English. Grammar FUNDAMENTALS OF. Betty S. Azar Stacy A. Hagen FOURTH EDITION

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2 FUNDAMENTALS OF English Grammar FOURTH EDITION Betty S. Azar Stacy A. Hagen

3 Contents Contents Preface to the Fourth Edition x Acknowledgments xiii Chapter 1 PRESENT TIME Simple present and present progressive Forms of the simple present and the present progressive Frequency adverbs Singular/plural Spelling of final -s/-es Non-action verbs Present verbs: short answers to yes/no questions Chapter 2 PAST TIME Expressing past time: the simple past Spelling of -ing and -ed forms The principal parts of a verb Common irregular verbs: a reference list Regular verbs: pronunciation of -ed endings Simple past and past progressive Expressing past time: using time clauses Expressing past habit: used to Chapter 3 FUTURE TIME Expressing future time: be going to and will Forms with be going to Forms with will Certainty about the future Be going to vs. will Expressing the future in time clauses and if-clauses Using the present progressive to express future time Using the simple present to express future time Immediate future: using be about to Parallel verbs Chapter 4 PRESENT PERFECT AND PAST PERFECT Past participle Present perfect with since and for CONTENTS v

4 4-3 Negative, question, and short-answer forms Present perfect with unspecified time Simple past vs. present perfect Present perfect progressive Present perfect progressive vs. present perfect Past perfect Chapter 5 ASKING QUESTIONS Yes/no questions and short answers Yes/no and information questions Where, why, when, what time, how come, what... for Questions with who, who(m), and what Using what a form of do Using which and what kind of Using whose Using how Using how often Using how far Length of time: it take and how long Spoken and written contractions with question words More questions with how Using how about and what about Tag questions Chapter 6 NOUNS AND PRONOUNS Plural forms of nouns Pronunciation of final -s/-es Subjects, verbs, and objects Objects of prepositions Prepositions of time Word order: place and time Subject-verb agreement Using adjectives to describe nouns Using nouns as adjectives Personal pronouns: subjects and objects Possessive nouns Possessive pronouns and adjectives Reflexive pronouns Singular forms of other: another vs. the other Plural forms of other: other(s) vs. the other(s) Summary of forms of other Chapter 7 MODAL AUXILIARIES The form of modal auxiliaries Expressing ability: can and could Expressing possibility: may, might, and maybe; Expressing permission: may and can Using could to express possibility Polite questions: may I, could I, can I vi CONTENTS

5 7-6 Polite questions: would you, could you, will you, can you Expressing advice: should and ought to Expressing advice: had better Expressing necessity: have to, have got to, must Expressing lack of necessity: do not have to; Expressing prohibition: must not Making logical conclusions: must Tag questions with modal auxiliaries Giving instructions: imperative sentences Making suggestions: let s and why don t Stating preferences: prefer, like... better, would rather Chapter 8 CONNECTING IDEAS Connecting ideas with and Connecting ideas with but and or Connecting ideas with so Using auxiliary verbs after but Using and too, so, either, neither Connecting ideas with because Connecting ideas with even though/although Chapter 9 COMPARISONS Making comparisons with as... as Comparative and superlative Comparative and superlative forms of adjectives and adverbs Completing a comparative Modifying comparatives Comparisons with less... than and not as...as Using more with nouns Repeating a comparative Using double comparatives Using superlatives Using the same, similar, different, like, alike Chapter 10 THE PASSIVE Active sentences and passive sentences Form of the passive Transitive and intransitive verbs Using the by-phrase Passive modal auxiliaries Using past participles as adjectives (non-progressive passive) Participial adjectives: -ed vs. -ing Get adjective; get past participle Using be used/accustomed to and get used/accustomed to Used to vs. be used to Using be supposed to CONTENTS vii

6 Chapter 11 COUNT/NONCOUNT NOUNS AND ARTICLES A vs. an Count and noncount nouns Noncount nouns More noncount nouns Using several, a lot of, many/much, and a few/a little Nouns that can be count or noncount Using units of measure with noncount nouns Guidelines for article usage Using the or Ø with names Capitalization Chapter 12 ADJECTIVE CLAUSES Adjective clauses: introduction Using who and that in adjective clauses to describe people Using object pronouns in adjective clauses to describe people Using pronouns in adjective clauses to describe things Singular and plural verbs in adjective clauses Using prepositions in adjective clauses Using whose in adjective clauses Chapter 13 GERUNDS AND INFINITIVES Verb gerund Go -ing Verb infinitive Verb gerund or infinitive Preposition gerund Using by and with to express how something is done Using gerunds as subjects; using it infinitive It infinitive: using for (someone) Expressing purpose with in order to and for Using infinitives with too and enough Chapter 14 NOUN CLAUSES Noun clauses: introduction Noun clauses that begin with a question word Noun clauses that begin with if or whether Noun clauses that begin with that Other uses of that-clauses Substituting so for a that-clause in conversational responses Quoted speech Quoted speech vs. reported speech Verb forms in reported speech Common reporting verbs: tell, ask, answer/reply viii CONTENTS

7 Appendix SUPPLEMENTARY GRAMMAR CHARTS Unit A: A-1 The present perfect vs. the past perfect A-2 The past progressive vs. the past perfect A-3 Still vs. anymore A-4 Additional verbs followed by that-clauses A-5 Additional expressions with be that-clauses Unit B: B-1 Phrasal verbs B-2 Phrasal verbs: a reference list Unit C: C-1 Preposition combinations: introduction C-2 Preposition combinations: a reference list Listening Script Trivia Answers Index Audio CD Tracking List CONTENTS ix

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