Short RFID History. RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) RFID. Kjell Åge Bringsrud Radio Frequency IDentification

Transcription

1 Short RFID History RFID (Radio Frequency IDentification) Kjell Åge Bringsrud Slide 1 Slide 2 RFID EPC Gen 2 architecture EPC Gen 2 physical layer EPC Gen 2 tag identification layer Tag identification message formats Tag wirelessly sends bits of data when it is triggered by a reader Power source not required for passive tags a defining benefit Superior capabilities to barcode: Non Line of Sight Hi-speed, multiple reads Can read and write to tags Unit specific ID Radio Frequency IDentification Four main frequencies: Frequency Distance LF 125khz Few cm Example Application Auto- Immobilizer HF 13.56Mhz 1m Building Access Focus of this presentation is on UHF UHF 900Mhz ~7m Supply Chain Slide 3 inf3190 Kjell Åge μwave Bringsrud 2.4Ghz 10m Traffic Toll 4 1

2 What is RFID? RFID = Radio Frequency IDentification. An ADC (Automated Data Collection) technology that: uses radio-frequency waves to transfer data between a reader and a movable item to identify, categorize, track.. Is fast and does not require physical sight or contact between reader/scanner and the tagged item. Performs the operation using low cost components. Attempts to provide unique identification and backend integration that allows for wide range of applications. Other ADC technologies: Bar codes, OCR. RFID advantages over bar-codes No line of sight required for reading Multiple items can be read with a single scan Each tag can carry a lot of data (read/write) Individual items identified and not just the category Passive tags have a virtually unlimited lifetime Active tags can be read from great distances Can be combined with barcode technology 5 6 What is a Radio-Frequency Identification (RFID) tag? What is an RFID tag? In terms of appearance Chip (IC) You may own a few RFID tags Proximity cards (contactless physical-access cards) ExxonMobil Speedpass EZ Pass RFID in fact denotes a spectrum of devices: Antenna Slide 7 8 2

3 RFID devices take many forms What is a basic RFID tag? Characteristics: Passive device receives power from reader Range of up to several meters In effect a smart label : simply calls out its (unique) name and/or static data Plastic #3 74AB8 Slide 9 5F8KJ3 Slide 10 RFID tags Tags can be attached to almost anything: Items, cases or pallets of products, high value goods vehicles, assets, livestock or personnel Passive Tags Do not require power Draws from Interrogator Field Lower storage capacities (few bits to 1 KB) Shorter read ranges (4 inches to 15 feet) Usually Write-Once-Read-Many/Read-Only tags Cost around 25 cents to few dollars Active Tags Battery powered Higher storage capacities (512 KB) Longer read range (300 feet) Typically can be re-written by RF Interrogators Cost around 50 to 250 dollars 11 RFID tag memory Read-only tags Tag ID is assigned at the factory during manufacturing Can never be changed No additional data can be assigned to the tag Write once, read many (WORM) tags Data written once, e.g., during packing or manufacturing Tag is locked once data is written Similar to a compact disc or DVD Read/Write Tag data can be changed over time Part or all of the data section can be locked 12 3

4 RFID readers Reader functions: Remotely power tags Establish a bidirectional data link Inventory tags, filter results Communicate with networked server(s) Can read tags per second Readers (interrogators) can be at a fixed point such as Entrance/exit Point of sale Readers can also be mobile/hand-held 13 Transmitter GEO / Country UHF Reader Standards Frequency Band North America MHz EMEA MHz Korea MHz Australia MHz China (PRC) Japan TBD TBD North America Output Freq. Band Mhz Output Power TX Channel step Hop frequency TX Channels Modulation 4 watts EIRP 500Khz 2.5 to 20 times per second , ,, Mhz Typically ASK - 20% to 100% modulation depth 14 Note: EIRP = 1.64X ERP (Effective Radiated Power) Some RFID readers EPC Gen 2 Architecture RFID architecture. 15 Source: Slide 16 4

5 RFID system components EPC Gen 2 Physical Layer Ethernet RFID Reader RFID Tag RF Antenna Network Workstation Reader and tag backscatter signals. 17 Slide 18 RFID communication Host manages Reader(s) and issues Commands EPC Gen 2 Tag Identification Layer Reader and tag communicate via RF signal Carrier signal generated by the reader Carrier signal sent out through the antennas Carrier signal hits tag(s) Tag receives and modifies carrier signal sends back modulated signal (Passive Backscatter also referred to as field disturbance device ) Antennas receive the modulated signal and send them to the Reader Reader decodes the data Results returned to the host application 19 Example message exchange to identify a tag. Slide 20 5

6 Electronic Product Code Tag Identification Message Formats Header - Tag version number EPC Manager - Manufacturer ID Object class - Manufacturer s product ID Serial Number - Unit ID Format of the Query message. With 96 bit code, 268 million companies can each categorize 16 million different products where each product category contains up to 687 billion individual units Slide 21 Note: 64 bit versions also defined, 256 bit version under definition Slide 22 RFID means a world with billions of ant-sized, five-cent computers The Problems of Privacy and Security Highly mobile Contain personal information Subject to surreptitious scanning Again, no cryptography Access control difficult to achieve Data privacy difficult to achieve Slide 23 Slide 24 6

7 Here s Mr. Jones in 2020 The consumer privacy problem 30 items of lingerie Replacement hip medical part # Wig model #4456 (cheap polyester) Das Kapital and Communist-party handbook 1500 Euros in wallet Serial numbers: , Slide 25 RFID Standards ISO/IEC JHC1/SC31/WG4 " Automatic Identification and Data Capture Techniques Electronic Product Code (EPCGlobal) - Industry consortium JTC 1/SC 17 Identification Cards and related devices ISO TC 104 / SC 4 Identification and communication ISO TC 23 / SC 19 Agricultural electronics CEN TC 278 Road Transport and Traffic Telematics Slide 26 RFID Standards (Cont) CEN TC 23/SC 3/WG 3 Transportable Gas Cylinders - Operational Requirements - Identification of cylinders and contents ISO TC204 Transport Information and Control Systems American National Standards Institute (ANSI) X3T6: RF Identification European Telecommunications Standards Institute (ETSI) ERO European Radio communications Office (ERO) Universal Postal Union ASTM International (Testing Materials) Strengths Advanced technology Easy to use High memory capacity Small size Opportunities RFID Summary Could replace the bar code End-user demand for RFID systems is increasing Huge market potential in many businesses Weaknesses Lack of industry and application standards High cost per unit and high RFID system integration costs Weak market understanding of the benefits of RFID technology Threats Ethical threats concerning privacy life Highly fragmented competitive environment Slide

8 Some applications RFID supply chains and inventory Locating Inventory in Stock Information Storage Capabilities Less Error Slide 29 Slide 30 RFID supply chains and transparency Tracking Knowledge Safety and Security Track equipment RFID hospitals RFID for people Patient locator/information storage Doctor locator Slide 31 Restrict access to drugs and other materials Slide 32 8

9 RFID military Tracking wounded during war Following personnel movement during training exercises Improving movement and tracking of supplies RFID fleet maintenance Easily accessible vehicle specs Vehicle locator Records vehicle maintenance automatically Identifying vehicles and shipments as being either military or non-military Slide 33 Reduces record keeping errors Slide 34 RFID retail Tags in labels help track product source/specs RFID controversy Video of RFID chip implanted into hand Safeguard against counterfeit products Reduce theft Allows movement of inventory to be tracked Slide 35 Slide 36 9

10 Other forms of RFID Other forms of RFID Automobile immobilizers Tracking cattle Not Really Mad Payment devices Currency? Passports Slide 37 Slide 38 Medical compliance Other forms of RFID Animal applications RFID readers in mobile handsets Showtimes: 16.00, Slide 39 Slide 40 10

11 Animal tags Access Control applications Slide 41 Slide 42 RFID enabled laundry E-Passport Slide 43 Slide 44 11

12 Assembly Line RFID application points Bill of Lading Materialcing Shipping Portals Wireless Handheld Applications 45 RFID applications Manufacturing and Processing Inventory and production process monitoring Warehouse order fulfillment Supply Chain Management Inventory tracking systems Logistics management Retail Inventory control and customer insight Auto checkout with reverse logistics Security Access control Counterfeiting and Theft control/prevention Location Tracking Traffic movement control and parking management Wildlife/Livestock monitoring and tracking 46 Smart groceries Smart cabinet Add an RFID tag to all items in the grocery. As the cart leaves the store, it passes through an RFID transceiver. The cart is rung up in seconds. Passive read/write tags affixed to caps of containers Reader antennas placed under each shelf 1. Tagged item is removed from or placed in Smart Cabinet 2. Smart Cabinet periodically interrogates to assess inventory 3. Server/Database is updated to reflect item s disposition 4. Designated individuals are notified regarding items that need attention (cabinet and shelf location, action required) Source: How Stuff Works 12

13 Smart fridge Smart groceries enhanced Recognizes what s been put in it Recognizes when things are removed Creates automatic shopping lists Notifies you when things are past their expiration Track products through their entire lifetime. Shows you the recipes that most closely match what is available Source: How Stuff Works Temperature monitoring Pressure monitoring Slide 51 Slide 52 13

14 RFID future uses Tire Monitoring Refrigerator Washing Machines Dressing Rooms/Closets Golf Balls years for most consumer products Slide 53 14