ETHICS. a really brief overview
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1 KANTIAN ETHICS a really brief overview
2 KANT FOR DUMMIES? NO!
3 BEGINNINGS Our most basic freedom is our freedom of choice. Choice is conditioned by obligation: what should I do, given all my choices? But obligation is unclear! How do I determine which choices are the ones I am obliged to make?
4 A FIRST PRINCIPLE! INSIST THAT PRINCIPLES OF BEHAVIOR APPLY TO ALL PERSONS IF IT DOESN T WORK FOR EVERYONE, IT DOESN T WORK!
5 BUT WAIT! Isn t insisting that principles of behavior apply to all persons denying the particularities of our circumstances? We can t experience everything!
6 KANT SAYS it s ok we don t have to experience everything to apply moral principles! Our reason endows our experiences with interpretation interpretation which calls principles to mind. Practical reason applies principles to all cases (Kant says).
7 A DEFINITION! ETHICS is the study of principles that lead to good behavior.
8 KANTIAN GOODNESS The key is to discover what is categorically good; that which is always and in every case good. To Kant, the only such good is the GOOD WILL of the individual.
9 GOOD WILL HUNTING Our wills are motivated by three things: Inclination Concern for self Duty
10 WHICH ONE IS BEST? Kant insisted that our motivation for action matters. The only morally acceptable motivation is DUTY we behave according to the good BECAUSE IT IS GOOD.
11 HUH? How can we tell if we re acting according to duty?
12 KANT SAYS IT S IMPOSSIBLE TO TELL! We can never know whether others are acting truly morally, but insists that they can; we can act on principles independent of our interests.
13 ENTER REASON! Reason abstracts us from our particular interests and, in doing so, universalizes our judgment.» David Vessey, Hey-diddily-ho, Neighboreenos: Ned Flanders and Neighborly Love, in The Simpsons and Philosophy, eds. William Irwin, Mark T. Conrad, and Aeon J. Skoble, 212.
14 IMPERATIVES For Kant, this distancing is critical because it enables us to determine duty. Duty, then, becomes formulated as imperatives: Technical and Prudential if I want to do something, then these are the things I must do. Moral absolute human demands, our ignorance of which would demean our human integrity.
15 Prudential and technical imperatives are HYPOTHETICAL we need to act on them only if we desire an intended consequence. Moral imperatives are CATEGORICAL we necessarily must behave in certain ways. Our reason, which leads to universal judgments, leads us to discover categorical imperatives.
16 DEFINITION OF THE CATEGORICAL IMPERATIVE ACT ONLY ON THE PRINCIPLE WHICH CAN BE WILLED TO BE UNIVERSAL LAW.
17 THIS BRINGS OTHERS INTO THE PICTURE We are obliged to others! Others, to Kant, are to be treated as PERSONS and not as OBJECTS. PERSONS cannot be used as means; objects can.
18 The Categorical Imperative, then, insists that we must stand afar from our desires to embrace a principle of action coupled with duty. In doing, our will negotiates moral law. (See Stumpf s third rendering of the Categorical Imperative).
19 SO WHAT? So, our wills are rendered AUTONOMOUS. We are autonomous agents!
20 AUTONOMOUS AGENCY Act on principles independent of our interests. Act on principles we have consciously given ourselves through attention to duty. These principles must aim for us to perfect ourselves. These principles are the result of rational reflection about how to act.
21 TO WHAT DOES IT ALL ADD?
22 FREEDOM
23 How can a person be responsible or have a duty if she or he is not able or free to fulfill her or his duty or respond to the moral command?» Stumpf, 64.
24 FINALLY How can duty and happiness be reconciled?
25 Kant implies that our supreme moral duty is to fashion a world in which happiness is the result of the performance of duty; dutiful people are rewarded and selfcentered people whose self-interest harms others are punished.
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