? Date You have learned about lines of latitude and longitude. Now let s use what you have learned. Look at the map of Nigeria. The numbers for the lines of latitude are at the left and right. The numbers for the lines of longitude are at the top and bottom. To help you find a place, move your finger along the lines. Remember, if a place is located between the lines, you have to estimate its location. 4 N 0 4 E 8 E 12 E 12 N Kano 12 8 N TOGO BENIN Lagos Gulf Of Guinea 4 E Nig i Kainji Lake er Riv Sokoto r NIGERIA Abuja Port 8 E NIGER CAMEROON Maiduguri W 12 E Lake Chad N CHAD City Capital city Border between countries River S MAP KEY E 12 N 8 N C.A.R. Directions Use the map to answer the questions. Harcourt Achieve Inc. All rights reserved. 1. Which three cities are located between 4 E and 8 E? 2. Which city has a latitude and longitude of about 6 N, 3 E? 3. What are the approximate latitude and longitude of Abuja? 4. What are the approximate latitude and longitude of Sokoto?