Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins

Transcription

1 Carbohydrates, Fats, Proteins

2 Complex carbohydrates & sugars Naturally found in fruits (rare), cereal grains, beans Usually in conjunction with fiber Slows down digestion

3 Refined carbs & sugar No fiber, minerals, vitamins 1. Quickly converted into blood glucose 2. Blood glucose low again in couple hours 3. Still insulin no fat matabolized 4. Eat again 5. Heart attack & diabetes

4 Lipids are necessary Essential fatty acids Polyunsaturated Fats the body cannot synthesize Omega6 plant oils Omega3 fish Butter & animal fats are saturated Liquid at room temp = good Solid at room temp = worse Cholesterol = necessary, but too much heart disease & stroke Trans-fats: from hydrogenation Lipase cannot process

5 Amino acids 20 Eight are essential Animal proteins match human needs Plant proteins usually lack some essentials Quinoa Beans and rice:

6 Carbohydrates none Supplemental pathways Fats rabbit starvation (if protein high) Diarrhea, discomfort, fatigue, low blood pressure, hunger Protein Marasmus Tissue & muscle wasting Kwashiorkor Edema, anorexia, skin ulcers Protein deficiency + other nutrients

7 Vitamins Organic molecules essential for growth & survival Must obtain from diet Micro amounts Minerals Inorganic substances Supplements? Regular consumption of veggies & whole foods Vegetarians (D & B 12 ), sick, elderly, pregnant Too much?

8 Vitamin chemical name(s) RDA Deficiency disease Overdose disease Vitamin A Retinol, retinal, beta carotene 900 µg Nightblindness, Hyperkeratosis, and Keratomalacia [ 19] Hypervitaminosis A Vitamin B 1 Thiamine 1.2 mg Beriberi, Wernicke- Korsakoff syndrome Drowsiness or muscle relaxation with large doses. Vitamin B 2 Riboflavin 1.3 mg Ariboflavinosis Vitamin B 3 Niacin, niacinamide 16.0 m g Pellagra Liver damage (doses > 2g/ day) [22] and other problems

9 Phototransduction Night blindiness Most common cause of blindness in developing world Diminished ability to fight infections

10 Important for glucose metabolism Beriberi - Thiamine Hulled rice in Japan Weight loss, decreases sensory perception, weakness & pain in limbs, heart failure Pellagra - Niacin Overly dependant on corn Diarrhea, dermatitis dementia, death

11 Vitamin Vitamin B 5 Vitamin B 6 chemical name(s) Pantothenic acid Pyridoxine, pyridoxamine, pyridoxal RDA Deficiency disease 5.0 mg [23] Paresthesia mg Vitamin B 7 Biotin 30.0 µg Vitamin B 9 Folic acid, folinic acid 400 µg Anemia [25] peripheral neuropathy. Dermatitis, enteritis Megaloblast birth defects, Overdose disease Diarrhea; possibly nausea and heartburn. [24] Impairment of proprioception, nerve damage (doses > 100 mg/day) May mask symptoms of vitamin B 12 deficiency; other effects.

12 Vitamin Vitamin B 12 Vitamin C Vitamin D Vitamin E Vitamin K chemical name(s) Cyanocoba lamin, Ascorbic acid Ergocalcife rol, Tocopherol, tocotrienols phylloquino ne, menaquino nes RDA (male, age 19 70) [18] 2.4 µg Deficiency disease Megaloblas tic anemia [26] Overdose disease Acne-like rash [causality is not conclusively established] mg Scurvy Vitamin C megadosage 5.0 µg 10 µg [27] 15.0 mg 120 µg Rickets and Deficiency is very rare ] Bleeding diathesis Hypervitaminosis D Increased congestive heart failure seen in one large randomized study. [29] Increases coagulation in patients taking warfarin. [30]

13 Vitamin C needed for collagen Spots on skin, bleeding from mucus membranes Immobilization, loss of teeth

14 Dietary element RDA/AI Category Calcium Chlorine 1000 mg 2300 mg Copper 900 µg is needed for muscle, heart and digestive system health, builds bone, supports synthesis and function of blood cells. Dietary sources of calcium include dairy products, canned fish with bones (salmon, sardines), green leafy vegetables, nuts and seeds. is needed for production of hydrochloric acid in the stomach and in cellular pump functions. Table salt (sodium chloride) is the main dietary source. is required component of many redox enzymes, including cytochrome c oxidase.

15 Dietary element RDA/AI Category Iodine 150 µg Iron 8 mg is required not only for the synthesis of thyroid hormones, thyroxine and triiodothyronine and to prevent goiter, but also, probably as an antioxidant, for extrathyroidal organs as mammary and salivary glands and for gastric mucosa and immune system (thymus): Iodine in biology is required for many proteins and enzymes, notably hemoglobin to prevent anemia. Dietary sources include red meat, leafy green vegetables, fish (tuna, salmon), eggs, dried fruits, beans, whole grains, and enriched grains.

16 Dietary element RDA/AI Category Magnesium 420 mg is required for processing ATP and for bones. Dietary sources include nuts, soy beans, and cocoa mass. Manganese 2.3 mg is a cofactor in enzyme functions. Molybdenum 45 µg Phosphorus 700 mg the oxidases xanthine oxidase, aldehyde oxidase, and sulfite oxidase [5] is a component of bones (see apatite), cells, in energy processing and many other functions. [3] In biological contexts, usually seen as phosphate. [4]

17 Dietary element RDA/AI Category Potassium 4700 mg Selenium 55 µg Sodium 1500 mg is a systemic electrolyte and is essential in coregulating ATP with sodium. Dietary sources include legumes, potato skin, tomatoes, and bananas. a cofactor essential to activity of antioxidant enzymes like glutathione peroxidase. is a systemic electrolyte and is essential in coregulating ATP with potassium. Dietary sources include table salt (sodium chloride, the main source), sea vegetables, milk, and spinach.

18 Dietary element RDA/AI Category Zinc 11 mg is pervasive and required for several enzymes such as carboxypeptidase, liver alcohol dehydrogenase, and carbonic anhydrase.