Appendix D: Air Quality Example Calculations

Transcription

1 Appendix D: Air Quality Example Calculations

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3 TABLE OF CONTENTS APPENDIX D AIR QUALITY EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS... D-1 D.1 SURFACE OPERATIONS EMISSIONS... D-1 D.1.1 MARINE OUTBOARD ENGINES... D-1 D.1.2 DIESEL ENGINES... D-2 D.2 AIR OPERATIONS EMISSIONS... D-2 D.3 ORDNANCE AND MUNITIONS EMISSIONS... D-3 D.4 EMISSIONS ESTIMATES SPREADSHEETS... D-3 D.5 EXAMPLE RECORD OF NON-APPLICABILITY... D-7 LIST OF TABLES TABLE D-1: UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY EMISSION FACTORS FOR OUTBOARD ENGINES... D-1 TABLE D-2: AIR EMISSIONS OF VESSELS DURING TRAINING, NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE, NORTHWEST TRAINING AND TESTING... D-4 TABLE D-3: EMISSIONS OF AIRCRAFT DURING TRAINING, NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE, NORTHWEST TRAINING AND TESTING... D-5 TABLE D-4: AIR EMISSIONS OF ORDNANCE DURING TRAINING, NO ACTION ALTERNATIVE, NORTHWEST TRAINING AND TESTING... D-6 LIST OF FIGURES FIGURE D-1: SAMPLE RECORD OF NON-APPLICABILITY MEMORANDUM... D-7 FIGURE D-2: SAMPLE RECORD OF NON-APPLICABILITY FORM... D-8 APPENDIX D AIR QUALITY EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS i

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5 APPENDIX D AIR QUALITY EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS This appendix discusses emission factor development, calculations, and assumptions used in the air quality analyses presented in Section 3.2 (Air Quality) of the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS)/Overseas EIS (OEIS). D.1 SURFACE OPERATIONS EMISSIONS Surface operations are activities associated with vessel movements. Fleet training activities use a variety of marine vessels, including cruisers, destroyers, frigates, carriers, submarines, amphibious vessels, and small boats. Testing activities use a variety of marine vessels, including various testing support vessels, work boats, torpedo recovery vessels, unmanned surface vehicles, and small boats. These vessels use diverse propulsion methods, including marine outboard engines, diesel engines, and gas turbines. D.1.1 MARINE OUTBOARD ENGINES The United States (U.S.) Environmental Protection Agency (USEPA) has published emissions factors for air pollutants produced by several types of two-stroke and four-stroke outboard engines. Representative emission factors for two-stroke and four-stroke engines of various horsepower are presented in Table D-1. Table D-1: United States Environmental Protection Agency Emission Factors for Outboard Engines Engine Emissions Factor (grams/hp-hr.) Type Rating (horsepower) NOx CO VOC PM 2-Stroke Stroke Notes: CO = carbon monoxide, hp = horsepower, hr. = hour, NO x = nitrogen oxides, VOC = volatile organic compounds, PM = Particulate Matter Source: U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, 2010, Exhaust Emissions Factors for Non-Road Engine Modeling-Spark Ignition. Report No. NR-010f; Office of Mobile Sources, Assessment and Modeling Division, EPA-420-R Emissions for surface craft using outboard engines were calculated using USEPA AP-42 factors, multiplied by the engine horsepower and hours of operation. Where: Emissions = HP HR/YR EF ENG Emissions = annual surface craft emissions HP = horsepower (reflective of a particular load factor/engine power setting) HR/YR = hours per year EF = air pollutant emission factor for specific engine type ENG = number of engines per vessel To obtain the total criteria pollutant emissions for the Proposed Action, emissions were calculated for each training or testing activity, type of surface vessel, and criteria pollutant. These individual estimates of emissions, in units of tons per year, were then summed by criteria pollutant to obtain the aggregate emissions for surface vessel emissions activities. APPENDIX D AIR QUALITY EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS D-1

6 D.1.2 DIESEL ENGINES Limited data were available for large marine diesel engines. Therefore, USEPA AP-42 emissions factors for industrial reciprocating engines were used to calculate diesel engine emissions. Other sources of vessel emissions factors included data presented in John J. McMullen Associates, as referenced in previous U.S. Department of the Navy (Navy) EIS/OEIS documentation. Diesel was assumed to be the primary fuel to ensure a conservative estimate. Calculation methods similar to those described for marine outboard engines were used to obtain emissions estimates for diesel engines. Where: Emissions = HP HR/YR EF ENG Emissions = annual surface craft emissions HP = horsepower (reflective of a particular load factor/engine power setting) HR/YR = hours per year EF = air pollutant emission factor for specific engine type ENG = number of engines per vessel Diesel engine emission factors were multiplied by the engine horsepower and annual hours of operation to calculate the pollutant emissions per year. D.2 AIR OPERATIONS EMISSIONS Fleet training and Naval Air Systems Command testing use various aircraft, including the F/A-18, P-3, SH-60B, MH-60S, and Lear Jet. Research, development, test, and evaluation (RDT&E) air operations use various aircraft, including the 1UH-1N, SH-60B, and MH-60S. Aircraft operations of concern are those that occur from ground level up to 3,000 feet (ft.) (914 meters [m]) above ground level (AGL). The 3,000 ft. (914 m) AGL altitude was assumed to be the ceiling of the mixing zone (known as the atmospheric mixing height) above which any pollutant generated would not contribute to increased pollutant concentrations at ground level. Pollutants emitted by aircraft above 3,000 ft. (914 m) AGL are excluded from the analysis of compliance with National Ambient Air Quality Standards. The pollutant emission rate is a function of the aircraft engine s fuel flow rate and efficiency. Emissions for one complete training activity for a particular aircraft are calculated by knowing the specific engine pollutant emission factors for each mode of operation. For this EIS/OEIS, emission factors for most military engines were obtained from the Navy's Aircraft Environmental Support Office memoranda and the Federal Aviation Administration's Emissions and Dispersion Modeling System model). For those aircraft for which engine data were unavailable, an applicable surrogate was used. Using these data, as well as number of sorties, pollutant emissions for each aircraft were calculated by applying the equation below. Where: Emissions = T NxFF EF ENG CF Emissions = annual aircraft emissions (pounds [lb.]) (for EF in lb./1,000 gallons [gal.] fuel) T = time at a specified power setting (hours [hr.]/activity). N = Number of aircraft operations per year for each type of aircraft FF = fuel flow at a specified power setting (gal./hr./engine) EF = pollutant emission factor by engine type and power setting (lb./1,000 gal. of fuel used) APPENDIX D AIR QUALITY EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS D-2

7 ENG = number of engines per aircraft CF = conversion factor (0.001) D.3 ORDNANCE AND MUNITIONS EMISSIONS Available emissions factors (AP-42, Compilation of Air Pollutant Emission Factors) were used. These factors were then multiplied by the net weight of the explosive and the number of items that were used per year. This calculation provides estimates of annual emissions. Where: Emissions = EXP/YR EF Net Wt Emissions = annual ordnance emissions EXP/YR = number of explosives, propellants, and pyrotechnics items used per year EF = air pollutant emissions factor per item Net Wt = net weight of explosive, propellant, or pyrotechnics per ordnance item D.4 EMISSIONS ESTIMATES SPREADSHEETS The following spreadsheets are examples of the emissions calculations for aircraft, vessels, and ordnance. Tables D-2, D-3, and D-4 provide example calculations for the air quality calculations for vessels, aircraft, and ordnance, respectively. The examples provided are for baseline training within the Northwest Range Complex. These examples are representative of calculation spreadsheets developed for each range or testing area and of the calculations developed for each alternative analyzed in this EIS/OEIS. APPENDIX D AIR QUALITY EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS D-3

8 Table D-2: Air Emissions of Vessels during Training, No Action Alternative, Northwest Training and Testing APPENDIX D AIR QUALITY EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS D-4

9 Table D-3: Emissions of Aircraft during Training, No Action Alternative, Northwest Training and Testing APPENDIX D AIR QUALITY EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS D-5

10 Table D-4: Air Emissions of Ordnance during Training, No Action Alternative, Northwest Training and Testing APPENDIX D AIR QUALITY EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS D-6

11 D.5 EXAMPLE RECORD OF NON-APPLICABILITY This appendix provides an example of the documentation that will be prepared for each state potentially impacted by the Proposed Action. The example document includes a Record of Non-Applicability memorandum, a standard form to show Clean Air Act conformity, and sample conformity analyses. MEMORANDUM FOR THE RECORD From: Subj: Conformity Analysis for Northwest Training and Testing (NWTT) Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement Operations in State of Washington Waters Ref: (a) 40 CFR, Part 93, Subpart B: Determining Conformity of General Federal Actions to State or Federal Implementation Plans Encl: (1) Record of Non-Applicability for Northwest Training and Testing in State of Washington Waters 1. Enclosure (1) is a Record of Non-Applicability for those activities associated with Pacific Fleet training and testing activities that are expected to occur annually in State of Washington waters. The Proposed Action would have no new emissions of criteria air pollutants in air quality non-attainment or maintenance areas. 2. If there are any questions or if additional information is needed, please call at. Name Title Figure D-1: Sample Record of Non-Applicability Memorandum APPENDIX D AIR QUALITY EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS D-7

12 NAVY RECORD OF NON-APPLICABILITY FOR CLEAN AIR ACT CONFORMITY The Proposed Action falls under the Record of Non-Applicability (RONA) category and is documented with this RONA. Proposed Action: Northwest Training and Testing Action Proponents: Commander, Pacific Fleet Naval Sea Systems Command Naval Air Systems Command Proposed Action Name: Northwest Training and Testing (NWTT) Environmental Impact Statement/Overseas Environmental Impact Statement (EIS/OEIS) Proposed Action and Emissions Summary: The Proposed Action consists of training and testing activities in the waters of the States of Alaska, Washington, Oregon, and California, as well as in federal and international waters. The Proposed Action would result in no increases in emissions of criteria air pollutants in air quality nonattainment or maintenance areas. Accordingly, the Proposed Action is exempt from the provisions of 40 CFR, Part 93, Subpart B. Affected Air Basins: Northwest Washington Air Quality Control Region, Puget Sound Air Quality Control Region Date RONA prepared: RONA prepared by: Naval Facilities Engineering Command, Northwest Attainment Area Status and Emissions Evaluation Conclusion: To the best of my knowledge and belief, the information contained within this General Conformity Applicability Analysis is correct and accurate. By signing this statement, I am in agreement with the finding that the total of all reasonably foreseeable direct and indirect emissions that will result from this action is below the de minimis threshold set forth in 40 CFR Accordingly, it is my determination that this action conforms to the applicable State Implementation Plan (SIP). RONA Approval: Signature: Name/Rank: Date: Position: Commanding Officer: Activity: Enclosure 1 Figure D-2: Sample Record of Non-Applicability Form APPENDIX D AIR QUALITY EXAMPLE CALCULATIONS D-8