JOINTS 10/1/2016 INTRODUCTION JOINT CLASSIFICATION INTRODUCTION SUTURES. Joint (Articulation) Connection between 2+ bones

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1 INTRODUCTION JOINTS Joint (Articulation) Connection between 2+ bones INTRODUCTION JOINT CLASSIFICATION Joint (Articulation) Classification Functional Degree of motion Structural Tissue present Presence or absence of a Structural Fibrous Cartilaginous Synovial Functional: Synarthroses Immovable joints Amphiarthroses Slightly movable Diarthroses Freely movable SUTURES Dense connective tissue which eventually ossifies Functional classification Synarthroses Structural classification Fibrous joints Features No joint cavity Examples Suture line (a) Suture Joint held together with very short, interconnecting fibers, and bone edges interlock. Found only in the skull. Dense fibrous connective tissue Figure 8.1a 1

2 CARTILAGINOUS JOINTS Amphiarthrotic Cartilaginous Joints Strong joints with limited motion Functional classification Amphiarthroses Features No joint cavity Examples Epiphyseal plates Pubic symphysis (b) Symphyses Bones united by fibrocartilage Body of vertebra Fibrocartilaginous intervertebral disc Hyaline cartilage Pubic symphysis Designed for strength and flexibility Figure 8.2b SYNOVIAL JOINTS Functional classification Diarthroses Characteristics 1. Fluid filled joint cavity 2. = 2 layers 3. Synovial fluid 4. cartilage 5. Reinforcing s 6. Nerves and blood vessels Examples? Synovial Joint Ligament Joint cavity (contains synovial fluid) (hyaline) cartilage Fibrous Synovial membrane Periosteum Figure 8.3 Femur Posterior Lateral meniscus Tibia Tendon of quadriceps femoris Suprapatellar Patella Subcutaneous prepatellar Synovial cavity Lateral meniscus Infrapatellar fat pad Deep infrapatellar Patellar (a) Sagittal section through the right knee joint Figure 8.8a cartilage on medial tibial condyle Medial meniscus Posterior cartilage on lateral tibial condyle Lateral meniscus (b) Superior view of the right tibia in the knee joint, showing the menisci and s Figure 8.8b 2

3 Quadriceps femoris muscles Lateral Hockey puck Patella (outline) Medial Tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle Patella Lateral patellar retinaculum Fibular collateral Fibula Medial patellar retinaculum Tibial collateral Patellar Tibia Tibial collateral (torn) Medial meniscus (torn) (torn) (c) view of right knee Figure 8.8c Figure 8.9 SYNOVIAL JOINTS Acromion of scapula Bursae Flattened, fibrous sacs lined with synovial membranes Contain synovial fluid Commonly act as ball bearings where s, muscles, skin, tendons, or bones rub together Coracoacromial Subacromial Fibrous articular Tendon sheath Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle Humerus Joint cavity containing synovial fluid Hyaline cartilage Synovial membrane Fibrous (a) Frontal section through the right shoulder joint Figure 8.4a Coracoacromial Subacromial Cavity in containing synovial fluid Bursa rolls and lessens friction. Humerus head rolls medially as arm abducts. (b) Enlargement of (a), showing how a eliminates friction where a (or other structure) would rub against a bone Humerus resting Humerus moving Acromion Coracoacromial Subacromial Coracohumeral Greater tubercle of humerus Transverse humeral Tendon sheath Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle Coracoid process reinforced by glenohumeral s Subscapular Tendon of the subscapularis muscle Scapula (c) view of right shoulder joint Figure 8.4b Figure 8.10c 3

4 Acromion Coracoid process Glenoid cavity Glenoid labrum Tendon of long head of biceps brachii muscle Glenohumeral s Tendon of the subscapularis muscle Scapula Posterior (d) Lateral view of socket of right shoulder joint, humerus removed cartilage Acetabular labrum Femur (a) Frontal section through the right hip joint Coxal (hip) bone Ligament of the head of the femur (um teres) Synovial cavity Figure 8.10d Figure 8.12a 1. Plane joint 2. Hinge joint 3. Ball and socket joint 4. Pivot joint 4

5 5. Saddle joint GLIDING MOVEMENTS One flat bone surface glides or slips over another similar surface Examples: Intercarpal joints Intertarsal joints Between articular processes of vertebrae thumb joint is only example ANGULAR MOVEMENTS Movements that occur along the sagittal plane Flexion Decreases the angle of the joint Extension Increases the angle of the joint Hyperextension Excessive extension beyond normal range of motion Gliding (a) Gliding movements at the wrist Figure 8.5a Hyperextension Extension Flexion Abduction Adduction Rotation Circumduction Supination Pronation Eversion Inversion (b) Angular movements: flexion, extension, and hyperextension of the neck Figure 8.5b 5

6 Abduction Adduction Rotation Circumduction Supination Pronation Inversion Eversion Inversion LIMITATIONS TO MOVEMENT JOINT DISORDERS 1. Configuration and shape of bones 2. Tautness or laxity 3. Position and action of muscles 4. Genetic inheritances 5. Disease 6. Physical activity Arthritis Inflammation or degeneration of joints 100+ different types Three chronic forms commonly seen 6

7 Osteoarthritis Rheumatoid Arthritis Psoriatic arthritis JOINT DISORDERS JOINT DISORDERS Bursitis Dislocation Gout Sprains 7

8 JOINT DISORDERS Tendonitis 8