Nitrogen. Phosphorus. Not available NH3 is the devil. Not available Around for a long time Ortho P is better than Poly P

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2 Nitrogen Not available NH3 is the devil Phosphorus Not available Around for a long time Ortho P is better than Poly P

3 They can be added too N stabilizers/inhibitors P stabilizers Low Salt and fungicides Replacement off Coated Low salt/slow release Ortho P Or in Blends Coated

4 Should be applied for a reason The is a problem Or potential to increase Not just because

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6 Slow Release Prevents immediate release into soil where environment and biological s have impact. Coated Chemistry Inhibitors Prevent the biological activity that impacts the Nitrogen Cycle Since early 60 s at least 15 substances thoroughly researched

7 Coated Urea s Sulfur Coat Polymer Coat Urea/N Chemistries Isobutylidene diurea Ureaformaldehyde Urea-Triazone Methylene Urea

8 Advantage of these materials is that one application may provide a uniform supply of N to the plants for several weeks. S-coated urea (32-36 %N) breakdown of the S coat (physical barrier) Moisture Polymer Coated Ureas ESN: Temp and Moist IBDU (isobutylidene diurea) is synthetic organic. particle size, soil moisture content and ph. Urea-formaldehyde: microbial & temp Methylene di-urea -CoRoN, Dura_N: Microbial & temp Urea-Triazon- N-Pact, N-Sure: Moist & Microbial. LOOK AT PERCENT SLOW RELEASE 6 to 20% Release Patterns

9 ESN contains a urea granule nitrogen (N) within a micro-thin polymer coating. This coating allows water within the soil to move into the granule and dissolve the urea inside. The urea solution then moves out through the coating into the soil where it is available to the crop. The rate at which the urea solution moves out through the coating is determined by soil temperature and moisture. In cool soils when the crop is growing slowly, N release is slow. As the soil warms and crop growth increases, the granules release N more quickly and steadily.

10 Yield and Protein Always equal to UAN when used as a fertilizer source. Reduced amount of Tissue Damage Increased rate w/ seed possible. Using Wheat < 30 lb N i.e. 25 gal/ac Canola <10 lb N i.e. 8 gal/ac

11 125% yr Average Relative yield 100% is Producer Standard. 100% 75% 50% 25% 0% 1.00 No flag leaf Quilt Quilt + CoRoN 1.02 Received Humic Acid with Top-dress No flag leaf Quilt Quilt + CoRoN Kitchen sink 0.80 Zero Fertility

12 Two Target Keep as Urea Keep as Ammonia

13 Wet Soil 70 F Wet Soil 35 F

14 Dry Soil 70 F Sub Soil 70 F Rain1/2 0 4

15 H 2 O: Rain, Mist, Dew, Humidity, Soil Moisture (NH 2 ) 2 CO 2 NH 3 (gas ) H 2 O SOIL NH 4 NH 4 SOI L NH 4 NH 4

16 Urease Inhibition Basically prevents/slows urea s conversion to ammonia If ammonia (gas) is formed in absence of moisture or soil surface it will be lost to the atmosphere H 2 O (NH 2 ) 2 CO 2 SOIL

17 NBPT: Studied since the 80 s Agrotain 7 Day half life (MIC) Maleic Itaconic Coploymer Ca binding of nickel ions necessary for the formation and function of the enzyme Nutrisphere Published Results not positive

18 When less or not beneficial Incorporated Rain or irrigation of ½ or more Soil and air temp < 50 Dry soil and Air Banding No rain expected for 14+ days UAN vs Urea

19 When more beneficial Surface applied No-till High humidity Light rains, heavy dews, mists Soil and air temp > 50 Wet soil Soil with high ph >7.5 Lots of OH in soil Rain within 10 days

20 Nitrification Inhibition Basically prevents/slows ammonium s conversion to nitrate Ammonium(+) is immobile in the soil Nitrate(-) is mobile. In high rainfall, irrigated, well drained soil NO 3 is easily lost. NO 3 can be lost by leaching and Denitrification Both Take WATER!!!!

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23 Nitrapyrin- Registered Pesticide, studied since the 60 s N-Serve, Instinct (MIC) Maleic Itaconic Coploymer Ca binding of nickel ions necessary for the formation and function of the enzyme Nutrisphere DCD Suppresses, does not kill nitrosomas, Agro+, SuperU Ammonium-Thio-Sulfate: Low ph keep NH4 from going to NH3, short lived.

24 When less or not beneficial Arid environments Well drained soils that allow infiltration but have limited leaching

25 When more beneficial Tile Drainage Wet soils Irrigated fields

26 Chemically Charged Binds with Iron, Aluminum, Calcium Oklahoma Soils high in ALL of these. Average down state Ca, 6000lbs avail. Phosphorus Fertilizer and the Soil Common commercial P fertilizers are highly ( 90%) water soluble

27 In general, P in dry fertilizers such as and P is orthophosphate. P in common fluid fertilizers such as and is present as both orthophosphate & polyphosphate. Approximately 2/3 of the P is present in the Poly and The remainder is Ortho Some fluids such as the have all of the P as Ortho The effect of both forms of P on crop production has been evaluated in various field trials throughout the Corn Belt. The results from a study with corn in Nebraska are summarized in the following table.

28 The effect of polyphosphate and orthophosphate on corn yield Source: University of Nebraska ave of 5 sites; low P test P Source P 2 O 5 Applied polyphosphate orthophosphate lb/acre bu/acre

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30 You should not base choice of fertilizers on orthophosphate or polyphosphate claims. Buy the source that best fits your needs and is the cheapest per lb of nutrient.

31 Avail, which is marketed as a phosphate enhancing product, contains the same active ingredient as Nutrisphere. The Avail activity is attributed to binding of calcium or iron ions in the soil normally bind p. AI of Nutrisphere/Avail, the compound is highly negatively charged and would tend to bind with any compound with a positive charge, not distinguishing one ion over another.

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33 Avail Studies in Wheat (Not Published) Arnall, 3 years 2 sites per year. No positive. Agrotain in Wheat (Published) Arnall, No positive yield responses Edwards, 1 out of 2 yrs positive. Slow release N s. Wheat and Corn. Just as good as UAN or Urea. NUE Sorghum (Not Published, ongoing) ESN, SUPERU, Agrotain Banded UAN in 2 x 2 UAN+Agrotain Plus & UAN + Nutrisphere Caused Stand Problems.

34 Southern Water Group (On table) AR, AL, FL, NM, NC, OK, TX There were few differences due to N fertilizer sources or additives for the soils, crops, or environmental conditions evaluated. Nutrisphere, Nitamin and Agrotain did not improve yields at any location for any crop where tested. Pre-plant incorporated ESN (as compared to urea) improved the corn yield at one site in Arkansas. When tested at two sites in Arkansas, ESN improved seedcotton yield at one site but produced yields equal to urea at the second site. Preplant incorporated ESN performed better than urea on corn in Arkansas and cotton in one of the two sites in Arkansas. The ESN performed similarly or worse than UAN solution or urea in Alabama (corn), North Carolina (corn and wheat), Oklahoma (wheat) and Texas (grain sorghum).

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37 Brian Arnall 373 Ag Hall Presentation YouTube Channel: OSUNPK