Gas Chromatography: Determination of Fatty Acid composition in Fats and Oils
|
|
- Christine Gaines
- 7 years ago
- Views:
Transcription
1 Chem 3410 Experiment 4 Determination of fatty acids by GC 16 Gas Chromatography: Determination of Fatty Acid composition in Fats and Oils Introduction The following procedure for the determination of fatty acid composition is an official method of the American Oil Chemists' Society. The composition of fatty acids in different fat/oil samples (personal samples are recommended), will be determined. Gas chromatography is a technique for carrying out the separation and measurement of mixtures of materials that can be volatilized. These materials may be gases, liquids, or solids that have appreciable vapor pressures at temperatures up to a few hundred degrees. In capillary gas chromatography a stationary phase, generally a stable non-volatile liquid, is spread in a thin film on a wall of column. A carrier gas acts as an inert moving phase to transport the sample components from an injection port at the head of the column through the column to a detector. Sample injection is an arrangement by which a solid, liquid, or gaseous sample is transmitted as a short pulse into the carrier-gas stream before it enters the column. The sample should be vaporized and carried to the leading end of the column in negligible time. The detector, commonly flame ionization, monitors the composition of the carrier-gas stream as it leaves the column. Simple, sensitive, and stable, the flame ionization detector has contributed in a major way to the explosive growth of gas chromatography. A significant advantage is that it provides a recorder response proportional to concentration of substance in the effluent from a column. (Suggested Reading: Chapters 23 & 24 in Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Harris and Chapter 27 in Principles of Instrumental Analysis by Skoog, Holler and Neiman) Preparation of reagents and apparatus (a) Prepare 100 ml of an esterification reagent M sodium methoxide solution (check as this maybe prepared for you by your instructor). (b) Prepare 100 ml of saturated salt solution in water. (c) Prepare 35 mg sample of lipids (fat or oil) in threaded test tube. Ensure that the top edge of the tube is not broken. Add 1 ml of iso-octane and dissolve the sample in it. Add 10 ml of esterification solution (0.50 M sodium methoxide), close the tube, vortex for 2 minutes and place in a hot heating block for 10 minutes and remove the tubes and allow the contents to cool undisturbed for 30 minutes.
2 Chem 3410 Experiment 4 Determination of fatty acids by GC 17 (d) Add 6 ml of iso-octane and top with ~5 ml of the salt solution. Close tube and mix by inverting only, vigorous mixing causes emulsion formation and the 2 phases will not separate. Place this tube in a test tube stand and wait until phases separate and is clear. A centrifuge can be applied to speed up separation and clarification. Note: Always place an equal counterweight in the centrifuge. (e) Transfer the upper clear phase into an auto sampler vial up to neck of the vial, using a Pasteur pipet. (f) Set carrier gas at the total flow of 75 ml/min; injector and detector temperatures set at 235 C, column temperature at programming: 125 C for 2 minutes, program to 220 C at 5 C/min, held for 5 minutes. Program the running sequence on ChemStation, program controlling GC to do injection and data acquisition. (g) Place vials into autosampler carousel, set injection to 1µL. With the samples, add at least two standard mixtures to verify elution order of components. Standard samples have to be placed at the beginning and close to end of set of samples. When all parameters are set start your run with the ChemStation and not on the GC. Figure 4-1. Schematic drawing of a gas chromatograph Data presentation
3 Chem 3410 Experiment 4 Determination of fatty acids by GC 18 Retrieve your sample data from the ChemStation; analyze them to check if integration was done properly. Check how the baseline was drawn and correct it if not as expected by changing integration parameters. Identify peaks on chromatogram base on retention data from analyzed standard samples. Print report and chromatogram for each sample analyzed. Prepare a report which should have printed identification of peaks and data on the composition of fatty acids in your samples. Calculate the weight % of trans fatty acids and weight % of saturated fatty acid in your sample.
4 Chem 3410 Experiment 5 Determination of ASA by fluorometry 19 Introduction The Fluorometric Determination of Acetylsalicylic Acid in an Aspirin Tablet Acetylsalicylic acid is an analgesic (pain reliever) which is found in aspirin tablets. In addition to acetylsalicylic acid, aspirin tablets contain other ingredients such as binders and buffering agents. In this experiment a portion of an aspirin tablet is dissolved in water and converted to salicylate ion by the addition of sodium hydroxide. COOH + 2 OH - O-C-CH 3 O Acetylsalicylic acid (MW ) COO - OH Salicylate ion + CH 3 COO - + H 2 O The salicylate ion strongly fluoresces at about 400 nm after it has been excited at about 310 nm. A series of standard solutions of salicylate ion are prepared; the fluorescence of the standards and the samples are measured; and the working curve method is used to determine the concentrations of salicylate ion in the sample solutions. The concentration is used to calculate the percentage of acetylsalicylic acid in the aspirin tablet. (Suggested reading: Chapters in Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Harris and Chapter 15 in Principles of Instrumental Analysis by Skoog, Holler and Neiman) Apparatus 2 L beaker 100 ml beaker mortar and pestle Filter paper (medium porosity) Glass funnel buret 2-1 L volumetric flasks ml volumetric flasks wash bottle 100 ml graduated cylinder hot plate or Bunsen burner Chemicals Aspirin tablet Sodium hydroxide solution (4 M) Salicylic acid (reagent grade)
5 Chem 3410 Experiment 5 Determination of ASA by fluorometry 20 Procedure 1. Obtain an aspirin tablet from the instructor. Record sample number on the tablet or the brand and/or manufacturer s name if it is available. 2. Place the tablet in a clean, dry mortar. Use a clean pestle to grind the tablet into a powder. Weigh 0.1 g of the powder to the nearest 0.1 mg into a 100 ml beaker. 3. Place about 1 L of distilled or deionized water in a 2 L beaker. Heat the water to just below boiling. 4. Fold a piece of filter paper and place it in a glass funnel. Place the funnel in the top of a 1 liter volumetric flask. Use a spray of distilled or deionized water from a wash bottle to rinse the powder in the 100 ml beaker into the funnel. Allow the solution which flows through the funnel to drain into the volumetric flask. 5. Slowly pour the hot water which is in the 2-L beaker over the solid and through the funnel. The acetylsalicylic acid, which is in powder form, slowly dissolves in water and drains into the funnel. Some tablets contain binders which will not dissolve. The insoluble binders are separated from the acetylsalicylic acid during this step. After the solid has completely dissolved, or after no further solid appears to dissolve, allow the solution in the flask to cool to room temperature. Dilute the solution to the mark with room-temperature water. Pour at least 500 ml of the hot water through the funnel before concluding that the solid will not dissolve further. 6. Weigh g of salicylic acid to the nearest 0.1 mg. Place the weighed acid in a labeled, 1-L volumetric flask. Add about 500 ml of distilled and deionized water and swirl the contents of the flask until the solid has dissolved. Dilute the solution to the mark with water. The result is a stock solution of salicylic acid. 7. Respectively label nine, 100 ml volumetric flasks with B, U1, U2, U3, 1,2,3,4, and 5. Use a pipet to deliver 2 ml of 4 M sodium hydroxide solution to each of the nine flasks. Use a buret to add 2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 ml, respectively, of the salicylic acid stock solution to the 100 ml volumetric flasks which are labeled 1, 2, 3, 4, and 5. Use a pipet to place 10 ml of the 1-L solution of the tablet into each of the flasks which are labeled U1, U2, and U3. Fill each flask to the mark with distilled or deionized water.
6 Chem 3410 Experiment 5 Determination of ASA by fluorometry Measure the excitation and emission spectrum of salicylic acid using standard 5. Get the exact excitation and emission wavelengths and adjust the monochromator which controls the excitation wavelength and emission wavelength appropriately. 9. Fill a cuvet with the well-stirred solution from one of the nine 100 ml volumetric flasks. Place the cuvet in the fluorometer. Measure and record the relative fluorescence of the solution. The instructor will provide the operating instructions for the fluorometer. 10. Similarly measure and record the relative fluorescence of each of the remaining eight solutions. Calculations 1. Use the mass of the salicylic acid (MW ) to calculate the concentration of salicylic acid in the stock solution. 2. Use the volumes of the stock solution which were added to the 100 ml volumetric flasks to calculate the concentrations of salicylate ion which are in flasks 1, 2, 3, 4, and Prepare a working curve 4. From the working curve, determine the concentration of salicylate ion which is in flasks U1, U2, and U3. 5. Use the dilution factor to calculate three values for the concentration of acetylsalicylic acid in the 1-L solution. 6. Use the three acetylsalicylic acid concentrations and the mass of the tablet which was used to prepare the solution to calculate three values of the percentage of acetylsalicylic acid in the tablet. 7. Determine the mean and standard deviation of the results.
7 Chem 3410 Experiment 6 Determination of iron by AA 22 Determination of Iron in Cereal by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry Introduction The nutritional value of trace amount of certain metals, such as iron and manganese, is well known. In this experiment, the amount of iron present in a dry, breakfast cereal is determined. The powdered cereal is digested with a nitric acid-perchloric acid solution. Atomic absorption spectrophotometry is used to determine the concentration of iron in the resulting solution. The effect of potentially interfering substances in the cereal is minimized by use of the standard-addition technique. (Suggested reading: Chapters 5 (5-3) & 21 in Quantitative Chemical Analysis by Harris and Chapter 9 in Principles of Instrumental Analysis by Skoog, Holler and Neiman) Apparatus 50 ml beaker Iron Hollow Cathode Lamp 10 ml graduated cylinder Mortar and Pestle 1 ml graduated pipet 4 ml pipet Hot plate mm test tube 25 ml volumetric flask 250 ml volumetric flask Chemicals Acetylene Compressed Air Breakfast Cereal Iron (II) Ammonium sulfate hexahydrate (reagent grade) Nitric acid-perchloric acid solution (1:1 volume) Procedure 1. Weigh appropriate amount of iron(ii) ammonium sulfate hexahydrate to the nearest 0.1 mg to prepare 100 ml of ~100 mg/l aqueous iron standard solution. 2. Grind about 2 g of the cereal using a mortar and pestle into a powder. Weigh to the nearest 0.1 mg about 0.5 g of the powdered cereal and transfer it into a 50 ml beaker.
8 Chem 3410 Experiment 6 Determination of iron by AA 23 Caution: The remainder of the experiment could be hazardous. The use of safety glasses is required at all times. 3. Place the beaker on a hot plate in the hood. Cautiously add 10 ml of the nitric acidperchloric acid solution. Gently warm the beaker until the sample is colorless. The acid helps to dissolve iron present in the sample during this step. 4. After digestion is complete, transfer the solution to a 25 ml volumetric flask. Rinse the beaker twice with 5 ml portions of distilled or deionized water. Pour the rinsing into the volumetric flask. Dilute the solution to the mark with distilled or deionized water. 6. Label five mm test tubes as S, 1, 2, 3, and 4. Use a pipet to add 4 ml of the 25 ml of the sample solution to each of the five test tubes. Use the 1 ml graduated pipet to transfer 0.20 ml of the 100 mg/l iron solution to tube 1, 0.30 ml to tube 2, 0.40 ml to tube 3, and 0.60 ml to tube Use a graduated 1 ml pipet to add 1.00 ml of distilled or deionized water to tube S, 0.80 ml to tube 1, 0.70 ml to tube 2, 0.60 ml to tube 3, and 0.40 ml to tube 4. Each tube should contain a total of 5.00 ml of solution. 8. Insert the iron hollow cathode lamp into the atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Refer to the supplied instructions and optimize the signal and prepare for the analysis. 9. Successively aspirate the solutions in the five test tubes into the flame. Record the instrumental reading from each solution. 10. Close the acetylene quick-shut-off valve and allow the flame to extinguish. After the flame has extinguished, close the valve on the acetylene tank, open the quick-shut-off valve and allow the acetylene to drain from the acetylene line. Shut off the air supply and turn off the instrument. Turn off the hood. Calculations 1. Calculate the exact concentration (mg/l) of iron (AW ) in the standard solution using the mass of the iron(ii) ammonium sulfate hexahydrate (MW ) and the volume of the solution (100.0 ml).
9 Chem 3410 Experiment 6 Determination of iron by AA Use the concentration of the standard solution, the volume of the solution which was added to each of test tubes 1 through 4, and the final solution volumes (5.00 ml) to calculate the concentration (mg/l) of iron which was in each of the tubes. 3. Prepare a plot of absorbance (or instrumental reading) (y axis) as a function of the added iron concentration for the solutions that are in tubes S, 1, 2, 3, and 4. Draw a straight line through the data points and extrapolate it to intersection with the concentration axis. The distance on the concentration axis between the origin and the intersection with the extrapolated line corresponds to the concentration of iron which is in tube S. (Refer to section 5-3 in your textbook on constructing a calibration curve for standard addition experiments and obtaining the concentration of the analyte in the unknown sample). 4. Use the dilution factor and the iron concentration that is in tube S to calculate the concentration in the undiluted sample solution. Use that concentration and the total sample-solution volume (25.0 ml) to calculate the mass (mg) of iron in the sample. Express your result as mg of iron/g of cereal.
Graphite Furnace AA, Page 1 DETERMINATION OF METALS IN FOOD SAMPLES BY GRAPHITE FURNACE ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY (VERSION 1.
Graphite Furnace AA, Page 1 DETERMINATION OF METALS IN FOOD SAMPLES BY GRAPHITE FURNACE ATOMIC ABSORPTION SPECTROSCOPY I. BACKGROUND (VERSION 1.0) Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) is a widely used
More informationColorimetric Determination of Iron in Vitamin Tablets
Cautions: 6 M hydrochloric acid is corrosive. Purpose: To colorimetrically determine the mass of iron present in commercial vitamin tablets using a prepared calibration curve. Introduction: Iron is considered
More informationDetermining the Quantity of Iron in a Vitamin Tablet. Evaluation copy
Determining the Quantity of Iron in a Vitamin Tablet Computer 34 As biochemical research becomes more sophisticated, we are learning more about the role of metallic elements in the human body. For example,
More informationATOMIC ABSORTION SPECTROSCOPY: rev. 4/2011 ANALYSIS OF COPPER IN FOOD AND VITAMINS
1 ATOMIC ABSORTION SPECTROSCOPY: rev. 4/2011 ANALYSIS OF COPPER IN FOOD AND VITAMINS Buck Scientific Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer, Model 200 Atomic absorption spectroscopy (AAS) has for many years
More informationExperiment 7: Titration of an Antacid
1 Experiment 7: Titration of an Antacid Objective: In this experiment, you will standardize a solution of base using the analytical technique known as titration. Using this standardized solution, you will
More informationEXPERIMENT 5. Molecular Absorption Spectroscopy: Determination of Iron With 1,10-Phenanthroline
EXPERIMENT 5 Molecular Absorption Spectroscopy: Determination of Iron With 1,10-Phenanthroline UNKNOWN Submit a clean, labeled 100-mL volumetric flask to the instructor so that your unknown iron solution
More informationA Beer s Law Experiment
A Beer s Law Experiment Introduction There are many ways to determine concentrations of a substance in solution. So far, the only experiences you may have are acid-base titrations or possibly determining
More informationChemistry 321, Experiment 8: Quantitation of caffeine from a beverage using gas chromatography
Chemistry 321, Experiment 8: Quantitation of caffeine from a beverage using gas chromatography INTRODUCTION The analysis of soft drinks for caffeine was able to be performed using UV-Vis. The complex sample
More informationTaking Apart the Pieces
Lab 4 Taking Apart the Pieces How does starting your morning out right relate to relief from a headache? I t is a lazy Saturday morning and you ve just awakened to your favorite cereal Morning Trails and
More informationHEXANES. Insoluble in water, soluble in ether, alcohol, and acetone. Neutral to methyl orange (ph indicator) Not more than 0.
HEXANES Prepared at the 51st JECFA (1998), published in FNP 52 Add 6 (1998) superseding specifications prepared at the 14th JECFA (1970), published in NMRS 48B (1971) and in FNP 52 (1992). ADI "limited
More informationDetermination of the Mass Percentage of Copper in a Penny. Introduction
Determination of the Mass Percentage of Copper in a Penny Introduction This experiment will cost you one penny ($0.01). The penny must be minted after 1983. Any penny will do; for best results the penny
More informationCOMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS
COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS Beakers are useful as a reaction container or to hold liquid or solid samples. They are also used to catch liquids from titrations and filtrates from filtering operations. Bunsen
More informationProject 5: Scoville Heat Value of Foods HPLC Analysis of Capsaicinoids
Willamette University Chemistry Department 2013 Project 5: HPLC Analysis of Capsaicinoids LABORATORY REPORT: Formal Writing Exercises PRE-LAB ASSIGNMENT Read the entire laboratory project and section 28C
More informationIn this experiment, we will use three properties to identify a liquid substance: solubility, density and boiling point..
Identification of a Substance by Physical Properties 2009 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved. Permission for academic use provided the original copyright is included Every substance has a unique set
More informationRecovery of Elemental Copper from Copper (II) Nitrate
Recovery of Elemental Copper from Copper (II) Nitrate Objectives: Challenge: Students should be able to - recognize evidence(s) of a chemical change - convert word equations into formula equations - perform
More informationexperiment5 Understanding and applying the concept of limiting reagents. Learning how to perform a vacuum filtration.
81 experiment5 LECTURE AND LAB SKILLS EMPHASIZED Synthesizing an organic substance. Understanding and applying the concept of limiting reagents. Determining percent yield. Learning how to perform a vacuum
More informationExperiment 8 Synthesis of Aspirin
Experiment 8 Synthesis of Aspirin Aspirin is an effective analgesic (pain reliever), antipyretic (fever reducer) and anti-inflammatory agent and is one of the most widely used non-prescription drugs. The
More informationEXPERIMENT 4. Determination of Sodium by Flame Atomic-Emission Spectroscopy
EXPERIMENT 4 Determination of Sodium by Flame Atomic-Emission Spectroscopy USE ONLY DEIONIZED WATER (NOT DISTILLED WATER!) THROUGHOUT THE ENTIRE EXPERIMENT Distilled water actually has too much sodium
More informationExperiment 12- Classification of Matter Experiment
Experiment 12- Classification of Matter Experiment Matter can be classified into two groups: mixtures and pure substances. Mixtures are the most common form of matter and consist of mixtures of pure substances.
More informationACID-BASE TITRATIONS: DETERMINATION OF CARBONATE BY TITRATION WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID BACKGROUND
#3. Acid - Base Titrations 27 EXPERIMENT 3. ACID-BASE TITRATIONS: DETERMINATION OF CARBONATE BY TITRATION WITH HYDROCHLORIC ACID BACKGROUND Carbonate Equilibria In this experiment a solution of hydrochloric
More informationStandard Operating Procedure for Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (Lachat Method)
Standard Operating Procedure for Total Kjeldahl Nitrogen (Lachat Method) Grace Analytical Lab 536 South Clark Street 10th Floor Chicago, IL 60605 April 15, 1994 Revision 2 Standard Operating Procedure
More informationPhosphorus, colorimetry, phosphomolybdate, automated-segmented flow
Phosphorus, colorimetry, phosphomolybdate, automated-segmented flow Parameter and code: Phosphorus, total-in-bottom-material, dry weight, I-6600-88 (mg/kg as P): 00668 1. Application This method is used
More informationFractional Distillation and Gas Chromatography
Fractional Distillation and Gas Chromatography Background Distillation The previous lab used distillation to separate a mixture of hexane and toluene based on a difference in boiling points. Hexane boils
More informationPHYSICAL SEPARATION TECHNIQUES. Introduction
PHYSICAL SEPARATION TECHNIQUES Lab #2 Introduction When two or more substances, that do not react chemically, are blended together, the result is a mixture in which each component retains its individual
More informationEDTA Titrations 1: Standardization of EDTA and Analysis of Zinc in a Supplement Tablet. by Professor David Cash. September, 2008
CHEMICAL, ENVIRONMENTAL, AND BIOTECHNOLOGY DEPARTMENT EDTA Titrations 1: Standardization of EDTA and Analysis of Zinc in a Supplement Tablet by Professor David Cash September, 2008 Mohawk College is the
More informationPaper Chromatography: Separation and Identification of Five Metal Cations
Paper Chromatography: Separation and Identification of Five Metal Cations Objectives Known and unknown solutions of the metal ions Ag +, Fe 3+, Co 2+, Cu 2+ and Hg 2+ will be analyzed using paper chromatography.
More informationUSEPA 1 FerroVer Method 2 Method 8008 0.02 to 3.00 mg/l Fe Powder Pillows or AccuVac Ampuls
Iron, Total DOC316.53.01053 USEPA 1 FerroVer Method 2 Method 8008 0.02 to 3.00 mg/l Fe Powder Pillows or AccuVac Ampuls Scope and application: For water, wastewater and seawater; digestion is required
More informationMixtures and Pure Substances
Unit 2 Mixtures and Pure Substances Matter can be classified into two groups: mixtures and pure substances. Mixtures are the most common form of matter and consist of mixtures of pure substances. They
More informationLIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY HOW MUCH ASPIRIN, ACETAMINOPHEN, AND CAFFEINE ARE IN YOUR PAIN RELIEVER? USING HPLC TO QUANTITATE SUBSTANCES (Revised: 1-13-93)
INTRODUCTION HOW MUCH ASPIRIN, ACETAMINOPHEN, AND CAFFEINE ARE IN YOUR PAIN RELIEVER? USING HPLC TO QUANTITATE SUBSTANCES (Revised: 1-13-93) Headache, sore muscles, arthritis pain... How do you spell relief?
More informationCoordination Compounds with Copper (II) Prelab (Week 2)
Coordination Compounds with Copper (II) Prelab (Week 2) Name Total /10 SHOW ALL WORK NO WORK = NO CREDIT 1. What is the purpose of this experiment? 2. Write the generic chemical formula for the coordination
More informationDetermination of Aspirin using Back Titration
Determination of Aspirin using Back Titration This experiment is designed to illustrate techniques used in a typical indirect or back titration. You will use the NaH you standardized last week to back
More informationColorimetric Determination of Iron in Vitamin Tablets
Colorimetric Determination of Iron in Vitamin Tablets Big Picture Conceptual Approach Vitamin Tablet How much Fe? ph = 3.5 Vitamin Tablet How much Fe? Too difficult to eyeball so will have the colorimeter
More informationSUCRALOSE. White to off-white, practically odourless crystalline powder
SUCRALOSE Prepared at the 41st JECFA (1993), published in FNP 52 Add 2 (1993). Metals and arsenic specifications revised at the 63rd JECFA (2004). An ADI of 0-15 mg/kg bw was established at the 37th JECFA
More informationPREPARATION AND PROPERTIES OF A SOAP
(adapted from Blackburn et al., Laboratory Manual to Accompany World of Chemistry, 2 nd ed., (1996) Saunders College Publishing: Fort Worth) Purpose: To prepare a sample of soap and to examine its properties.
More informationα-cyclodextrin SYNONYMS α-schardinger dextrin, α-dextrin, cyclohexaamylose, cyclomaltohexaose, α- cycloamylase
α-cyclodextrin New specifications prepared at the 57th JECFA (2001) and published in FNP 52 Add 9 (2001). An ADI not specified was established at the 57th JECFA (2001). SYNONYMS α-schardinger dextrin,
More informationLab #11: Determination of a Chemical Equilibrium Constant
Lab #11: Determination of a Chemical Equilibrium Constant Objectives: 1. Determine the equilibrium constant of the formation of the thiocyanatoiron (III) ions. 2. Understand the application of using a
More informationACETALDEHYDE and ISOVALERALDEHYDE (Gas Chromatography)
ACETA.02-1 ACETALDEHYDE and ISOVALERALDEHYDE (Gas Chromatography) PRINCIPLE Isovaleraldehyde (IVA) and acetaldehyde are released from the syrup with the aid of dilute phosphoric acid and heat. The liberated
More informationSynthesis of Aspirin and Oil of Wintergreen
Austin Peay State University Department of hemistry hem 1121 autions Purpose Introduction Acetic Anhydride corrosive and a lachrymator all transfers should be done in the vented fume hood Methanol, Ethanol
More informationCalcium Analysis by EDTA Titration
Calcium Analysis by EDTA Titration ne of the factors that establish the quality of a water supply is its degree of hardness. The hardness of water is defined in terms of its content of calcium and magnesium
More informationSTANDARDIZATION OF A SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION EXPERIMENT 14
STANDARDIZATION OF A SODIUM HYDROXIDE SOLUTION EXPERIMENT 14 OBJECTIVE The objective of this experiment will be the standardization of sodium hydroxide using potassium hydrogen phthalate by the titration
More informationSYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS OF A COORDINATION COMPOUND OF COPPER
Chemistry 111 Lab: Synthesis of a Copper Complex Page H-1 SYNTHESIS AND ANALYSIS OF A COORDINATION COMPOUND OF COPPER In this experiment you will synthesize a compound by adding NH 3 to a concentrated
More informationCONFIRMATION OF ZOLPIDEM BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROMETRY
CONFIRMATION OF ZOLPIDEM BY LIQUID CHROMATOGRAPHY MASS SPECTROMETRY 9.1 POLICY This test method may be used to confirm the presence of zolpidem (ZOL), with diazepam-d 5 (DZP-d 5 ) internal standard, in
More informationDissolving of sodium hydroxide generates heat. Take care in handling the dilution container.
TITRATION: STANDARDIZATION OF A BASE AND ANALYSIS OF STOMACH ANTACID TABLETS 2009, 1996, 1973 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved. Reproduction permitted for education use provided original copyright
More informationXI. Methods of Analysis DETERMINATION OF POTASSIUM CARBONATE CALCULATIONS REAGENTS PROCEDURE
XI. NOTE: An automatic titrator may be utilized for ease of analysis, especially if this test is performed often. Contact Technical Service for further information concerning automatic titration. Methods
More informationSeparation of Amino Acids by Paper Chromatography
Separation of Amino Acids by Paper Chromatography Chromatography is a common technique for separating chemical substances. The prefix chroma, which suggests color, comes from the fact that some of the
More informationFerroVer Method 1 Method 10249 0.1 to 3.0, 1.0 to 30.0 and 10.0 to 300.0 mg/l Fe Powder Pillows
Iron, Total DOC316.53.01314 FerroVer Method 1 Method 10249 0.1 to 3.0, 1.0 to 30.0 and 10.0 to 300.0 mg/l Fe Powder Pillows Scope and application: For oil and gas field waters; digestion is required for
More informationph: Measurement and Uses
ph: Measurement and Uses One of the most important properties of aqueous solutions is the concentration of hydrogen ion. The concentration of H + (or H 3 O + ) affects the solubility of inorganic and organic
More informationPhenolphthalein-NaOH Kinetics
Phenolphthalein-NaOH Kinetics Phenolphthalein is one of the most common acid-base indicators used to determine the end point in acid-base titrations. It is also the active ingredient in some laxatives.
More informationExperiment 13H THE REACTION OF RED FOOD COLOR WITH BLEACH 1
Experiment 13H FV 1/25/2011(2-run) THE REACTION OF RED FOOD COLOR WITH BLEACH 1 PROBLEM: Determine the rate law for the chemical reaction between FD&C Red Dye #3 and sodium hypochlorite. LEARNING OBJECTIVES:
More informationFactors Affecting Enzyme Activity
INTRODUCTION Factors Affecting Enzyme Activity The chemical reactions occurring in living things are controlled by enzymes. An enzyme is a protein in the cell which lowers the activation energy of a catalyzed
More informationPhysical Properties of a Pure Substance, Water
Physical Properties of a Pure Substance, Water The chemical and physical properties of a substance characterize it as a unique substance, and the determination of these properties can often allow one to
More informationAN EXPERIMENT IN ALCHEMY: COPPER TO SILVER TO GOLD 2005, 2000, 1996 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved
AN EXPERIMENT IN ALCHEMY: COPPER TO SILVER TO GOLD 2005, 2000, 1996 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved INTRODUCTION One of the goals of the ancient alchemists was to convert base metals into gold. Although
More informationIsolation of Caffeine from Tea
Isolation of Caffeine from Tea Introduction A number of interesting, biologically active compounds have been isolated from plants. Isolating some of these natural products, as they are called, can require
More informationEXPERIMENT 9 (Organic Chemistry II) Pahlavan - Cherif Synthesis of Aspirin - Esterification
EXPERIMENT 9 (rganic hemistry II) Pahlavan - herif Materials Hot plate 125-mL Erlenmeyer flask Melting point capillaries Melting point apparatus Büchner funnel 400-mL beaker Stirring rod hemicals Salicylic
More informationThe most common active ingredient used in deodorants is aluminium chlorohydrate. But not all deodorants contain aluminium chlorohydrate:
Engineeringfragrance make a deodorant practical activity 2 student instructions page 1 of 5 chemical compounds The most common active ingredient used in deodorants is aluminium chlorohydrate. But not all
More informationHS 1003 Part 2 HS 1003 Heavy Metals Test
HS 1003 Heavy Metals Test 1. Purpose This test method is used to analyse the heavy metal content in an aliquot portion of stabilised hot acetic acid extract by Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). Note:
More informationSODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE
SODIUM CARBOXYMETHYL CELLULOSE Prepared at the 28th JECFA (1984), published in FNP 31/2 (1984) and in FNP 52 (1992). Metals and arsenic specifications revised at the 55 th JECFA (2000). An ADI not specified
More informationPART I: PREPARATION OF SOLUTIONS AND STANDARDIZATION OF A BASE
TITRATION: STANDARDIZATION OF A BASE AND ANALYSIS OF STOMACH ANTACID TABLETS 2009, 1996, 1973 by David A. Katz. All rights reserved. Reproduction permitted for education use provided original copyright
More informationEXPERIMENT 11 UV/VIS Spectroscopy and Spectrophotometry: Spectrophotometric Analysis of Potassium Permanganate Solutions.
EXPERIMENT 11 UV/VIS Spectroscopy and Spectrophotometry: Spectrophotometric Analysis of Potassium Permanganate Solutions. Outcomes After completing this experiment, the student should be able to: 1. Prepare
More information1.1 This test method covers the qualitative and quantitative determination of the content of benzene and toluene in hydrocarbon wax.
Standard Method for Analysis of Benzene and Toluene Content in Hydrocarbon Waxes by Headspace Gas Chromatography EWF METHOD 002/03 (Version 1 Reviewed 2015) 1 Scope 1.1 This test method covers the qualitative
More informationEsterification Method 1 Method 8196 27 to 2800 mg/l (as acetic acid) Reagent Solution
Volatile Acids DOC316.53.01144 Esterification Method 1 Method 8196 27 to 2800 mg/l (as acetic acid) Reagent Solution Scope and application: For digestor sludges. 1 Adapted from The Analyst, 87, 949 (1962).
More informationPOLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE
POLYDIMETHYLSILOXANE Prepared at the 37th JECFA (1990), published in FNP 52 (1992) superseding specifications prepared at the 29th JECFA (1985), published in FNP 34 (1986). Metals and arsenic specifications
More informationCadmium Reduction Method Method 8039 0.3 to 30.0 mg/l NO 3 N (HR) Powder Pillows or AccuVac Ampuls
Nitrate DOC316.53.01066 Cadmium Reduction Method Method 8039 0.3 to 30.0 mg/l NO 3 N (HR) Powder Pillows or AccuVac Ampuls Scope and application: For water, wastewater and seawater. Test preparation Instrument-specific
More informationThe Molar Mass of a Gas
The Molar Mass of a Gas Goals The purpose of this experiment is to determine the number of grams per mole of a gas by measuring the pressure, volume, temperature, and mass of a sample. Terms to Know Molar
More informationChem 131A: Absorbance of Riboflavin
Chem 131A: Absorbance of Riboflavin Purpose: The purpose of this experiment is to: 1) Familiarize the student with the use of the HP 8452 diode array spectrophotometer, 2) examine the limitations of the
More informationDistillation Experiment
Distillation Experiment CHM226 Background The distillation process is a very important technique used to separate compounds based on their boiling points. A substance will boil only when the vapor pressure
More informationEXPERIMENT 12: Empirical Formula of a Compound
EXPERIMENT 12: Empirical Formula of a Compound INTRODUCTION Chemical formulas indicate the composition of compounds. A formula that gives only the simplest ratio of the relative number of atoms in a compound
More informationAscorbic Acid Titration of Vitamin C Tablets This lab will be completed individually! Make sure you come prepared!
Ascorbic Acid Titration of Vitamin C Tablets This lab will be completed individually! Make sure you come prepared! Introduction Vitamin C (also known as ascorbic acid, HC6H7O6) is a necessary ingredient
More informationERDOSTEINE - MONOGRAPH.
STRUCTURAL FORMULA (±1S-(2-[N-3-(2-oxotetrahydro thienyl)]acetamido)-thioglycolic acid) C 8 H 11 NO 4 S 2 M.W. = 249.307 DESCRIPTION Color : White to ivory white Appearance : Microcrystalline powder SOLUBILITY
More informationAcid Base Titrations
Acid Base Titrations Introduction A common question chemists have to answer is how much of something is present in a sample or a product. If the product contains an acid or base, this question is usually
More informationMeasuring Manganese Concentration Using Spectrophotometry
Measuring Manganese Concentration Using Spectrophotometry Objectives To use spectroscopy to determine the amount of Manganese is an unknown sample. Scenario Your have just joined a "Green Team" at SMC
More information105 Adopted: 27.07.95
105 Adopted: 27.07.95 OECD GUIDELINE FOR THE TESTING OF CHEMICALS Adopted by the Council on 27 th July 1995 Water Solubility INTRODUCTION 1. This guideline is a revised version of the original Guideline
More informationEXPERIMENT 7 Reaction Stoichiometry and Percent Yield
EXPERIMENT 7 Reaction Stoichiometry and Percent Yield INTRODUCTION Stoichiometry calculations are about calculating the amounts of substances that react and form in a chemical reaction. The word stoichiometry
More informationLUMEFANTRINE Draft proposal for The International Pharmacopoeia (October 2006)
October 2006 RESTRICTED LUMEFANTRINE Draft proposal for The International Pharmacopoeia (October 2006) DRAFT FOR DISCUSSION World Health Organization 2006 All rights reserved. This draft is intended for
More informationThe Determination of Acid Content in Vinegar
The Determination of Acid Content in Vinegar Reading assignment: Chang, Chemistry 10 th edition, pages 153-156. Goals We will use a titration to determine the concentration of acetic acid in a sample of
More informationWith proper calibration, the upper limit may be extended as needed.
While we have taken steps to ensure the accuracy of this Internet version of the document, it is not the official version. Please refer to the official version in the FR publication, which appears on the
More informationApparatus error for each piece of equipment = 100 x margin of error quantity measured
1) Error Analysis Apparatus Errors (uncertainty) Every time you make a measurement with a piece of apparatus, there is a small margin of error (i.e. uncertainty) in that measurement due to the apparatus
More informationBRIEFING 661.2 Plastic Packaging Systems for Pharmaceutical Use.
BRIEFING 661.2 Plastic Packaging Systems for Pharmaceutical Use. USP proposes the revision and development of a suite of plastic packaging system standards in the current issue of PF. General test chapter
More informationSolutions and Dilutions
Learning Objectives Students should be able to: Content Design a procedure for making a particular solution and assess the advantages of different approaches. Choose the appropriate glassware to ensure
More informationß-CYCLODEXTRIN SYNONYMS
ß-CYCLODEXTRIN Prepared at the 44th JECFA (1995), published in FNP 52 Add 3 (1995) superseding specifications prepared at the 41st JECFA (1993), published in FNP 52 Add 2 (1993). Metals and arsenic specifications
More informationSEPARATION OF A MIXTURE OF SUBSTANCES LAB
SEPARATION OF A MIXTURE OF SUBSTANCES LAB Purpose: Every chemical has a set of defined physical properties, and when combined they present a unique fingerprint for that chemical. When chemicals are present
More informationEXPERIMENT 2 THE HYDROLYSIS OF t-butyl CHLORIDE. PURPOSE: To verify a proposed mechanism for the hydrolysis of t-butyl Chloride.
PURPOSE: To verify a proposed mechanism for the hydrolysis of t-butyl Chloride. PRINCIPLES: Once the Rate Law for a reaction has been experimentally established the next step is its explanation in terms
More informationSolids, Volatile Dissolved and Fixed Dissolved
, 8277 Solids, Volatile Dissolved and Fixed Dissolved Gravimetric Method 1 Scope and Application: For wastewater. 1 Adapted from Standard Methods for the Examination of Water and Wastewater DOC316.53.001206
More informationExperiment 2 Kinetics II Concentration-Time Relationships and Activation Energy
2-1 Experiment 2 Kinetics II Concentration-Time Relationships and Activation Energy Introduction: The kinetics of a decomposition reaction involving hydroxide ion and crystal violet, an organic dye used
More informationProtocol: HPLC (amino acids)
Page 1 of 6 1. Chemicals Composition M MW gram volume (ml) product code 0-pthaldialdehyde C 8H 6O 2 134.13 Sigma P0657 Perchloric acid HClO 4 3.5 100.46 Dilute 70% stock solution 1:1 with demi to obtain
More informationTo see how this data can be used, follow the titration of hydrofluoric acid against sodium hydroxide below. HF (aq) + NaOH (aq) H2O (l) + NaF (aq)
Weak Acid Titration v120413 You are encouraged to carefully read the following sections in Tro (2 nd ed.) to prepare for this experiment: Sec 4.8, pp 158-159 (Acid/Base Titrations), Sec 16.4, pp 729-43
More informationExtraction: Separation of Acidic Substances
Extraction: Separation of Acidic Substances Chemists frequently find it necessary to separate a mixture of compounds by moving a component from one solution or mixture to another. The process most often
More informationPreparation of frequently used solutions
Preparation of frequently used solutions Content 1. Diluting Concentrated Acids (Last Login: 08/08/2009) 2. Indicators (Last Login: 27/07/2009) 3. Standard Buffer Solutions (Last Login: 27/07/2009) 4.
More informationDimethylglyoxime Method Method 10220 0.1 to 6.0 mg/l Ni TNTplus 856
Nickel DOC316.53.01065 Dimethylglyoxime Method Method 10220 0.1 to 6.0 mg/l Ni TNTplus 856 Scope and application: For water and wastewater. Test preparation Instrument-specific information Table 1 shows
More informationExperiment 5 Preparation of Cyclohexene
Experiment 5 Preparation of yclohexene In this experiment we will prepare cyclohexene from cyclohexanol using an acid catalyzed dehydration reaction. We will use the cyclohexanol that we purified in our
More informationCHEM 2423 Recrystallization of Benzoic Acid EXPERIMENT 4 - Purification - Recrystallization of Benzoic acid
EXPERIMENT 4 - Purification - Recrystallization of Benzoic acid Purpose: a) To purify samples of organic compounds that are solids at room temperature b) To dissociate the impure sample in the minimum
More informationTamsulosin Hydrochloride Capsules
. nal Revision Bulletin Official October 1, 2011 Tamsulosin 1 standard solution, and shake well. Centrifuge at 1500 rpm for 10 min, and use the supernatant, passing it if Tamsulosin Hydrochloride Capsules
More informationOrganic Lab 1 Make-up Experiment. Extraction of Caffeine from Beverages. Introduction
Organic Lab 1 Make-up Experiment Extraction of Caffeine from Beverages Introduction Few compounds consumed by Americans are surrounded by as much controversy as caffeine. One article tells us that caffeine
More informationDetermination of Caffeine in Beverages HPLC-1
Determination of in s HPLC-1 Introduction This experiment provides an introduction to the application of High Performance Liquid Chromatography (HPLC) to the solution of complex analytical problems. Cola
More informationSOLUBILITY OF A SALT IN WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES LAB
SOLUBILITY OF A SALT IN WATER AT VARIOUS TEMPERATURES LAB Purpose: Most ionic compounds are considered by chemists to be salts and many of these are water soluble. In this lab, you will determine the solubility,
More informationEXPERIMENT 12 A SOLUBILITY PRODUCT CONSTANT
PURPOSE: 1. To determine experimentally the molar solubility of potassium acid tartrate in water and in a solution of potassium nitrate. 2. To examine the effect of a common ion on the solubility of slightly
More informationHands-On Labs SM-1 Lab Manual
EXPERIMENT 4: Separation of a Mixture of Solids Read the entire experiment and organize time, materials, and work space before beginning. Remember to review the safety sections and wear goggles when appropriate.
More informationSolubility Product Constants
Solubility Product Constants PURPOSE To measure the solubility product constant (K sp ) of copper (II) iodate, Cu(IO 3 ) 2. GOALS 1 To measure the molar solubility of a sparingly soluble salt in water.
More informationPOLYVINYL ALCOHOL. SYNONYMS Vinyl alcohol polymer, PVOH, INS No. 1203 DEFINITION DESCRIPTION FUNCTIONAL USES CHARACTERISTICS
POLYVINYL ALCOHOL Prepared at the 68 th JECFA (2007) and published in FAO JECFA Monographs 4 (2007), superseding specifications prepared at the 63 rd JECFA (2004) and published in the Combined Compendium
More informationDissolved and precipitated oxalate
Accepted 2005 Process liquors from bleach plants Dissolved and precipitated oxalate Using Ion Chromatography 0 Introduction In bleach plants of pulp mills with a high degree of system closure, there is
More information