SECOND PAPER DUE TUESDAY NOVEMBER 27 Ranking the Presidents Leadership Qualities Accomplishments, Crisis Management Political Skills Appointments Char

Transcription

1 Andrew Jackson, the First Modern President November 13, 2007 Final Exam December 10, :30-2:30 GRANT AUD. Lecture Schedule FREEDOM SINGS: A CONCERT OF BANNED AND CENSORED MUSIC Wednesday, November 14, at 7:30 in Goldstein Aud. Schine Student Center 11/8 The Market Revolution 11/13 Andrew Jackson 11/15 The Slave Trade 11/20 The Old South 11/22 Thanksgiving 11/27 The Institutionalization of Slavery 11/29 The Closed Society of the Antebellum South 12/4 Origins of the Sectional Controversy 12/6 The Failure of Republican Institutions 12/10 Final Exam

2 SECOND PAPER DUE TUESDAY NOVEMBER 27 Ranking the Presidents Leadership Qualities Accomplishments, Crisis Management Political Skills Appointments Character, Integrity Top Ten Presidents Abraham Lincoln (1) George Washington (2) Franklin Roosevelt (3) Theodore Roosevelt (4) Thomas Jefferson (5)

3 Top Ten Presidents Woodrow Wilson (6) Andrew Jackson (7) Harry Truman (8) Dwight Eisenhower (9) James K. Polk (10)

4

5 Bottom Ten Presidents Warren Harding (1) Richard Nixon (2) James Buchanan (3) Franklin Pierce (4) Ulysses Grant (5)

6 Bottom Ten Presidents Millard Fillmore (6) Andrew Johnson (7) Calvin Coolidge (8) John Tyler (9) Jimmy Carter (10)

7

8

9 Ranking the Presidents Leadership Qualities (FDR) Accomplishments, Crisis Management (Lincoln) Political Skills (Lincoln) Appointments (Washington) Character, Integrity (Washington) Arthur Schlesinger s Rankings Great Presidents Washington Lincoln FDR Near Great Jefferson Jackson Polk TR Wilson Truman Arthur Schlesinger s Ranking High Average John Adams Monroe Cleveland McKinley Eisenhower Kennedy LBJ Arthur Schlesinger s Ranking Low Average Madison John Quincy Adams Van Buren Hayes Arthur Benjamin Harrison William Howard Taft Gerald Ford Jimmy Carter Ronald Reagan George Bush I Bill Clinton

10 Arthur Schlesinger s Ranking Below Average Tyler Taylor Fillmore Coolidge Arthur Schlesinger s Ranking Failure Pierce Buchanan Andrew Johnson Grant Harding Hoover Nixon Jackson Revolutionized the Presidency Drastic Departure from Predecessors Believed President Direct Representative of American People President Should Play Active Role in Making Policy Jackson Challenged Congress Dominance of Federal Government State and Local Government in the Nineteenth Century Expansion of government functions from mainly in cities and states Public works programs, canals, railroads Help to farmers by state support of fairs, prizes, demonstration of good farm practices Institutional care for insane and handicapped as well as public education expanded Bank commissions regulation of banks and insurance Cities---law and order, fire, paving and lighting of streets, providing water supply, disposal of sewage (White, The Jacksonians, 9-10

11 Federal Government in the Nineteenth Century Foreign policy Taxing---sales of public land Number of Federal Civilian Employees , , , ,941,000 Jackson s Conception of the Presidency Few Presidents enter Office with well- developed Conception of Office Shaped by Own History and Experiences, Personality and Character Shaped by Demands and Crises Faced while in Office Jackson s Conception of the Presidency History: Westerner, Outsider, Military Background and Election of 1824 Personal: Character and Personality, He was impetuous and cautious, ruthless and compassionate, suspicious and generous. Driven by ambition, he was a skillful, hardheaded political operator. Nullification Crisis The South and the Tariff The Tariffs of 1828 and South Carolina Convention Nullified both Tariffs Jackson s Threats of Force 1833 Compromise Tariff

12 The Banking Crisis: Jackson s Veto BUS Chartered in 1816 for 20 Years Recharter Bill in 1832 Vetoed by Jackson Veto Message: Against on Policy Grounds; BUS Unconstitutional; BUS Foster Inequality Jackson Vetoed 12 Measures in 2 Terms; 6 Predecessors Only Veto 10 Total The Banking Crisis: Withdrawal of Funds Jackson Fires Secretary of Treasury, William Duane Replacement, Roger Taney Withdraws Funds from BUS in 1833 Question: Can the President Fire a Cabinet Member? The Banking Crisis: Congress Versus the President Senate Critics of Jackson Charge: Executive Usurpation, Boldness, Innovation and Defiance Resolutions of Censure Pass Senate By dismissing the late Secretary of Treasury because he would not, contrary to his sense of his own duty [remove the federal deposits from the Bank of the United States] and by appointing his successor to effect such removal.the President has assumed the exercise of power of the treasury of the United States, not granted to him by the constitution and law, and dangerous to the liberty of the people. The Banking Crisis: Congress Versus the President Whig Conception of President Whig View: President Controls Sword and Congress Controls Purse Jackson s s Response to Senate: Unauthorized by Constitution, President the direct representative of the American People... Calhoun: What effrontery, what boldness of assertion! The immediate representative! Why he never received a vote from the American people. Standoff Between Congress and Jackson

13 Clay s Attack on Jackson Clay: Jackson s notions of Presidency a military idea, wholly incompatible with free government We are the midst of a revolution, hitherto bloodless, but rapidly tending towards a total change of the pure republican character of thegovernment, and to the concentration of all power in the hands of one man. The eyes and hopes of the American people are anxiously turned to Congress. Clay s Attack on Jackson (2) They feel that they have been deceived and insulted; their confidence abused; their interests betrayed; and their liberties in danger. They see a rapid and alarming concentration of all power in one man s hands. They see that, by the exercise of the positive authority of the Executive, and his negative power exerted over Congress, the will of one man alone prevails, and governs the republic. Clay s Attack on Jackson (3) The question is no longer what laws will Congress pass, but what will the Executive not veto? The President, and not Congress, is addressed for legislative action.the symptoms of despotism are upon us; and if Congress do not apply an instantaneous and effective remedy, the fatal collapse will soon come on, and we shall die--ignobly die--base, mean, and abject slaves; the scorn and contempt of mankind; unpitied, unwept, unmourned. Censure of Jackson Jackson censured for executive usurpation of power Deposits not restored to BUS BUS charter expired in 1836 Last days of Jackson s presidency Senate voted to expunge resolution of censure

14 How Did Jackson Revolutionize the Presidency Challenged Congress for Control Saw President as Direct Representative of America People Ended d Tradition of Strong, Independent d Cabinet Short-Lived Revolution Model for Twentieth Century Presidents