GREEK 3 GRAMMAR IN THE HEAD (GIH) CONJUNCTIONS

Transcription

1 GREEK 3 GRAMMAR IN THE HEAD (GIH) For Greek reading, translation, and exegesis, communicators of the Word need to be able to recall the various ways grammatical forms may function in a NT Greek sentence. These Grammar in the Head charts reduce to grid form the various categories of function of Greek grammatical forms. By the end of Greek 3, you will be able to Î explain all the grammatical function categories on these charts, and ã describe the functions the different forms fulfill,. At that point you will have it all in your head. CONJUNCTIONS Continuative and Adversative but, however Disjunctive or Inferential therefore, so, then Coordinate Conjunctions Explanatory that is, for Transitional now, then Emphatic indeed Ascensive even Correlative 6"4 ("D *g ("D *g :,<... *g Adverbial Subordinate Conjunctions Comparative as Temporal when Causal because ñh ÒJg ÒJ4 ("D Conditional if Cl.1 gæ + indic.... any Cl.2 gæ + past... < + past Cl.3 "< + subj.... any Cl.4 gæ + opt.... < + opt. Concessive although Purpose in order that Result so that Local where gæ 6"4 Ê<" Adjectival and Substantival Subordinate Clause Connectors Definite ÓH,», Ð Adjectival who, which Indefinite (Generic/Qualitative) ÓFJ4H,»J4H, Ó J4 Appendix A - 1 Substantval that ÓJ4 Ë<"

2 TENSE Progressive Aspect Tenses Present Imperfect Basic Use Common Uses Basic Use Common Uses Progressive is ing Instantaneous completed at speaking Iterative repeated at intervals Customary habitually occurring Gnomic general truth Progressive was ing Ingressive accents action s beginning Iterative repeated at intervals Customary habitually occurring Summary Aspect Tenses Aorist Future Basic Use Common Uses Basic Use Special Use Constative views action in entirety Ingressive accents action s beginning Consummative accents action s conclusion Predictive Imperatival Completed-Stative Aspect Tenses Perfect Pluperfect Tense Basic Use Common Use Special Use Basic Use Common Use Special Use Intensive accents present state resulting from completed action Extensive accents completed action Perfect with Present Force Intensive accents past state resulting from completed action in past time Extensive accents completed action in past time Pluperfect with Simple Past Force Appendix A - 2

3 VOICE Active Normal Use Other Uses Simple subject does the action Stative subject exist in state described by verb Causative subject is ultimate source of action, -izw, -ow Reflexive Subject acts on self + reflexive pronoun object Middle Common Uses Other Uses Indirect accents subject s role in producing action Deponent middle form with active meaning since verb lacks active form Direct Subject acts on self Permissive accents subject s interest in results of verb s action Reciprocal interchange of action among plural subjects Passive w/agency Expressed w/o Agent Expressed Ultimate (Direct) Agent Intermediate Agent Impersonal Means obvious from context focus on subject ßBo/ + genitive *4a/ + genitive < + dative or simple dative rhetorical effect Appendix A - 3

4 MOOD Indicative Basic Use Other Uses Declarative makes a statement Interrogative asks a question (;) Cohortative gives a command in Future 2 nd person Conditional ei) + indic. Subjunctive Independent Clause Dependent (Subordinate) Clause Hortatory Deliberative Emph. Negat. Prohibitive Conditional Purpose/Result Indefinite ( <) 1 st Pl. Subj. Let us... :0 + A S :0 + A S "< + Subj. Ê<" + Subj. Relative Temporal ÓH < + Subj. ÒJ"< + Subj. Optative Rare (70x in GNT) Most common is :0 (g<@4j@ (15x in GNT) Imperative Basic Use Other Uses Command Prohibition Request Progressive Summary Progressive Summary Pres. Imv. Do continually or repeatedly Aor. Imv. Do at once :0 + Pres. Imv. Stop doing or Don t be doing :0 + Aor. Subj. Don t start to do or Don t do from subordinate to superior Permission consent from superior to action desired by subordinate Appendix A - 4

5 PARTICIPLES Adjectival (DBW = Dependent Adjectival ) Attributive Predicate Substantival (DBW = Independent Adjectival ) Subject Pred. Nom. Direct Object Indirect Object Obj. of Preposition Appositive explains or describes another noun more fully Adverbial (DBW = Dependent Verbal ) Dependent Absolute Manner... ing present sometimes aorist Means By... present sometimes aorist Time After, While, Before all tenses Cause Because aorist, perfect Condition If aorist, perfect Concession Although aorist, perfect Purpose in order that future sometimes present Attendant Circumstance And aorist Gen./Acc. Different subject than verb modified Imperatival Verbal (DBW = Independent Verbal ) Complementary (DBW = Dependent Verbal ) completes thought of verbs of cognition, perception, beginning, continuing, or ceasing Periphrastic (DBW = Dependent Verbal ) accents duration Appendix A - 5

6 INFINITIVES Adjectival (DBW = Epexegetical ) Modifies a Noun Modifies an Adjective Substantival Subject Object Appositive explains or describes another Direct Complementary (with verbs of beginning, volition, ability, obligation) noun more fully Indirect Discourse reported speech that Adverbial Purpose Result Time Cause Means,ÆH J@ BD@H J@ J@L ñfj, BD4<, BD@ (Subseq.) < Jå (Contemp.) :,J" J@ (Anteced.) Verbal Imperatival (No article; clearly unrelated to a verb or a noun) *4" J@ < Jå Appendix A - 6

7 CASES Nominative Designation (Nominative) Address (Vocative) Subject does verb s action Predicate Nominative defines or describes subject; after verb to be Appositive explains or describes another noun more fully Direct Address person or thing to whom statement is spoken Genitive Description (Genitive) Separation (Ablative) w/ Action Nouns w/ Non-Action Nouns w/ Verbs Comparison (after Descriptive adjective) Subjective does modified noun s action Objective receives modified noun s action Possessive owns modified noun Partitive whole of which modified noun is a part Attributive specific quality of modified noun Apposition particular instance of modified noun Quality of Time time Source that from which modified noun arises Dative Personal Interest (Pure Dative) Position (Local Dative) Means (Instrumental Dative) Indirect Object to or for whom verb s action occurs Interest person favorably or unfavorably affected by verb s action Reference thing with respect to which verb s action occurs Sphere location within spatial or logical limits Point in Time at, on Association in association with Means by, with Cause because of Accusative Substantival Adverbial Direct Object receives verb s action Double Accusative Direct Object Subject of Infinitive Measure Reference thing with Person + Thing Object + Complement Extent of Time for the duration of Extent of Space respect to which verb s action occurs Appendix A - 7

8 DEFINITE ARTICLE With Nouns (DBW = Dependent/Modifying ) Individualizing Generic Simple Identification Relation to Context Reputation Quality as a class (last resort) Anaphoric points to previous mention Deictic present at time of speaking Well Known Par Excellence best in its class Abstract Monadic unique With Other Parts of Speech (DBW = Substantiver ) Adverb Adjective Participle Infinitive Genitive Phrase Prep. Phrase Particle Clause As a Function Marker Adjectival Position Indeclinable Nouns Participles Demonstratives Subject Granville-Sharp Rule w/ Singular, Personal, Non-proper Nouns w/ Plural Impersonal and/or Proper Nouns Both persons identical Distinct groups, though united Overlapping groups First group subset of second Second group subset of first Both groups identical As a Pronoun (DBW = Independent ) Personal Alternative Possessive Mild Relative Absence Indefinite Qualitative Definite Appendix A - 8

9 PARTICLES Emphasis Negation General Sense :0<, (g, :0 < w/ indicative mood; expects a yes answer w/ other mood and modes; expects a no answer w/ subjunctive emphatic negation (and compounds) PRONOUNS Substantival Use Emphasis Reference Relation Question General Sense Subject Focus Identity Previous Conceptual Possession Participation Mutuality J\H, J\ (T, FL "ÛJ@H J@LJ@ 8808T< B@4@H, 6,4<@H J"LJ" (T, FL, 6,4<@H (T FL "ÛJ@L :"LJ@L F,"LJ@L "LJ@L J4H, J4 ÓFJ4H,»J4H, Ó J4 Adjectival Use Description Quality Quantity Proximity Identity General Sense ÓH,», B@4@H ÓF@H, 6,4<@H "ÛJ@H J4H, J4 Appendix A - 9

10 PREPOSITIONS Direction Position Relation Agency Means Cause Association Purpose *4" through because of gæh into in for 6 out of < in (D) by with (D) from 6"J" down from down according to :gj" after with BgD4 around about BD@H toward at (D) for ßBgD over on behalf of ßB@ under by Appendix A - 10