Morgan Hill Unified School District Course Outline

Transcription

1 Morgan Hill Unified School District Course Outline Course Title: Course Length: Grades: Physical Science 1 Year 9 th Grade Course Goals Demonstrate knowledge of organization of chemicals by periodic characteristics. Demonstrate knowledge of chemical bonding due to electrostatic forces. Demonstrate knowledge of nuclear fusion, fission, and radioactive decay. Demonstrate knowledge of the components of a stable ecosystem. Demonstrate knowledge of the structure, scale and changes in the universe. Demonstrate knowledge of energy flow and exchange. Demonstrate the knowledge of California geologic hazards, water issues, and plate tectonics. Demonstrate the skills to ask meaningful questions and conduct careful investigations. Texts and Supplemental Instructional Materials 1. Conceptual Physical Science Exploration Hewitt, Suchoki, and Hewitt (Addison- Wesley) 2. Lab Equipment, Teacher Prepared Materials, Multimedia Materials 3. School Computers Course Objectives by Essential Standards and State Health Standards Standard 1: Chemistry Students will demonstrate the knowledge that the Periodic Table displays the elements in increasing number and shows how periodicity of the physical and chemical properties of the elements relates to atomic structure, as measured by a variety of methods, such as quizzes, tests, presentations, projects, labs, activities, notes, journals, portfolios, visual and/or verbal assessments. In order to exhibit proficiency, students will recognize: How to relate the position of an element in the Periodic Table to its atomic number and atomic mass. How to use the Periodic Table to identify metals, semimetals, nonmetals, and halogens. How to use the Periodic Table to identify alkali metals, alkaline earth metals and transition metals, and trends in ionization energy, electronegativity, and the relative size of ions and atoms. How to use the Periodic Table to determine the number of electrons available for bonding. The nucleus is smaller in size than the atom yet contains most of its mass. Standard 2: Chemical Bonds Students will demonstrate knowledge that biological, chemical, and physical properties of matter result form the ability of atoms to form bonds based on electrostatic forces between

2 2 electrons and protons, and between atoms and molecules. This knowledge will be measured by a variety of methods, such as quizzes, tests, presentations, projects, labs, activities, notes, journals, portfolios, visual and/or verbal assessments. In order to exhibit proficiency students will recognize: Atoms combine to form molecules by sharing electrons to form covalent or metallic bonds, or by exchanging electrons to form ionic bonds. Chemical bonds between atoms in molecules such as H2, CH4, NH3, H2CCH2, N2, C12, and many large biological molecules are covalent. Salt crystals such as NaCl are repeating patterns of positive and negative ions held together by electrostatic attraction. That in a liquid the inter-molecular forces are weaker than in a solid, so that the molecules can move in a random pattern relative to one-another. Standard 3: Acids and Bases Students will demonstrate knowledge acids, bases and salts are three classes of compounds that form ions in water solutions, as measured by a variety of methods, such as quizzes, tests, presentations, projects, labs, activities, notes, journals, portfolios, visual and/or verbal assessments. In order to exhibit proficiency students will recognize: How to use the ph scale to characterize acid and base solutions. Standard 4: Chemical Thermodynamics Students will demonstrate the knowledge that energy is exchanged or transformed in all chemical reactions and physical changes of matter, as measured by a variety of methods, such as quizzes, tests, presentations, projects, labs, activities, notes, journals, portfolios, visual and/or verbal assessments. In order to exhibit proficiency students will recognize: How to describe temperature and heat flow in terms of the motion of molecules (or atoms). Chemical processes can either release (exothermic) or absorb (endothermic) thermal energy. Energy is released when a material condenses or freezes and absorbed when a material evaporates or melts. How to solve problems involving heat flow and temperature changes, using known values of specific heat, and latent heat of phase change. Standard 5: Nuclear Processes Students will demonstrate knowledge that nuclear processes are those in which an atomic nucleus changes, including radioactive decay of naturally occurring and man-made isotopes, nuclear fission, and nuclear fusion, as measured by a variety of methods, such as quizzes, tests, presentations, projects, labs, activities, notes, journals, portfolios, visual and/or verbal assessments. In order to exhibit proficiency, students will: Protons and neutrons in the nucleus are held together by strong nuclear forces which are stronger than the electromagnetic repulsion between the protons. The energy release per gram of material is much larger in nuclear fusion or fission than in chemical reactions: change in mass (calculated by E=mc^2) is small but significant in nuclear reactions. Standard 6: Ecology Students will demonstrate knowledge that stability in an ecosystem is a balance between competing effects, as measured by a variety of methods, such as quizzes, tests,

3 presentations, projects, labs, activities, notes, journals, portfolios, visual and/or verbal assessments. In order to exhibit proficiency, students will: Biodiversity is the sum total of different kinds of organisms, and is affected by alterations of habitats. How to analyze changes in an ecosystem resulting form changes in climate, human activity, introduction of non-native species, or changes in population size. How fluctuations in population size in an ecosystem are determined by the relative rates of birth, immigration, emigration, and death. How water, carbon, and nitrogen cycle between abiotic resources and organic matter in the ecosystem and how oxygen cycles via photosynthesis and respiration. A vital part of an ecosystem is the stability of its produces and decomposers. At each link in a food web, some energy is stored in newly made structures but much is dissipated into the environment as heat and this can be represented in a food web. Standard 7: Earth s Place in the Universe Students will demonstrate knowledge that astronomy and planetary exploration reveal the structure, scale, and change of the solar system over time, as measured by a variety of methods, such as quizzes, tests, presentations, projects, labs, activities, notes, journals, portfolios, visual and/or verbal assessments. In order to exhibit proficiency students will: How the differences and similarities amoung the sun, the terrestrial planets, and the gas planets may have been established during the formation of the solar system. Evidence from Earth and moon rocks for the solar system s formation from a nebular cloud of dist and gas approximately 4.6 billion years ago. Evidence from geological studies of the Earth and other planets that the early Earth was very different from today. Evidence that the planets are much closer that the stars. The sun is a typical star and is powered by nuclear reactions, primarily the fusion of hydrogen to form helium. Evidence for the dramatic effects of asteroid impacts in shaping the surface of planets and their moons, and in mass extinctions of life on Earth. Students will demonstrate knowledge that Earth-based and space-based astronomy reveals the structure, scale, and change over time of stars, galaxies and the universe, as measured by a variety of methods, such as quizzes, tests, presentations, projects, labs, activities, notes, journals, portfolios, visual and/or verbal assessments. In order to exhibit proficiency students will: The solar system is located in an outer edge of the disc-shaped Milky Way galaxy which spans 100,000 light years. Galaxies are made of billions of stars and from most of the visible mass of the universe. Evidence that all elements with an atomic number greater than that of Litthium have been formed by nuclear fusion in stars. Stars differ in their life cycles, and visual, radio, and X-ray telescopes collect data that reveal these differences. Standard 8: Dynamic Earth Processes Students will demonstrate knowledge that plate tectonics operating over geolic time has changed the patterns of land, sea, and mountains on the Earth s surface, as measured by a 3

4 variety of methods, such as quizzes, tests, presentations, projects, labs, activities, notes, journals, portfolios, visual and/or verbal assessments. In order to exhibit proficiency students will: Features of the ocean floor (magnetic patterns, age, and sea floor topography) provide evidence for plate tectonics. The principal structures that form at the three different kinds of plated boundaries. How to explain the properties of rocks based on the physical and chemical conditions in which they formed, including plate tectonic processes. Why and how earthquakes occur, and the scales used to measure their intensity and magnitude. Two kinds of volcanoes, one with violent eruptions producing steep slopes and the other with voluminous lava flows producing gentle slopes. Standard 9: Energy in the Earth System Students will demonstrate knowledge that energy enters the Earth system primarily as solar radiation and eventually escapes as heart, as measured by a variety of methods, such as quizzes, tests, presentations, projects, labs, activities, notes, journals, portfolios, visual and/or verbal assessments. In order to exhibit proficiency students will: The relative amount of incoming solar energy compared with Earth s internal energy and the energy used by society. The fate of incoming solar radiation in terms of reflection, absorption, and photosynthesis. The different atmospheric gases that absorb the Earth s thermal radiation, and the mechanism and significance of the greenhouse effect. Students will demonstrate knowledge that heating of Earth s surface and atmosphere by the sun drives convection within the atmosphere and oceans, producing winds and ocean currents, as measured by a variety of methods, such as quizzes, tests, presentations, projects, labs, activities, notes, journals, portfolios, visual and/or verbal assessments. In order to exhibit proficiency students will: How differential heating of the Earth results in circulation patterns in the atmosphere and oceans that globally distribute the heat. The distribution of rain forests and deserts on Earth in bands at specific latitudes. Standard 10: California Geology Students will demonstrate knowledge that the geology of California underlies the state s wealth of natural resources as well as its natural hazards, as measured by a variety of methods, such as quizzes, tests, presentations, projects, labs, activities, notes, journals, portfolios, visual and/or verbal assessments. In order to exhibit proficiency students will: The principal natural hazards in different California regions, and the geologic basis of those hazards. The importance of water to society, the origins of California s fresh water, and the relationship between supply and need. Methods of Instruction Lecture Laboratory Investigations Group/Individual Activities Discussion 4

5 5 Reading Assignments Audio Visual Materials Guest Speakers Field Trips F. Assessment methods and/or tools Assessment methods may include formative assessment, which will promote learning throughout the course or summative assessments, such as final exams, which document student progress toward meeting standards. These methods may include: 1. Selected response, e.g. Multiple-choice, true/false, matching, and short answer fill-in items, which can appear on quizzes, traditional tests, homework assignments, and practice exercises. 2. Essay assessment, which assesses students knowledge, reasoning, skills, products, and predispositions. 3. Performance, e.g. Student projects, performances, debates, and presentations. 4. Personal communication, e.g. Teacher/student conference and interviews, teacher observation, classroom discussions, oral examinations, and journals and logs.