Command-line utilities

Transcription

1 Modul 7 Praktikum Perintah Command DOS Dalam materi ini, mengenai perintah perintah command dos prompt yang berhubungan dengan jaringan Command-line utilities This section covers: Viewing configuration by using ipconfig /all Viewing configuration by using the Status feature Refreshing configuration by using ipconfig /renew Managing DNS and DHCP class IDs by using ipconfig Testing connections by using ping Troubleshooting hardware addresses by using arp Troubleshooting NetBIOS names by using nbtstat Displaying connection statistics by using netstat Tracing network connections by using tracert Testing routers by using pathping Viewing configuration by using ipconfig /all When you troubleshoot a TCP/IP networking problem, begin by checking the TCP/IP configuration on the computer that is experiencing the problem. You can use the ipconfig command to get host computer configuration information, including the IP address, subnet mask, and default gateway. Note For clients running Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Millennium Edition, use the winipcfg command instead of ipconfig. When you use the ipconfig command with the /all option, a detailed configuration report

2 is produced for all interfaces, including any configured serial ports. With ipconfig /all, you can redirect command output to a file and paste the output into other documents. You can also use this output to confirm the TCP/IP configuration of each computer on the network or to further investigate TCP/IP network problems. For example, if a computer is configured with an IP address that is a duplicate of an existing IP address, the subnet mask appears as The following example shows the output of the ipconfig /all command on a computer that running Windows XP Professional and is configured to use the DHCP server for automatic TCP/IP configuration, and WINS and DNS servers for name resolution. IP Configuration Node Type : Hybrid IP Routing Enabled..... : No WINS Proxy Enabled..... : No Ethernet adapter Local Area Connection: Host Name : client1.microsoft.com DNS Servers : Description : 3Com 3C90x Ethernet Adapter Physical Address : E DHCP Enabled : Yes Autoconfiguration Enabled. : Yes IP Address : Subnet Mask : Default Gateway : DHCP Server : Primary WINS Server.... : Secondary WINS Server... : Lease Obtained : Wednesday, September 02, :32:13 AM Lease Expires : Friday, September 18, :32:13 AM If no problems appear in the TCP/IP configuration, the next step is testing the ability to connect to other host computers on the TCP/IP network. Viewing configuration by using the Status feature An alternate method of viewing configuration is available through the Status feature of a network connection.

3 Refreshing configuration by using ipconfig /renew When you troubleshoot a TCP/IP networking problem, begin by checking the TCP/IP configuration on the computer that is experiencing the problem. If the computer is DHCP-enabled and is using a DHCP server to obtain configuration, you can initiate a refresh of the lease by using the ipconfig /renew command. When you use ipconfig /renew, all network adapters on the computer that uses DHCP (except those that are manually configured) try to contact a DHCP server and renew their existing configuration or obtain a new configuration. You can also use the ipconfig command with the /release option to immediately release the current DHCP configuration for a host. For Windows 95, Windows 98, and Windows Millennium Edition DHCP-enabled clients, use the release and renew options of the winipcfg command instead of ipconfig /release and ipconfig /renew to perform manual release or renewal of the IP configuration lease for a client. Repair feature As an alternative to ipconfig you can use Repair to renew LAN or high-speed Internet connection IP settings. Repair performs a series of commands that repair a connection. The commands that are invoked by Repair are listed below with their command-line equivalents: Repair Checks whether DHCP is enabled and, if enabled, issues a broadcast renew to refresh the IP address Command-line equivalent No command line equivalent available Flushes the ARP cache arp -d * Flush the NetBIOS cache nbtstat -R Flushes the DNS cache Re-registers with WINS Re-registers with DNS ipconfig /flushdns nbtstat -RR ipconfig /registerdns Important

4 Repair uses a broadcast renew and will cause a computer to accept any lease from any DHCP server that is on the network. In contrast, a unicast renew (ipconfig /renew) will only renew the existing lease from the last DHCP server from which the client got a lease. For more information, see To repair a LAN or high-speed Internet connection. Managing DNS and DHCP class IDs by using ipconfig You can also use the ipconfig command to: Display or reset the DNS cache. For more information, see To flush and reset a client resolver cache using the ipconfig command. Refresh registered DNS names. For more information, see To renew DNS client registration using the ipconfig command. Display the DHCP class IDs for an adapter. For more information, see To show DHCP class ID information at a client computer. Set the DHCP class IDs for an adapter. For more information, see To set DHCP class ID information at a client computer. Testing connections by using ping The ping command helps to verify IP-level connectivity. When troubleshooting, you can use ping to send an ICMP echo request to a target host name or IP address. Use ping whenever you need to verify that a host computer can connect to the TCP/IP network and network resources. You can also use ping to isolate network hardware problems and incompatible configurations. It is usually best to verify that a route exists between the local computer and a network host by first using the ping command and the IP address of the network host to which you want to connect. Try pinging the IP address of the target host to see if it responds, as follows: ping IP_address You should perform the following steps when using ping: Ping the loopback address to verify that TCP/IP is configured correctly on the local computer. ping Ping the IP address of the local computer to verify that it was added to the network

5 correctly. ping IP_address_of_local_host Ping the IP address of the default gateway to verify that the default gateway is functioning and that you can communicate with a local host on the local network. ping IP_address_of_default_gateway Ping the IP address of a remote host to verify that you can communicate through a router. ping IP_address_of_remote_host The ping command uses Windows Sockets style name resolution to resolve a computer name to an IP address, so if pinging by address succeeds, but pinging by name fails, then the problem lies in address or name resolution, not network connectivity. For more information, see Troubleshooting hardware addresses by using arp. If you cannot use ping successfully at any point, confirm that: The computer was restarted after TCP/IP was configured. The IP address of the local computer is valid and appears correctly on the General tab of the Internet Protocol (TCP/IP) Properties dialog box. IP routing is enabled and the link between routers is operational. You can use different options with the ping command to specify the size of packets to use, how many packets to send, whether to record the route used, what Time-to-Live (TTL) value to use, and whether to set the "don't fragment" flag. You can type ping? to see these options. The following example illustrates how to send two pings, each 1,450 bytes in size, to IP address : C:\>ping -n 2 -l Pinging with 1450 bytes of data: Reply from : bytes=1450 time<10ms TTL=32 Reply from : bytes=1450 time<10ms TTL=32 Ping statistics for : Packets: Sent = 2, Received = 2, Lost = 0 (0% loss), Approximate roundtrip times in milliseconds: Minimum = 0ms, Maximum = 10ms, Average = 2ms By default, ping waits 4,000 milliseconds (4 seconds) for each response to be returned before displaying the "Request Timed Out" message. If the remote system being pinged is across a high-delay link, such as a satellite link, responses may take longer to be returned. You can use the w (wait) option to specify a longer time-out.

6 Troubleshooting hardware addresses by using arp The Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) allows a host to find the media access control address of a host on the same physical network, given the IP address of the host. To make ARP efficient, each computer caches IP to media access control address mappings to eliminate repetitive ARP broadcast requests. You can use the arp command to view and modify the ARP table entries on the local computer. The arp command is useful for viewing the ARP cache and resolving address resolution problems. For more information, see To view the Address Resolution Protocol (ARP) cache and To add a static ARP cache entry. Troubleshooting NetBIOS names by using nbtstat NetBIOS over TCP/IP (NetBT) resolves NetBIOS names to IP addresses. TCP/IP provides many options for NetBIOS name resolution, including local cache lookup, WINS server query, broadcast, DNS server query, and Lmhosts and Hosts file lookup. Nbtstat is a useful tool for troubleshooting NetBIOS name resolution problems. You can use the nbtstat command to remove or correct preloaded entries: nbtstat n displays the names that were registered locally on the system by programs such as the server and redirector. nbtstat c shows the NetBIOS name cache, which contains name-to-address mappings for other computers. nbtstat R purges the name cache and reloads it from the Lmhosts file. nbtstat RR releases NetBIOS names registered with a WINS server and then renews their registration. nbtstat a name performs a NetBIOS adapter status command against the computer specified by name. The adapter status command returns the local NetBIOS name table for that computer plus the media access control address of the adapter. nbtstat S lists the current NetBIOS sessions and their status, including statistics, as shown in the following example: NetBIOS connection table Local name State In/out Remote Host Input Output CORP1 <00> Connected Out CORPSUP1<20> 6MB 5MB

7 CORP1 <00> Connected Out CORPPRINT<20> 108KB 116KB CORP1 <00> Connected Out CORPSRC1<20> 299KB 19KB CORP1 <00> Connected Out CORP 1<20> 324KB 19KB CORP1 <03> Listening Displaying connection statistics by using netstat You can use the netstat command to display protocol statistics and current TCP/IP connections. The netstat a command displays all connections, and netstat r displays the route table plus active connections. The netstat o command displays process IDs so you can view the owner of the port for each connection. The netstat e command displays Ethernet statistics, and netstat s displays per-protocol statistics. If you use netstat n, addresses and port numbers are not converted to names. The following shows sample output for netstat: C:\>netstat -e Interface Statistics Received Sent Bytes Unicast packets Non-unicast packets Discards 0 0 Errors 0 0 Unknown protocols C:\>netstat -n -o Active Connections Proto Local Address Foreign Address State PID TCP : :389 CLOSE_WAIT 180 TCP : :139 ESTABLISHED 4 TCP : :389 CLOSE_WAIT 364 TCP : :1479 ESTABLISHED 1128 TCP : :1740 ESTABLISHED 1128 TCP : :1479 ESTABLISHED 908 TCP : :1740 ESTABLISHED 908 TCP : :139 TIME_WAIT 0 TCP : :445 TIME_WAIT 0 TCP : :119 TIME_WAIT 0 TCP : :119 TIME_WAIT 0 TCP : :119 TIME_WAIT 0 TCP : :119 TIME_WAIT 0 TCP : :119 TIME_WAIT 0

8 TCP : :119 TIME_WAIT 0 TCP : :119 TIME_WAIT 0 TCP : :119 TIME_WAIT 0 C:\>netstat -a Active Connections Proto Local Address Foreign Address State TCP CORP1: :nbsession ESTABLISHED TCP CORP1: :nbsession ESTABLISHED TCP CORP1: :nbsession ESTABLISHED TCP CORP1: :nbsession ESTABLISHED TCP CORP1: :nbsession ESTABLISHED TCP CORP1: :nbsession ESTABLISHED TCP CORP1: :nbsession ESTABLISHED TCP CORP1: :nbsession ESTABLISHED UDP CORP1:1025 *:* UDP CORP1:snmp *:* UDP CORP1:nbname *:* UDP CORP1:nbdatagram *:* UDP CORP1:nbname *:* UDP CORP1:nbdatagram *:* C:\>netstat -s IP Statistics Packets Received = Received Header Errors = Received Address Errors = Datagrams Forwarded = 0 Unknown Protocols Received = 0 Received Packets Discarded = 0 Received Packets Delivered = Output Requests = Routing Discards = 157 Discarded Output Packets = 0 Output Packet No Route = 0 Reassembly Required = 0 Reassembly Successful = 0 Reassembly Failures = 0 Datagrams Successfully Fragmented = 0 Datagrams Failing Fragmentation = 0 Fragments Created = 0 ICMP Statistics Received Sent Messages Errors 0 0 Destination Unreachable Time Exceeded 0 0 Parameter Problems 0 0 Source Quenches 0 0 Redirects 0 0 Echoes 4 0 Echo Replies 0 4 Timestamps 0 0 Timestamp Replies 0 0

9 Address Masks 0 0 Address Mask Replies 0 0 TCP Statistics Active Opens = 597 Passive Opens = 135 Failed Connection Attempts = 107 Reset Connections = 91 Current Connections = 8 Segments Received = Segments Sent = Segments Retransmitted = 461 UDP Statistics Datagrams Received = No Ports = Receive Errors = 2 Datagrams Sent = Tracing network connections by using tracert Tracert (Trace Route) is a route-tracing utility that is used to determine the path that an IP datagram takes to reach a destination. The tracert command uses the IP Time-to-Live (TTL) field and ICMP error messages to determine the route from one host to another through a network. How tracert works The Tracert diagnostic utility determines the route taken to a destination by sending Internet Control Message Protocol (ICMP) echo packets with varying IP Time-to-Live (TTL) values to the destination. Each router along the path is required to decrement the TTL on a packet by at least 1 before forwarding it. When the TTL on a packet reaches 0, the router should send an "ICMP Time Exceeded" message back to the source computer. Tracert determines the route by sending the first echo packet with a TTL of 1 and incrementing the TTL by 1 on each subsequent transmission until the target responds or the maximum TTL is reached. The route is determined by examining the "ICMP Time Exceeded" messages sent back by intermediate routers. Some routers silently drop packets with expired TTLs and are invisible to the Tracert utility. The tracert command prints out an ordered list of the near-side interface of the routers in the path that returned the "ICMP Time Exceeded" message. If the d option is used, the Tracert utility does not perform a DNS lookup on each IP address.

10 In the following example, the packet must travel through two routers ( and ) to get to host The default gateway of the host is and the IP address of the router on the network is C:\>tracert d Tracing route to over a maximum of 30 hops 1 2 ms 3 ms 2 ms ms 83 ms 88 ms ms 79 ms 93 ms Trace complete. Troubleshooting with tracert You can use the tracert command to determine where a packet stopped on the network. In the following example, the default gateway has determined that there is not a valid path for the host on There is probably a router configuration problem or the network does not exist (a bad IP address). C:\>tracert Tracing route to over a maximum of 30 hops reports: Destination net unreachable. Trace complete. The Tracert utility is useful for troubleshooting large networks where several paths can be taken to arrive at the same point. Tracert command-line options The tracert command supports several options, as shown in the following table. tracert [ d] [ h maximum_hops] [ j host-list] [ w timeout] target_name Option Description d Specifies that IP addresses are not resolved to host names. h maximum_ho ps Specifies the number of hops to allow in tracing a route to the host named in target_name. j host-list Specifies the list of router interfaces in the path taken by the Tracert utility packets. w timeout Waits the number of milliseconds specified by timeout for each reply. target_name Name or IP address of the target host. For more information, see To trace a path by using the tracert command.

11 Testing routers by using pathping The pathping command is a route tracing tool that combines features of the ping and tracert commands with additional information that neither of those tools provides. The pathping command sends packets to each router on the way to a final destination over a period of time, and then computes results based on the packets returned from each hop. Since the command shows the degree of packet loss at any given router or link, it is easy to determine which routers or links might be causing network problems. A number of options are available, as shown in the following table. Option Name Function n Hostnames Does not resolve addresses to host names. h Maximum hops Maximum number of hops to search for target. g Host-list Loose source route along host list. p Period Number of milliseconds to wait between pings. q Num_queries Number of queries per hop. w Time-out Waits this many milliseconds for each reply. i address Use the specified source address. 4 IPv4 Force pathping to use IPv4. 6 IPv6 Force pathping to use IPv6. The default number of hops is 30, and the default wait time before a time-out is 3 seconds. The default period is 250 milliseconds, and the default number of queries to each router along the path is 100. The following is a typical pathping report. The compiled statistics that follow the hop list indicate packet loss at each individual router. D:\>pathping -n server1 Tracing route to server1 [ ] over a maximum of 30 hops: Computing statistics for 125 seconds...

12 Source to Here This Node/Link Hop RTT Lost/Sent = Pct Lost/Sent = Pct Address / 100 = 0% 1 41ms 0/ 100 = 0% 0/ 100 = 0% / 100 = 13% 2 22ms 16/ 100 = 16% 3/ 100 = 3% / 100 = 0% 3 24ms 13/ 100 = 13% 0/ 100 = 0% / 100 = 0% 4 21ms 14/ 100 = 14% 1/ 100 = 1% / 100 = 0% 5 24ms 13/ 100 = 13% 0/ 100 = 0% Trace complete. When pathping is run, you first see the results for the route as it is tested for problems. This is the same path that is shown by the tracert command. The pathping command then displays a busy message for the next 125 seconds (this time varies by the hop count). During this time, pathping gathers information from all the routers previously listed and from the links between them. At the end of this period, it displays the test results. The two rightmost columns This Node/Link Lost/Sent=Pct and Address contain the most useful information. The link between (hop 1), and (hop 2) is dropping 13 percent of the packets. All other links are working normally. The routers at hops 2 and 4 also drop packets addressed to them (as shown in the This Node/Link column), but this loss does not affect their forwarding path. The loss rates displayed for the links (marked as a in the rightmost column) indicate losses of packets being forwarded along the path. This loss indicates link congestion. The loss rates displayed for routers (indicated by their IP addresses in the rightmost column) indicate that those routers' CPUs might be overloaded. These congested routers might also be a factor in end-to-end problems, especially if packets are forwarded by software routers. Keterangan Sewaktu Kuliah: c:\dir C:\ dir s*.* C:\dir s????.* C:\dir a*.doc

13 C:\dir h?s*.txt Menampilkan file tersembunyi C:\dir /ah Menampilkan waktu dari direktory C:\>dir /ta Waktu C:\>date /t && time /t Mon 10/08/ :39 AM C:\> C:\mkdir coba_folder C:\rmdir coba C:\cp file kefolder C:\RMDIR COBA C:\rmdir /S coba D:\>rmdir /Q /S coba D:\mkdir coba1 coba2 D:\> C:\>net share Share name Resource Remark PC$ Remote IPC D$ D:\ Default share

14 ADMIN$ C:\WINDOWS Remote Admin C$ C:\ Default share Jarkom 1 PPT D:\Jarkom 1 PPT The command completed successfully. C:\>net share data_d=d:\coba data_d was shared successfully. C:\> --- C:\>net share data_d /delete data_d was deleted successfully. C:\ C:\>net user User accounts for \\KOMP_D vmware_user Administrator Guest HelpAssistant SUPPORT_388945a0 W-A CP-001 The command completed successfully. C:\> C:\>net stop messenger The Messenger service is stopping... The Messenger service was stopped successfully. C:\>net start messenger The Messenger service is starting... The Messenger service was started successfully.

15 C:\> C:\shutdown r C:\shutdown s C:\shutdown a D:\>shutdown -r -t 60 D:\>shutdown -r -c "cuma test IP target : Net Send Bomber siap melakukan send %1 Hooiiiii %1 i was serang