Land Use Planning to Manage Risks to Natural Hazards

Transcription

1 LAURIE JOHNSON CONSULTING Urban Planning Risk Management Disaster Recovery Land Use Planning to Manage Risks to Natural Hazards Built Environment Leaders Forum, Wellington, NZ September 10-11, 2015

2 Community Resilience Holistic Model People, Livelihoods Governance and Community Institutions Economy, Networks and Supply Chains Structures, Infrastructure, and Built Environment Environmental, Ecology, and Physical Environment (Source: Laurie Johnson 2011)

3 Risk Management Strategies Risk Avoidance Risk Reduction Risk Transfer Risk Retention Land Use Planning Goals Keep future development OUT of known hazard areas Keep hazards from AFFECTING existing developed areas Strengthen existing development to RESIST hazards Natural Hazard Context Pre-event Post-event Hazard knowledge and characterization - Severity - Uncertainty - Consequences

4 Policy Pathways for Hazard Information Real estate disclosures Professional education/ certification Public information/ warnings Hazard Information Hazards Information Information Dissemination Planning Policies Taxation and Fiscal Policies Comprehensive Plan (Land Use and Hazards/Safety Elements) Specific/Area Plans Hazard Mitigation Plan Emergency/Evacuation Plans Development Regulations Land and Property Acquisition Critical Infrastructure and Public Facilities Policies Zoning and zoning overlay districts Subdivision regulations Geologic/hazard site investigations Hazard-specific setbacks and regulations Environmental impact review Grading ordinances and site development controls Deed restrictions Acquisition of undeveloped land Acquisition or transfer of development rights Acquisition of damaged properties Land readjustment / relocation of buildings Building Standards Impact fees Assessment districts (i.e. GHADs) Tax breaks/incentives Building codes Hazard-specific provisions Retrofit requirements Design and construction standards Locational restrictions Capital improvement programs (Olshansky and Kartez, Managing Land Use to Build Resilience, in Cooperating with Nature, 1998)

5 Town of Portola Valley, CA Windy Hill Open Space Preserve Comprehensive planning (Land use and hazards elements) Zoning and zoning overlay districts Subdivision and development regulations Geologic/hazard site investigations Environmental impact review Hazard-specific setbacks and regulations Grading and site development controls Acquisition or transfer of development rights Building standards (building codes, hazard-specific provisions) Critical infrastructure and public facilities (design and construction standards, locational restrictions, and capital improvement programs) Real estate transfer hazard disclosure

6 Average parcel slope Land use density

7 Grand Forks, North Dakota 1997 Flood and Fire Hazard-specific setbacks and regulations Acquisition of damaged properties, as well as undeveloped land, and transfer of development rights Building standards (building codes, hazard-specific provisions, retrofit requirements) Critical infrastructure and public facilities (design and construction standards, locational restrictions, and capital improvement programs) (U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, 1997)

8 Grand Forks Flood Recovery Strategies Voluntary acquisition and relocation Enhanced flood protection (levee and floodwall) system Permanent river greenway/park system construction Downtown/economic revitalization (Geosynthetics, 2009)

9 (Geosynthetics, 2009) (Greg Abner, City of Grand Forks, March 29, 2009)

10 Japan: Kobe (1995 EQ) and Tohoku (2011 EQ + Tsunami)

11 Japan: Kobe (1995 EQ) and Tohoku (2011 EQ + Tsunami) (Misuga land readjustment project, Kobe, Japan, 1998 (Olshansky et al, 2006) (Land raising, Rikuzen-takata, Japan, 2014;

12 (Source: Haas, Kates, and Bowden, 1977, Reconstruction Following Disaster) Challenge: Better understand the cascading effects of hazards-based land use planning following disaster

13 (Source: Flood data, GCR Associates Inc) Challenge: Account for uncertainty and risk of delusional precision in hazards characterization and risk management

14 Challenge: Enable locally meaningful characterizations of multi-hazards and risks, and effective integration of multihazard information into public policy

15 Property Rights Valuation Hazard-Risk Ownership/Retention National/ State Gov t Local Gov t Land Owner/ Developer Property Owners Occupants Planning Policies Development Regulations Land and Property Acquisition Critical Infrastructure and Public Facilities Policies Taxation and Fiscal Policies Building Standards Information Dissemination Challenge: Strengthen governance capacity for community resilience, including hazards-related land use planning, and ensure its sustainability

16 Getting Resilience Governance Right (Jeroen van der Heijden, Governance for Urban Sustainability and Resilience: Responding to Climate Change and the Relevance of the Built Environment, 2014) Traditional governance Direct regulatory interventions (regulation, subsidies, and taxes) Collaborative governance (networks, partnerships, and agreements and covenants) Voluntary programs and market-driven governance (best-of-class benchmarking and certification, tripartite financing, green leasing, contests and challenges, sustainable procurement)

17 Thank you! Windy Hill Open Space Preserve, Portola Valley, CA