Introduction/Evaluating Theories of Personality. Chapter 1. What is Personality? What is a theory of Personality? Introduction, outline, and approach
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1 Introduction/Evaluating Theories of Personality Chapter What is Personality? Introduction, outline, and approach A place to start What is a theory of Personality? Answer a question with a question
2 Theories of Personality What is a theory? Set of abstract concepts developed about facts Explanatory Theories reflect underlying cultural assumptions/backgrounds Micro vs. Macro Theories Scope of Theory Top/Down versus Bottom/Up Top/Down: The theory began with an idea and then went searching for facts Deductive Reasoning (narrow, seeks to collect observations to confirm a hypothesis) Bottom/Up: The theory arose from the logical organization of once seemingly disparate facts Inductive Reasoning (exploratory, characterizes early research) Evaluation of Personality Theories Philosophical Greek: philein (love) sophia (wisdom) Focus on how to live the good life Scientific Latin: scire (to know)! methods to acquire knowledge Artistic (practical applications) How we use these theories in day-to-day life 6
3 Philosophical Assumptions Freedom versus determinism Heredity versus environment Uniqueness versus universality Proactive versus reactive Optimistic versus pessimistic 7 Table. Some Basic Philosophical Assumptions 8 Table. Some Basic Philosophical Assumptions 9
4 Freedom Determinism Heredity Environment Uniqueness Universality Proactive Reactive Optimistic Pessimistic Top/Down Bottom/Up 0 Figure. Viewpoints for Understanding /Evaluation Personality Theories Evaluating Philosophical Assumptions Evaluating a theory How coherent is the theory? How relevant is the theory? How comprehensive is the theory? How compelling is the theory?
5 Coherence Clear, logical, and consistent Fundamental contradictions? May be incomplete Relevance Must have a bearing on our concept of reality Philosophy influenced by scientific knowledge Comprehensiveness Does the theory cover what it claims? Superficial? Compellingness Convincing? Do you buy it? Scientific Assumptions Paradigm (Thomas Kuhn, 96) Model or concept of the world that is shared by members of the community Shifts over time -- The Atom Influences our perceptions & actions Scientific Terminology Objective Data I see a person. Data through observation Subjective Data I see a person. Data through experience Consensual Validation Repeated observations to arrive at agreement
6 Scientific Terminology Operational Definitions Specifies what behaviors we include in a definition What do we mean when we say depression? Scientific Constructs Hypothetical entities postulated to explain what we observe 6 Constructs: Examples Trait A tendency or predisposition to respond in a certain way Descriptors of a person Emotional characteristics, introversion vs. extroversion, Big Five 7 Constructs: Examples Self Psychological processes that govern an individual s behavior Permits prediction of what a person will do in a given situation 8 6
7 Evaluating Scientific Statements Verifiability (empirical observation) Open to falsification Claims are always tentative Compatibility with other data Predictive power Parsimony Usefulness 9 Applications Assessment Psychometric tests Projective tests Research Psychometric Clinical Experimental Psychotherapy Scholarly Ethical Curative 0 Fundamentals of Assessment Standardization Uniform administration of the test Same conditions, settings, etc. Objectivity Double-blind, placebo controlled Multiple choice format 7
8 Fundamentals of Assessment Reliability Consistency of scores over time Clustering Validity The test measures what it was intended to measure Do Intelligence tests really measure IQ? Or is it some proxy of IQ? Research Clinical Approach Clinical observation Asking questions, interviewing Case histories Research Psychometric Approach Based on mathematical techniques Correlational Studies Compare the relationship of two or more variables Correlations range from - to + Correlation does not imply causation 8
9 Research (cont d) Experimental Approach Effects of the Independent Variable on the Dependent Variable (IV!DV) Random selection from the population Random assignment to condition Apply some experimental manipulation to see its effects on some outcome Medical trials are experiments 6 Psychotherapy Scholarly Means of understanding self/human nature Ethical Helping individual change, improve, & grow Improve quality of life Curative Replacing troublesome behaviors/symptoms with more suitable behaviors 7 9
10 So, what is personality? Characteristic pattern of thought, emotion, and behavior, together with psychological mechanisms hidden or not behind those patterns 8 My definition of Personality The part of ourselves that someone else can get to know. 9 0
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