INTERIOR CARBON CHANGES
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1 INTERIOR CARBON CHANGES IN THE ATLANTIC Fiz. F. Pérez, Antón Velo, Herle Mercier, Aida F. Ríos, Mario Hoppema THE OCEAN CARBON CYCLE AT A TIME OF CHANGE: SYNTHESIS AND VULNERABILITIES September 14 16, 2011, UNESCO, Paris CATARINA Credits to: Toste Tanhua, Rik Wanninkoff, Guillaume Maze, Pascale Lherminier
2 INTERIOR CARBON CHANGES IN THE ATLANTIC OUTLINE 1.- CANT INVENTORIES COMPARISON AFTER CARINA PRODUCT 2.- NORTH ATLANTIC CANT TRANSPORT FROM OBSERVATIONS Corinne Le Quere & Niki Gruber WHOI: S. Doney & I.Lima ETH: H. Graven & N. Gruber CSIRO: A. Lenton
3 C ANT INVENTORY COMPARISONS
4 CARINA PRODUCT 1.- Increase quality of Carbon data. 2.- Increase the number of data (GLODAP Atlantic n=19761). 3.- Using a local MLR and neural networks an additional 40% of Carbon data is available for C ANT computations. No temporal variability in A T is assumed. Velo, A., Pérez, F.F., Tanhua, T., Gilcoto, M., Ríos, A.F., Key, R.M.: Total alkalinity estimation using MLR and neural network techniques, Journal of Marine Systems, Submitted, Gridding data using to WOA 09 using conservative water mass properties for interpolation produce better products.. Velo, et al. 2010: A multiparametric method of interpolation using WOA05 applied to anthropogenic CO2 in the Atlantic, Scientia Marina, 74(S1): doi:0.3989/scimar s1021,
5 C ANT INVENTORY COMPARISONS
6 C ANT INVENTORY COMPARISONS
7 C ANT INVENTORY COMPARISONS
8 C ANT INVENTORY COMPARISONS
9 C ANT INVENTORY COMPARISONS
10 C ANT INVENTORY COMPARISONS
11 C ANT INVENTORY COMPARISONS
12 C ANT INVENTORY COMPARISONS WHY TPOT>5ºC? WATER MASSES OF THE MAIN THERMOCLINE 84% OF THE SEA SURFACE HAS TPOT >5ºC BUT ONLY A 18% OF THE OCEANIC VOLUMEN HAS TPOT >5ºC
13 C ANT INVENTORY COMPARISONS WHY TPOT<5ºC? MIXING OF DEEP WATER MASSES FORMED IN THE SO AND NORTHERN NA 82% OF THE OCEANIC VOLUMEN TPOT <5ºC AND ACCUMULATE ABOUT 50% OF CANT BUT ONLY HAS A 16% OF THE SEA SURFACE HAS TPOT <5ºC CDIS??? (PARDO ET AL, JMS 2010; VAZQUEZ-RODRIGUEZ ET AL, JMS REVISED)
14 C ANT METHODS COMPARISONS Rios et al.,jms 2010 Rios et al.,jms submitted
15 C ANT INVENTORY COMPARISONS Rios et al. JMS submitted vanheuven et al. DSR (in press) WSDW rate of increase of 1.151±0.563 μmol kg -1 decade -1
16 C ANT INVENTORY COMPARISONS Wanninkoff et al. JGR 2010 Table 2.- Cant storage rates for the South Atlantic Ocean (10ºN to 55ºS) in mol m -2 y -1 Author Method West / area East / area m m 2 Total Murata et al., 2008 Isopycnal Peng and Wanninkohf, 2010 MLR (emlr) 0.74 (0.35) ± (0.39)± (0.37) Wanninkhof et al., 2010 MLRdens 0.60 Ríos et al., 2011 Backcalc ± * 0.80 * Ríos et al., 2003
17 STORAGE RATES FROM C ANT INVENTORIES Based in the concept of transient steady state as pointed out by Keeling and Bolin [1967] and by Gammon et al. [1982]: The vertical profiles of a conservative tracer with exponentially increasing surface concentration reaches a transient steady state after a time. Tanhua et al. (PNAS 2008) show MLR C an t t = Sat C ant t MLR Sat Sat C ant t C ant t C ant o Later Steinfeldt et al (GBC 2009): Sat C ant t = Ae t, = 59.38a 1 = 1.69%a 1, Annual increase Rate Tanhua et al.,(2008), Use of SF6 to estimate anthropogenic CO 2 in the upper ocean, J. Geophys. Res., 113, C04037, doi: /2007jc Steinfeldt et al. (2009), Inventory changes in anthropogenic carbon from in the Atlantic Ocean between 20_S and 65_N, Global Biogeochem. Cycles, 23, GB3010, doi: /2008gb
18 EMLRC ANT VS STORAGE RATES Wanninkhof et. 2010, Detecting anthropogenic CO 2 changes in the interior Atlantic Ocean between 1989 and 2005, JGR, How affect to MLR-C ANT if O 2 or NO 3 correlates C ANT? Rodgers et al JGR =1.7% 1997
19 Tjiputra et al Ocean Science
20 Cant Uptake, Storage & Transport Mikaloff Fletcher ±.03 et al. (2006) ± ± ± ±.04
21 C ANT TRANSPORT OVIDE SECTION
22 C ANT TRANSPORT Lherminier et al. JGR 2004, 2007, Gourcuff et al., JACT, 2011.
23 C ANT TRANSPORT AND BUDGET IN NORTH ATLANTIC (>24ºN) 24ºN Cant Transport : Pg-Cy -1 respectively G. Rosón, A. F. Rios, F. F. Pérez, A. Lavin, H. L. Bryden, JGR (2003). AM. Macdonald, M. O. Baringer, R. Wanninkhof, K. Lee, D. W. R. Wallace, DSRII50, (2003). H. L. Bryden, H. R. Longworth, S. A. Cunningham, Nature 438, (2005). Nordic Sea Cant Storage and horizontal exchange Lherminier et al., Journal of Geophysical Research 112, C07003 (2007). T. Tanhua, K. A. Olsson, E. Jeansson, Arctic-Subarctic Ocean Fluxes: Defining the Role of the Northern Seas in Climate, (2008). S. Jutterstrom et al., Progress in Oceanography 78, (2008). Arctic Sea storage T. Tanhua et al., Journal of Geophysical Research 114, C01002 (2009). L. G. Anderson, K. Olsson, M. Chierici, Global Biogeochemical Cycles 12, (1998). 13 C budget Quay et al., Global biogeochemical cycles 21, GB1009 (2007). Olsen et al., Global Biogeochem. Cycles 20, GB3027 (2006) Körtzinger, P. D. Quay, R. E. Sonnerup, Global biogeochemical cycles 17, 1005 (2003). Ovide/4x Mass and Heat Transport Lherminier et al J. Geophys. Res. Oceans., 112, C07003, Lherminier et al., Journal of Geophysical Research 112, C07003 (2007). Gourcuff et al., J. Atmosph. Ocean. Tech., 2011.
24 C ANT TRANSPORT Year 2004 [MF 0.27 (70%)] MF= Mikaloff-Fletcher 2006 GBC [MF 0.12 at 18ºN [MF 0.39] 30% 63% Perez et al. in preparation
25 C ANT TRANSPORTS AND BUDGET Perez et al. in preparation
26 Mazé et al. GBC to be submitted O 2 TRANSPORT & BUDGET O2 budget terms in kmol/s. Values are net for each box (except for the transport through Reijkanes Ridge ). Black arrows indicate the transports directions. In the center of each box italic values are the transports divergence and framed values are the biological net source/sink term (green if positive, red if negative). In the lower left corner are indicated the boxes and domain residuals. Values within parenthesis are error estimates. Irminger NEEB Air-sea oxygen flux partitioning for the Irminger and NEEB boxes. Negative fluxes are into the ocean (in-gassing).
27 THANKS FOR YOUR ATTENTION AND PATIENCE A T,C T, ph SWS25 and phi-c T interpolated data over WOA gridded are available in
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31 Pg-C yr -1 from ocean surface (0.47 Pg C yr -1 ) 0.22 Pg C yr -1 ST and 0.27 Pg C yr -1, SP+Nordic (2.25 vs 1.15 mol C m -2 yr -1
32 Fourex box 1997 High NAO 0.041±0.013 Pg-C yr- 1 (49%) 0.70 mol-cm -2 yr ±0.014 Pg-C yr ±0.018 Pg-C yr PW PW 0.25 PW 0.083±0.008 Pg-C yr -1 ( m 2 ) 1.44±0.14 mol-cm -2 yr mol-c m -2 yr -1 nat SUBTROPICAL GYRE Ovide box NORDIC 0.015±0.012 Pg-C yr- 1 (58%) 0.33 mol-cm -2 yr mol-c m -2 yr -1 nat Low NAO 0.074±0.008 Pg-C yr ±0.019 Pg-C yr -1 PW 0.41 PW 0.25 PW 0.026±0.003 Pg-C yr -1 ( m 2 ) 0.57±0.08 mol-cm -2 yr -1
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Fajar N. M., Pardo P. C., Carracedo L., Vázquez-Rodríguez M., Ríos A. F., Pérez, F.
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