Module 12. Chapter 18 Practical Applications of Immunology

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1 Module 12 Chapter 18 Practical Applications of Immunology Active vs Passive Vaccination vaccination: introduction of to stimulate immune response o protection vaccination: introduction of protective or neutralizing o protection Vaccines Vaccine: suspension of or of organisms that induce o Early 1700 s, exposed smallpox to veins o Edward Jenner developed vaccine in 1798 Development of vaccines most important application of microbiology o Jenner s work won him Nobel Prize Principles and Effects of Vaccination Main purpose of vaccination à stimulate production o Vaccine for small pox was infection with o Closely related to smallpox, o Stimulates against cowpox and smallpox works by immunizing most of a population o Protect the susceptible individuals by limiting spread Several types of vaccines Types of vaccines and their characteristics Attenuated whole- agent vaccines but attenuated ( ) microbes Live vaccines infection more Can achieve immunity, especially against Attenuated microbes derived in lab from many But, possibility of to strain o Not used on people with Inactivated whole- agent vaccines Microbes that have Usually killed by, formalin or phenol Often used in people Toxoids toxins Directed at produced by pathogen Require occasional : periodic shots given to effectiveness of vaccine

2 Subunit vaccines Use only of microorganisms Aka or recombinant vaccines Choose antigen of pathogen that immune response - cannot, fewer effects Conjugated vaccines Antigens attached to Polysaccharides help response Nucleic acid vaccines vaccines Newest, most promising No commercial vaccines yet Injection of DNA, often as, into o Results in production of that immune response DNA can be, so it may not have effectiveness The development of new vaccines Vaccine development decreased until recently Introduction of techniques (cell culture, chick embryos) has allowed the growth of viral vaccines The ideal vaccine would include: o instead of o immunity from dose o Stable without o Affordable New vaccines for drug addictions, Alzheimer s disease, cancer Currently, 20 injections required for children o Additional vaccines would be beneficial o Routes other than injection spray for influenza, patches No vaccination is 100% safe Some involved in receiving vaccines Sometimes they cause o Rota virus causes infant diarrhea o In some cases, vaccine caused severe Some tried to link MMR to o Links Overall, very low risk is worth the great gain of immunity Chapter 19 Disorders Associated with the Immune System Hypersensitivity induced response o An undesired reaction of the

3 o Aka o Antigen is called Occurs when individual is by exposure to allergen o Generates against o Second exposure to allergen reaction Reactions fall into 4 categories o Type I, II, III, IV Type I (Anaphylactic) Reactions : the opposite of protected Occurs when combine with o IgE plus allergen binds to, o Binding triggers release of o Histamine triggers o Other effects are mucus in nose, difficulties in breathing Systemic Anaphylaxis Aka Results upon second exposure to allergens Blood vessels à drop in blood pressure à Reaction can be fatal in minutes Treatment involves injection à constricts blood vessels Allergens include penicillin, insect stings, stings Localized anaphylaxis Associated with or allergens Inhaled allergens sensitize cells in respiratory tract o Re- exposure à congested nasal passages, sneezing o Antihistamines can the effects of histamine Ingested allergens into gastrointestinal tract can sensitize individual o Result in gastrointestinal and o May result in if serious o Most common food allergens are eggs, peanuts, tree- grown nuts, milk, soy, seafood, wheat, and peas Prevention of anaphylactic reactions Avoiding contact is best method Desensitization: series of gradually dosages of allergen à vs IgG acts as antibodies can be used to diagnose sensitivities o Scrape small amounts of allergen o A à positive test Type II (Cytotoxic) Reactions Involve activation of by or o Antigen is cell, or sntigen bound to cell Activation of complement affected cell

4 Most common involves blood group system o ABO, RH blood group systems Another type is drug- induced cytotoxic reactions The ABO blood group system A person s ABO blood type depends on o or antigens o Presence of antigen A à Type blood o Antigen B à Type blood o Antigens A and B à Type blood o No antigens à Type blood A person has against other blood antigen o Recognized as o Type A blood à antibodies against antigen (anti- ) o Type B blood à anti- o Type AB blood à antibodies o Type O blood à anti- A and anti- When blood transfusion is incompatible, antigen- antibody complex activates à cells o When Type A blood is transfused into person with Type B blood o Presence of antibodies against A antigen (found in Type B blood) react with Type A blood Rh blood group system Another blood antigen is Rh factor Those that have Rh factor are called, vs Rh - individuals do against Rh factor Exposure to Rh + blood can individuals à produce antibodies exposure to Rh + blood causes reaction with Rh factor à serious develops Drug- induced cytotoxic reactions Cytotoxic reactions caused by Drugs bound to blood cells cause complement Thrombocytopenic purpura - drug coats (important for blood clotting) o Loss of platelets result in purple spots on skin Hemolytic anemia: drug coats Agranulocytosis: drug coats granulocytic Type III (Immune complex) Reactions Involve antibodies against antigens Immune complex: complex of o Form only under certain conditions Can activates complement and cause Glomerulonephritis: inflammatory damage of due to infection

5 Type IV (Delayed cell- mediated) Reactions Type IV is, mainly T cells After sensitization, reaction is for days o Time required for T cells to Most common mechanism involved in rejection o Mediated by o Sensitization occurs when foreign antigens are, presented to o T cells mature into Re- exposure results in delayed hypersensitivity reactions o Memory T cells activate, antigens TB skin test is a type of delayed hypersensitivity o M. tuberculosis in macrophage individual o Injection of results in delayed reaction Allergic contact dermatitis: caused by small molecules that combine with o Include reactions to poison ivy, cosmetics, metals, latex Autoimmune Diseases Autoimmune disease: immune system responds against o Cause damage to Occur when there is a loss of o Immune s ability to discriminate Cell- mediated autoimmune reactions Attack of own tissues by Multiple sclerosis: autoimmune attack of cells o Progressive loss of function Insulin- dependent diabetes mellitus: destruction of - secreting cells in pancreas Reactions to transplantation Foreign tissue transplants are o Attack by, macrophages, antibodies Immunosuppression: suppression of o Often to prevent rejection of Favorable to suppress immunity o not suppressed, can still resist many microbe invasions Cyclosporine: drug that suppresses activation of No effect on The immune system and cancer Immune surveillance: cancer cells develop frequently, but are removed by Surface of tumor cells develop antigens à recognized as

6 o Can be destroyed by, NK cells, activated macrophages Tumors can evade immune system if: o Tumor- associated antigen fails to immune system o Tumor cells grow o Tumor cells grow in and move to bloodstream Immunotherapy for cancer Use of to prevent or cure disease o Stimulate immune response against cells Attractive therapeutic à avoids damage to One approach is to mix with genetic material from a tumor o Dendritic cells are that activate CTLs Another is use of Immunotoxins: combo of and antibody o Could be used to specifically kill tumor cells o Requires that can reach tumor cells difficult with large tumor Therapeutic vaccine: used to treat cancer o Therapeutic vaccine follow two approaches o - cell vaccines prepared from cells o - type vaccines antigens on cancer cells Prophylactic vaccines: used to prevent of cancer o Hepatitis B (liver), HPV (cervical) are that can cause cancer o Vaccine against virus is indirect vaccine Immunodeficiencies Absence of a response Can be either congenital or acquired Congenital immunodeficiencies Determined by genes DiGeorge s syndrome: lack of gland Agammglobulinanemia: growth of is blocked Acquired immunodeficiencies Acquired via,, infectious agents Many can infect and kill o HIV infects T cells

1) Siderophores are bacterial proteins that compete with animal A) Antibodies. B) Red blood cells. C) Transferrin. D) White blood cells. E) Receptors.

Prof. Lester s BIOL 210 Practice Exam 4 (There is no answer key. Please do not email or ask me for answers.) Chapters 15, 16, 17, 19, HIV/AIDS, TB, Quorum Sensing 1) Siderophores are bacterial proteins