Technical and Economic Analysis of Transmission System from Eastern Russia to China

Transcription

1 Technical and Economic Analysis of Transmission System from Eastern Russia to China S. Zilberman, and S. Smirnov Abstract Energy markets of the North-East Asia countries and in particular China are perspective enough from the standpoint of energy resources expert from Russia. China Power System has been rapidly growing. Six regional Power Systems meet the requirements in electric energy in China. Nevertheless there is a situation of tight supply in some regions including North-East and North China Power Systems located comparatively not far from Eastern Power System (PS) of Russia. Besides these Chinese Power Systems are in difficulties for peak and off-peak energy supply because here the share of Hydro Power Plants are insufficient. Peculiarities of electric power industry development in China. China has rich energy resources especially coal deposits and hydraulic power storage [1] which are distributed very uneven over its territory (Fig. 1). Table 1 shows great progress achieved in electric power industry in the period and its subsequent growth planned in perspective [2]. In 2010 in China it is expected increase of electricity generation almost five times in comparison with Therefore it is mutually beneficial to build electric tie to China in order to use highly effective power of existing Hydro Power Plants in Eastern Russia and future Hydro Power Plants of South-Yakutia Hydro Energy Complex (SYHEQ with Installed Capacity 8300 MW and average annual energy output 38.8 TWh. This Complex can be erected by In this paper, technical and economic analysis of Transmission System (TS) from Eastern Russia to China is presented. The TS will pass through territory of North-East and North China and connect on 500 kv Networks near Harbin, Shenyang and Beijing. Economic efficiency comparison of energy peak and offpeak supply variants such as gas-fired generation in China and export energy from Eastern Russia is performed. Key words Hydro Power Plant (HPP), 500 kv Network, 1150 kv Transmission System, Efficiency. S. Zilberman is with Main Power Siberian Networks of "Federal Grid Company United Energy System", Krasnoyarsk, Russia. S. Smirnov is with Main Power Eastern Networks of "Federal Grid Company United Energy System", Khabarovsk, Russia. Fig. l. Distribution of hydropower and coal Resources in China - Coal Resources. billion t.c.c. - Hydropower Resources, GW. 135

2 TABLE 1 INSTALLED CAPACITY AND ELECTRICITY GENERATION IN CHINA DURING Years Installed Capacity, GW Electricity Generation, TWh Fig. 2. Regional Power Systems of China. Notwithstanding rapid development of electric power industry in China the annual growth rate of electricity production was quite lower than that of national economy. Even at rich energy resources and fast increase of generation capacity there is not enough electric energy almost in all regions. Six regional Power Systems of China (North- East, North, East, Central, North-West and South) meet the requirements in electric energy in China (Fig. 2). Forming United Power Grid of China is realized on the basis of 500 kv AC TS's and ±500 kv DC TS! s. Future links between regional Power Systems of China will apparently demand use of 1150 kv AC TS's and ±( ) kv DC TS's. North-East and North China Power Systems located comparatively not far from Eastern Power System of Russia are powerful and dynamically developing. In 1990 installed capacity each of these PS*s was "of the order of 20 GW and in 2003 [3] reached 37.7 GW and 87.4 GW respectively for North-East Power System and North Power one. Nevertheless capacity deficiency is observed in these Chinese Power Systems. Besides they are in difficulties for peak and off-peak energy supply because in these regions the share of Hydro Power Plants is insufficient. Now Installed Capacity of Hydro Power Plants in North-East Power System makes up 5.8 GW and does not exceed 15% from the whole Installed Capacity of this Power System. At the same time the share of Hydro Power Plants in China on the average is equal to 25%. In addition possibilities for construction of new Hydro Power Plants are practically lacking so that in the future the share of Hydro Power Plants in North-East Power System will go down. The situation in this respect is more acute in North Power System where the share of Hydro Power Plants is at most 4%. Construction of gasfired Power Plants with rated capacity using time hours is one of ways to solve problem of supplying peak and off-peak demand. Prospects of South-Yakutia Hydro Energy Complex (SYHEC). This Complex will consist of seven Hydro Power Plants on the rivers Uchur, Timpton, Aldan and Olekma (see Table 2). Primary hydropower cascades of SYHEC are Sredne-Uchur Hydro Power Plant with Uchur counter-regulater HPP and Idzheksk HPP with Nizhne-Timpton counterregulater HPP [4, 5]. These cascades with Installed Capacity 5000 MW will annually produce 23.5 TWh. They can be erected by After 2015 it is possible to enlarge delivered power and energy at the expence of building Aldan hydropower cascade including Verkhne- Aldan HPP and Aldan counter-regulater HPP as well Olekma HPP. So the Installed Capacity and Electricity Production of SYHEC will be respectively 8300 MW and 38.8 TWh. 136

3 TABLE 2 BASIC PARAMETERS OF SOUTH-YAKUTIA HYDRO ENERGY COMPLEX Stage I (Construction by 2015) П (Construction after 2015) Uchur hydropower cascade Timpton hydropower cascade Aldan hydropower cascade Name of the Plant Installed Capacity, MW Electricity Generation, TWh Sredne-UchurHPP UchurHPP (counter-regulator) Total IdzhekskHPP Nizhne-Timpton HPP (counter-regulator) Total Total at stage I Verkhne-Aldan HPP Aldan HPP (counter-regulator) Total OlekmaHPP Total at stage П Total at stages I and П The presence of Uchur, Nizhne-Timpton and Aldan counter-regulator HPP's will considerably lower variations of the daily amplitude of down streem levels respectively for Sredne-Uchurskaya HPP, Idzhekskaya HPP and Verkhne-Aldanskaya HPP and increase power efficiency of SYHEC on the whole. Some part of energy generated by SYHEC will serve die cause of die economic development of Baikal-Amur Main Line zone and another part can be transmitted to China for supply of peak and off-peak demand in North-East and North Power Systems. General Characteristic of Network for Power Delivery from Hydro Power Plants of Eastern Power System of Russia. It follows from cited above that there is favorable long-time situation for electric power export from Eastern Power System of Russia to China. In Eastern Power System there are all prerequisites for making export potential commensurable with capacity deficiency in North-East and North Power Systems of China. Preliminary one can map out following stages of electricity export from Eastern Russia. At the zero (starting) stage within the next 4-5 years it is to set up electric tie Amurskaya - Harbin to transmit some power of Zeya HPP and Bureya hydropower cascade to North- East Power System of China (Fig. 3). Installed Capacity of Zeya HPP makes up 1330 MW and average annual electricity generation is 4.9 TWh. For Bureya hydropower cascade these parameters are respectively equal to 2400 MW and 9.5 TWh. At the considered starting stage the question can resolve itself into export of the order of 1000 MW with gradual raising of power at the next stages. Effective solution of electricity export problem is possible when taking into account technological progress having reached in Russia in the sphere of long Power Transmission. Russia is the world leader in the field of 1150 kv AC TS development [6]. It follows possibility to realize highly effective variant for electricity export which is completely founded on use of home technology. Thus at the starting stage it is constructed 1150 kv Transmission Line which will at first operate under 500 kv voltage. 137

4 Fig. 3 The future 1150 kv Transmission System from Eastern Power System of Russia to North-East and North Power Systems of China. 138

5 At the following stage I before 2015 when constructing Uchur and Timpton hydropower cascades transmitted power to China can reach MW. At this stage it will be erected 1150 kv TS Sredne-Uchur HPP - Zeya HPP - Amurskaya through territory of Russia (Fig. 3) and through Chinese territory it will be constructed 1150 kv TS Harbin - Shenyang -Beijing. In this case Transmission Line Amurskaya - Harbin will put into operation under 1150 kv voltage when erecting corresponding Substations. As a result it will be created the 1150 kv Electric Tie SYHEC - China which will make possible to use all aggregate of HPP's in Eastern Power System of Russia. Timpton hydropower cascade will be connected to the 1150 kv TS by means of 500 kv line. The 1150 kv TS Shenyang - Beijing will realize not only the export function but also intersystem one for North-East and North Power Systems of China. At the stage П after 2015 power export is to be carried to MW. For that it is necessary to construct Aldan hydropower cascade and Olekma HPP. In this case the export TS Amurskaya - Harbin -Shenyang - Beijing will operate at full capacity at its sending end. Technical and economic data of the export TS Amurskaya - Harbin - Shenyang - Beijing. In order to estimate economic efficiency of electricity export to China it is necessary evaluate beforehand technical and economic data of the export TS from Eastern Russia to China. Sending end of this TS is Amurskaya Substation which is connected with Zeya and Bureya HPP's by existing 500 kv Transmission Lines. In the same place it is supposed to send power of SYHEC by means of the 1150 кv TS Sredhe-Uchur HPP - Zeya HPP -Amurskaya. In China the export 1150 кv TS will be connected to existing 500 kv Networks near megapolises such as Harbin, Shenyang and Beijing. Fig. 4 shows circuit diagram of the export 1150 kv TS Amurskaya - Harbin - Shenyang - Beijing. This TS consists of 1150 kv Transmission Line with total length approximately 1900 km, four 1150 kv Substations and Compensation Devices. Single-phase 500/1150 kv, 2000 MVA autotransformer bank and 1150 kv circuit breaker are basic components of 1150 kv Subsutons. As Compensation Devices it is considered controlled Shunt Reactors connected to the Line in several points. Fig. 4. Circuit diagram of the export 1150 kv Transmission System Amurskaya Harbin Shenyang Beijing. TABLE 3 TECHNICAL AND ECONOMIC DATA OF THE EXPORT 1150 KV TRANSMISSION SYSTEM AMURSKAYA - HARBIN - SHENYANG - BEIJING Technical and economic data Value Length of Line, km 1900 Maximum send Power, MW 5000 Phase structure, mm 2 8x240 Maximum send Power usage Time, hours Energy Efficiency, % Transmission Line 775 Capital Costs, Substations 285 Million USS Compensation Devices 150 Total 1210 Specific PWRR, cent/kwh

6 Fig.5 Feasible variants of peak and off-peak energy supply for North-East and North Power Systems of China: a) electricity production at gas-fired Power Plants in China; b) electric export from Hydro Power Plants of Eastern Russia. Table 3 shows basic technical and economic data of the export 1150 kv TS which will interconnect Eastern Power System of Russia with North-East and North Power Systems of China. Economic efficiency assessment of peak and off-peak energy supply variants for North-East and North Power Systems of China. As compared variants, there are assumed ones shown in Fig. 5. In the first variant (Fig. 5a) problem of peak and offpeak electric supply is solved by means of constructing gas-fired Power Plants in China. In the second case (Fig. 5b) solving denoted problem is electricity export from Hydro Power Plants of Eastern Russia. The most general economic indicator to evaluate variants is specific Present Worth of Revenue Required (PWRR) [7] per useful energy unit at the receiving node. This indicator includes two components: PWRR SP = PWRR SP PP + PWRR SP TS, where PWRR SP PP is the component characterizing economic efficiency of Power Plant; PWRR SP TS is the component characterizing economic efficiency of Transmission System. When calculating specific PWRR for new gas-fired Power Plants in China, specific capital costs for constructing Power Plants are taken 600 US$/kW and natural gas costs make up 150 USS per 1000 m 3. Specific costs for erecting Hydro Power Plants of SYHEC are evaluated of the order of 1500 US$/kW. Table 4 shows economic efficiency comparison of two ways of supplying peak or off-peak energy demand in North-East and North Power Systems of China: either by means of introducing gas-fired Power Plants in North-East and North Power Systems of China or Hydro Power Plants in Eastern Power System of Russia taking account of the export 1150 kv Transmission System Amurskaya -Harbin - Shenyang - Beijing. From Table 4 it follows that electricity export from Eastern Russia to North-East and North China is the attractive variant of solving peak and off-peak demand problem in these regions of China. TABLE 4 ECONOMIC EFFICIENCY COMPARISON OF FEASIBLE VARIANTS FOR SUPPLYING PEAK OR OFF-PEAK ENERGY DEMAND IN NORTH-EAST AND NORTH POWER SYSTEMS OF CHINA Zone of load curve Electricity Production Specific PWRR, cent/kwh Electricity Transmission Electricity Production at gasfired Peak zone (2000 h.) (100 %) Power Plants in China Off-peak zone (4000 h.) 8-8(100%) Electricity Production at Peak zone (2000 h.) (65 %) planned Hydro Power Plants of Eastern Russia Off-peak zone (4000 h.) (79%) Total 140

7 CONCLUSIONS 1. Notwithstanding rapid development of electric Power Industry in China there is capacity deficiency which takes place almost in all regions including North-East and North Power Systems located comparatively not far from Eastern Power System of Russia. Besides the named Power Systems are in difficulties for peak and off-peak energy supply because in these ones the share of Hydro Power Plants is insufficient. 2. It is proposed three stages of development of electricity export from Eastern Russia to North-East and North China. At the zero (starting) stage within the next 4-5 years it is to set up the 1150 kv Transmission Line Amurskaya - Harbin which will at first operate under 500 kv voltage in order to transmit of the order of 1000 MW power from Zeya HPP and Bureya hydropower cascade to North- East Power System of China. At the stage I before 2015 when constructing Uchur and Timpton hydropower cascades transmitted power to China can reach MW. At this stage it will be erected the 1150 kv TS Sredne-Uchur HPP Zeya HPP Amurskaya through territory of Russia and through Chinese territory it will be constructed the 1150 kv TS Harbin Shenyang Beijing. In this case Transmission Line Amurskaya Harbin will put into opera-tion under 1150 kv voltage when erecting corresponding Substations. As a result it will be created the 1150 kv Electric Tie SYHEC China which will make possible to use all currents of Hydro Power Plants in Eastern Power System of Russia. The 1150 kv TS Shenyang Beijing will realize not only the export function but also intersystem one for North-East and North Power Systems of China. At the stage П after 2015 power export is to be carried to MW. For that it is necessary to construct Aldan hydropower cascade and Olekma HPP. In this case the export TS Amurskaya Harbin Shenyang Beijing will operate at full capacity at its sending end. 3. Russia is the world leader in the field of 1150 kv AC TS development. It follows possibility to realize highly effective variant for electricity export which is completely founded on use of home technology. Chinese Party has supplementary interest to build 1150 kv AS TS so as to gain in proper time experience in erection of such Transmission Systems so far as these ones will be necessary in China after 2010 in order to transmit bulk power from remote Power Plants as well to form the United Power Grid of China. 4. Suggested large-scale project of electric export has sufficiently economic effectiveness. Electricity export from Hydro Power Plants of Eastern Russia in order to meet off-peak and peak demand of North-East and North China will allow to have specific PWRR (Present Worth of Revenue Required) 20-35% less than in case of solving this problem by means of constructing gas-fired Power Plants in China. REFERENCES [l] China's construction in four decades ( ). Volume X. Electric Power Industry in China. Information Institute of Water Resources and Electric Power, МОЕ, MWR, [2] Feiix F.Wu, Shuti Fu. China's Future in Electric Energy / ЛЕЕЕ Power and Energy ,- iuiy/august -Volume [3] China State Power Networks - General Situation /http// national.htm [4] A. Ognev. Renewable Hydroelectric Power in Far Eastern Russia // Proceeding of International Conference (2002, Irkutsk, Russia). [5] IB. Choo, T. Kim, G. Samorodov, N. Lizalek, A. Ognev, D. Nogovitsin, B. Feldman. «Prerequisites and Directions in Electricity Export from South- Yakutia Hydro Energy Complex to Korea» // Proc. of International Conference (2003, Novosibirsk, Russia). [6] Bortnik I.M. and others. «1200 kv Transmission Line in the USSR. The First Result of Operation», CIGRE report No.38-09, 1988 Session, Paris. [7] O.S. Yu "Economic and Technical Determinants of Power System Development", IEEE Trans. on Power Apparatus and System", vol. PAS-99, No.5 Sept/Oct,